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Topic Review
SIRT3 in Regulating Mitochondrial Function
Mitochondrial function is finely regulated by post-translational modification of proteins and enzymes by reversible phosphorylation and acylation such as acetylation, malonylation and succinylation. SIRT3 is one of the sirtuin family enzymes that catalyzes the NAD+-dependent deacetylation of a myriad of mitochondrial proteins. SIRT3 deacetylates and activates polypeptides constituting respiratory enzyme complexes and several antioxidant enzymes. Deacetylation and activation of Foxo3a by SIRT3 increases the expression of Parkin and facilitates the mitochondrial quality control by mitophagy. SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and controls the opening of permeability transition pore, and thereby plays a role in maintenance of Ca2+ homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that deficiency of SIRT3 can result in a decrease of respiration and oxidative phosphorylation and knockout of SIRT3 can impair antioxidant defense by reduction of the activity of MnSOD. SIRT3 is involved in the upregulation of MnSOD and catalase through the transcriptional activation by Foxo3a. Moreover, SIRT3 targets and activates isocitrate dehydrogenase and increase the production of NADPH to promote antioxidant capacity of mammalian cells.  On the other hand, oxidative stress can decrease the expression and activity of SIRT3 and impair the mitochondrial function. A deficiency of SIRT3 has been observed in the primary cultures of patients with mitochondrial disease such as CPEO and in mice with insulin resistance that are fed on the high-fat diet and diabetic rats, respectively. In summary, SIRT3 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory function and Ca2+ homeostasis and in the maintenance of redox homeostasis through transcriptional activation of Foxo3a to increase the expression of MnSOD and catalse and deacetylation of some of the antioxidant enzymes.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Sonodynamic Therapy
Sonodynamic therapy is an effective treatment for eliminating tumor cells by irradiating sonosentitizer in a patient’s body with higher penetration ultrasound and inducing the free radicals. Titanium dioxide has attracted the most attention due to its properties among many nanosensitizers. Hence, in this study, carbon doped titanium dioxide, one of inorganic materials, is applied to avoid the foregoing, and furthermore, carbon doped titanium dioxide is used to generate ROS under ultrasound irradiation to eliminate tumor cells. Spherical carbon doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles are synthesized by the sol-gel process. The forming of C-Ti-O bond may also induce defects in lattice which would be beneficial for the phenomenon of sonoluminescence to improve the e ectiveness of sonodynamic therapy. By dint of DCFDA, WST-1, LDH and the Live/Dead test, carbon doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles are shown to be a biocompatible material which may induce ROS radicals to suppress the proliferation of 4T1 breast cancer cells under ultrasound treatment. From in vivo study, carbon doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles activated by ultrasound may inhibit the growth of the 4T1 tumor, and it showed a significant di erence between sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and the other groups on the seventh day of the treatment.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
UFM1
Post-translational modification with Ubiquitin-like proteins represents a complex signaling language regulating virtually every cellular process. Among these post-translational modifiers is Ubiquitin-fold modifier (UFM1), which is covalently attached to its substrates through the orchestrated action of a dedicated enzymatic cascade. Originally identified to be involved embryonic development, its biological function remains enigmatic. Recent research reveals that UFM1 regulates a variety of cellular events ranging from DNA repair to autophagy and ER stress response implicating its involvement in a variety of diseases. Given the contribution of UFM1 to numerous pathologies, the enzymes of the UFM1 cascade represent attractive targets for pharmacological inhibition.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Syndecans and Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal disease with poor prognosis because pa-tients rarely express symptoms in initial stages, which prevents early detection and diagnosis. Syndecans, a subfamily of proteoglycans, are involved in many physiological processes includ-ing cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Syndecans are physiologically found in many cell types and their interactions with other macromolecules enhance many pathways. In particu-lar, extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and integrins collect the majority of syndecans associations acting as biochemical, physical, and mechanical transducers. Syndecans are transmembrane glycoproteins, but occasionally their extracellular domain can be released from the cell surface by the action of matrix metalloproteinases, converting them into soluble molecules that are capable of binding distant molecules such as extracellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factor receptors, and integrins from other cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Pulse Root Ideotype
Pulses root ideotype is a conceptual root system architecture for pulse plants. This ideotype is derived from root traits that have been documented to be beneficial under soil and climate constraints, in particular, the temperate dryland cropping systems. 
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Apr 2021
Topic Review
ML-Based LIB Fault Diagnosis
Fault detection/diagnosis has become a crucial function of the battery management system (BMS) due to the increasing application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in highly sophisticated and high-power applications to ensure the safe and reliable operation of the system. 
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Increasing Disease-Resistance in Cereals
Nowadays, biotechnology represents our best resource both for protecting crop yield and for a science-based increased sustainability in agriculture. Over the last decades, agricultural biotechnologies have made important progress based on the diffusion of new, fast and efficient technologies, offering a broad spectrum of options for understanding plant molecular mechanisms and breeding. This knowledge is accelerating the identification of key resistance traits to be rapidly and efficiently transferred and applied in crop breeding programs.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Services Accessibility in Rural Areas
The accessibility of services in rural areas can be considered to be one of the most important aspects of the creation of comparable living conditions in the whole territory of Europe. The inaccessibility of services can be considered an important factor of rural deprivation.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Data Quality—Concepts and Problems
Data Quality is, in essence, understood as the degree to which the data of interest satisfies the requirements, is free of flaws, and is suited for the intended purpose. Data Quality is usually measured utilizing several criteria, which may differ in terms of assigned importance, depending on, e.g., the data at hand, stakeholders, or the intended use.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polymeric Composite of Magnetite Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are magnetics nanoparticles (MNPs) that have received extensive attention because of their physicochemical and magnetic properties and their ease of combination with organic or inorganic compounds. Commonly, MNPs act as a reinforcing material for the polymer matrix. 
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue Macrophages in Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic that poses a severe threat to human health. Evidence suggests that many obesity comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases, are related to obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation. Macrophages are the primary immune cells involved in obesity-associated inflammation in both mice and humans. Intensive research has yielded tremendous progress in the understanding of the additional roles of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) beyond classical M1/M2 polarization in obesity and related comorbidities.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Resveratrol from Dietary Supplement to a Drug Candidate
Resveratrol (RVT) is a well known phyto-chemical and is widely used in dietary supplements and botanical products. It shows a wide range of pharmacological/beneficial effects. it can be a potential candidate to be developed as phyto-pharmaceutical. Multiple diseases are reported to be treated by the therapeutic effect of RVT since it has antioxidant, anti-cancer activity and anti-inflammatory activities. It also has a major role in diabetes, arthritis, cardiac disorder and platelet aggregation etc. The major requirements are establishments regarding safety, efficacy profile and physicochemical characterization. 
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
The Gut-Immune-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease comprising two major clinical entities—Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD incidence remains constantly high in industrialized countries and continuously rises in emerging economies. Importantly, IBD is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms that strongly worsen IBD disease burden. Mounting evidence indicates that chronic gut inflammation induces a systemic immune response that might cause the CNS manifestation in IBD. In line with this, biologicals targeting inflammatory circuits exerted robust positive effects on depressive symptoms in many autoimmune diseases, and in IBD in particular. Therefore, research in recent years increasingly focused on the characterization of local and systemic immune reactions in IBD, and on entry routes of inflammatory cells and molecules into the CNS. The ultimate aim is to understand how the changes in the neuroimmune landscape impair the function of neurons to cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. In addition, the role of intestinal microbiota in the gut–immune–brain axis in IBD will be discussed. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electronic Ticket
An electronic ticket (commonly abbreviated as e-ticket) is the digital ticket equivalent of a paper ticket. The term is most commonly associated with airline issued tickets. Electronic ticketing for urban or rail public transport is usually referred to as travel card or transit pass. It is also used in ticketing in the entertainment industry. An electronic ticket system is a more efficient method of ticket entry, processing and marketing for companies in the airline, railways and other transport and entertainment industries.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ODEX's Actions Against File-sharing
ODEX's actions against file sharing were Japan copyright owners' pre-action discovery to Singapore Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to request for subscribers details in Singapore who were traced to illegal download activities of their licensed anime series. ODEX is a Singapore-based company that licenses and releases anime for local and regional Southeast Asian consumption. As Japanese copyright owners are located in Japan, ODEX, being holder of the Japanese anime license in Singapore, were appointed to submit legal documents and court proceedings on their behalf in Singapore.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chromatin-Remodeling in Cancer Cells
ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling complexes can reorganize and remodel chromatin and thereby act as important regulator in various cellular processes. Based on considerable studies over the past two decades, it has been confirmed that the abnormal function of chromatin remodeling plays a pivotal role in genome reprogramming for oncogenesis in cancer development and/or resistance to cancer therapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Next-Generation Sequencing in the Human Respiratory Virome Study
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is widely used to study microorganisms, allowing the elucidation of bacteria and viruses inhabiting different body systems and identifying new pathogens. 
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Curcumin in Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is a chronic autoimmune inflammation of unclear etiology affecting the colon and rectum, characterized by unpredictable exacerbation and remission phases. Conventional treatment options for UC include mesalamine, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. The management of UC is challenging, and other therapeutic options are constantly being sought. More attention is being paid to curcumin, a main active polyphenol found in the turmeric root, which has numerous beneficial effects in the human body, including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidative properties targeting several cellular pathways and making an impact on intestinal microbiota.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Preparation and Combustion Mechanism of Boron-Based High-Energy Fuels
Due to the characteristics of high energy density and a high calorific value, boron has become a high-energy fuel and shows great potential to be a high-performance candidate for propellants. However, the wide applications of boron are still limited by the characteristics of easy oxidization, ignition difficulty, a long combustion duration, and combustion products that readily adhere to the surface and inhibit full combustion. The boron-based energetic materials can be prepared by surface coating, mechanical milling, and ultrasonic mixing methods. The boron-based composites with different additives had different combustion characteristics. The combustion of boron-based energetic materials can be optimized by removing surface oxide layers, providing extra heat, inhibiting the formation of or the rapid removal of the combustion intermediates, and increasing the diffusion rate of oxygen.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cold-Stimulus Headache in Children and Adolescents
Cold-stimulus headache (CSH) is a primary headache disorder brought on by a cold stimulus applied externally to the head, ingested, or inhaled. The literature on CSH is relatively sparse compared to other primary headache disorders, as it is a difficult condition to study, mostly because of its short-lasting duration. Moreover, works on the pediatric population are very limited and none of these consider children under 8 years of age. CSH has a higher lifetime prevalence in the pediatric population than in the adult one. Differently to the adult population in which women have a higher prevalence of CSH than men, there is no significant gender-specific prevalence in children.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Apr 2023
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