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Topic Review
Kaposi Sarcoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma is an angioproliferative neoplasm that typically occurs in the lower limbs and can enter into differential diagnosis with several other rarer skin diseases. The principal differential diagnosis concerns primary cutaneous lymphomas, of which mycosis fungoides represent the most frequent primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Other rare forms include primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas, which can be divided into indolent and aggressive forms, such as the primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type, and lymphomatoid papulomatosis (LyP). In the case of indolent lesions, skin-directed therapies, limited-field radiotherapy, and surgical approaches can be good options. At the same time, different management, with systemic chemotherapy and allogenic bone marrow transplant, is required with aggressive neoplasms, such as blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasia or advanced mycosis fungoides. The dermatologist’s role can be crucial in recognizing such diseases and avoiding misdiagnosis, giving the pathologist the correct clinical information for an accurate diagnosis, and starting the suitable therapy.
  • 772
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Intravenous Iron Therapy to Treat Anemia in Oncology
Anemia is a common problem when patients present with cancer, and it can worsen during treatment. Anemia can directly impact the cognitive and physical quality of life and may impair fitness for oncological therapy. The most common cause of anemia is iron deficiency. Newer intravenous (IV) iron formulations offer a safe and rapidly effective treatment option. 
  • 772
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Postbiotics metabolism in cancer
Postbiotics are health-promoting microbial metabolites delivered as a functional food or a food supplement. They either directly influence signaling pathways of the body or indirectly manipulate metabolism and the composition of intestinal microflora. Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and even though the prognosis of patients is improving, it is still poor in the substantial part of the cases. The preventable nature of cancer and the importance of a complex multi-level approach in anticancer therapy motivate the search for novel avenues of establishing the anticancer environment in the human body. This entry summarizes the principal findings demonstrating the usefulness of both natural and synthetic sources of postbotics in the prevention and therapy of cancer. Specifically, the effects of crude cell-free supernatants, the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, lactic acid, hydrogen sulfide, and β-glucans are described. Contradictory roles of postbiotics in healthy and tumor tissues are highlighted.
  • 771
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and T Cells
CAFs release a number of different factors, including chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, that promote immunosuppression through recruitment of immunosuppressive cells such as T regulatory cells (Tregs) and myeloid cells, upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules on T cells, and regulation of T-cell migration.
  • 771
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diabetes Mellitus and Gastric Cancer
Diabetes patients have an increased risk of gastric cancer (GCa) and incidence of second primary malignancy diagnosed after GCa is significantly higher in diabetes patients. Diabetes patients with GCa may have more complications after gastrectomy or chemotherapy and they may have a poorer prognosis than patients with GCa but without diabetes mellitus. However, glycemic control may improve in the diabetes patients with GCa after receiving gastrectomy, especially after procedures that bypass the duodenum and proximal jejunum, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or Billroth II reconstruction. The potential links between diabetes mellitus and GCa may involve the interactions with shared risk factors (e.g., obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, high salt intake, smoking, etc.), Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, medications (e.g., insulin, metformin, statins, aspirin, proton pump inhibitors, antibiotics, etc.) and comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, dyslipidemia, vascular complications, heart failure, renal failure, etc.)
  • 771
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Epothilones with Clinical Significance in Cancer
Epothilone B derivatives such as Ixabepilone and Utidelone are currently used in the clinic for the treatment of advanced breast cancer, their efficacy has been demonstrated in Phase II and III clinical trials.
  • 771
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Natural Compounds Targeting Inflammation in NSCLC
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related deaths and can be classified as small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) or non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Approximately 84% of all cases are NSCLC and the remaining 16% belong to SCLC. In recent years, there has been several breakthroughs in NSCLC management through screening, diagnosis and treatment improvements. However, most lung cancer patients will eventually develop resistance to existing treatments. Therefore, there is clearly a need to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention in NSCLC.
  • 770
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
ATR Pathway as a Therapeutic Target for Cancer
The DNA damage response (DDR) system is a complicated network of signaling pathways that detects and repairs DNA damage or induces apoptosis. Critical regulators of the DDR network include the DNA damage kinases ataxia telangiectasia mutated Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). The ATR pathway coordinates processes such as replication stress response, stabilization of replication forks, cell cycle arrest, and DNA repair. ATR inhibition disrupts these functions, causing a reduction of DNA repair, accumulation of DNA damage, replication fork collapse, inappropriate mitotic entry, and mitotic catastrophe. Data have shown that the inhibition of ATR can lead to synthetic lethality in ATM-deficient malignancies. In addition, ATR inhibition plays a significant role in the activation of the immune system by increasing the tumor mutational burden and neoantigen load as well as by triggering the accumulation of cytosolic DNA and subsequently inducing the cGAS-STING pathway and the type I IFN response. 
  • 770
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Immunotherapy in NSCLC
Despite numerous advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy in the last decade, lung cancer continues to present the highest mortality rate of all cancers. Targeted therapy based on specific genomic alterations, together with PD-1 and CTLA-4 axis blocking-based immunotherapy, have significantly improved survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and both therapies are now well-established in this clinical setting. However, it is time for immunotherapy to be applied in patients with early-stage disease, which would be an important qualitative leap in the treatment of lung cancer patients with curative intent. Preliminary data from a multitude of studies are highly promising, but therapeutic decision-making should be guided by an understanding of the molecular features of the tumour and host.
  • 769
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Charged Particle and Conventional Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to interfere with inflammatory signals and to enhance tumor immunogenicity via, e.g., immunogenic cell death, thereby potentially augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. Conventional RT consists predominantly of high energy photon beams. Hypofractionated RT regimens administered, e.g., by stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), are increasingly investigated in combination with cancer immunotherapy within clinical trials. Despite intensive preclinical studies, the optimal dose per fraction and dose schemes for elaboration of RT induced immunogenic potential remain inconclusive. Compared to the scenario of combined immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) and RT, multimodal therapies utilizing other immunotherapy principles such as adoptive transfer of immune cells, vaccination strategies, targeted immune-cytokines and agonists are underrepresented in both preclinical and clinical settings. Despite the clinical success of ICI and RT combination, e.g., prolonging overall survival in locally advanced lung cancer, curative outcomes are still not achieved for most cancer entities studied. Charged particle RT (PRT) has gained interest as it may enhance tumor immunogenicity compared to conventional RT due to its unique biological and physical properties.
  • 769
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Proteomics-Based Interventions in Phytochemical Studies
Proteomic analysis is an unbiased perspective, which is a convenient approach to get a global overview about the effectiveness of bioactive molecules. Phytochemicals such as curcumin (Cur), genistein (Gen), and tanshinone-IIA (Tan IIA) have multifaceted therapeutic potentials and various efforts are in progress to understand the molecular dynamics of their function with different tools and technologies. Cur is an active lipophilic polyphenol with pleiotropic function, and it has been shown to possess various intriguing properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anticancer, and anti-genotoxic properties besides others beneficial properties. Similarly, Gen (an isoflavone) exhibits a wide range of vital functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic, anti-proliferative, anti-angiogenic activities etc. In addition, Tan IIA, a lipophilic compound, possesses antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer activities, and so on. The field of proteomics has garnered great momentum mainly attributed to the recent advancement in mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. It is envisaged that the proteomics technology has considerably contributed to the biomedical research endeavors lately. They have also been explored as a reliable approach to understand the molecular intricacies related to phytochemical-based therapeutic interventions. 
  • 769
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cell Types in dMMR/MSI-H Colorectal Cancer
Mismatch-repair deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) cancers encompass a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Nevertheless, nearly 30% of patients with dMMR/MSI-H CRC show primary resistance to ICIs, and some develop resistance in the course of disease. 
  • 769
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
PRKAR1A and Thyroid Tumors
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine tumor in the general population and the incidence continues to rise in the United States. The American Cancer Society estimates that there will be 44,280 new cases of thyroid cancer (12,150 in men and 32,130 in women) and about 2200 deaths (1050 in men and 1150 in women) in the United States in 2021. The increased incidence could be possibly attributed to the increased detection of these tumors with imaging technics (like ultrasound and computed tomography (CT)) that better characterize incidental findings of small thyroid nodules.
  • 769
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Application of FAPI PET/CT in Cancers
Cancer represents a major cause of death worldwide and is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that escape immune regulation. It is now understood that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which express specific fibroblast activation protein (FAP), are critical participants in tumor development and metastasis. Researchers have developed various FAP-targeted probes for imaging of different tumors from antibodies to boronic acid-based inhibitor molecules and determined that quinoline-based FAP inhibitors (FAPIs) are the most appropriate candidate as the radiopharmaceutical for FAPI PET/CT imaging. When applied clinically, FAPI PET/CT yielded satisfactory results.
  • 768
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer
Multiple lines of evidence have showed that exosomes are actively involved in intercellular communication by transferring their cargos of bioactive molecules to recipient cells within the tumor microenvironment and systemically. Intriguingly, exosomes may exert both protumor and antitumor effects, supporting or hampering processes that play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of PC, including shifts in tumor metabolism, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and chemoresistance. They also have a dual role in PC immunomodulation, exerting immunosuppressive or immune enhancement effects through several mechanisms. PC-derived exosomes also induce systemic metabolic alterations, leading to the onset of diabetes and weight loss. Moreover, exosomes have been described as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PC. Their potential application in PC therapy as drug carriers and therapeutic targets is under investigation.
  • 767
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Hydroxypropyl-Acrylamide Polymer-Conjugated Pirarubicin (P-THP)
Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA) polymer-conjugated pirarubicin (P-THP), an innovative polymer-conjugated anticancer drug, has highly tumor-specific distribution owing to the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The tumor-targeting EPR effect of macromolecules was originally described in solid tumors by Matsumura and Maeda (a coauthor of the present article) in 1986. The aberrant architecture of tumorous blood vessels, active production of various vascular permeability factors, and lack of lymphatic drainage in tumor tissue, constitute the tumor-specific conditions necessary for the EPR effect.
  • 767
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Cancer-Specific Survival
The survival advantage of female patients with cancer is driven by many differential factors, some of which are immune-related. Some sex differences in the immune system persist throughout life, whereas others are most apparent after puberty and before menopause; therefore, both genes and sex hormones are important mediators of immunity-associated cancers. Indeed, sex hormones have numerous effects on the innate and adaptive immune systems—some overlapping and others distinct. Such distinct effects on the immune system can have profound consequences on the differential health of male and female patients. 
  • 767
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immunotherapy during the Immediate Perioperative Period
Tumor excision is a necessary life-saving procedure in most solid cancers. However, surgery and the days before and following it, known as the immediate perioperative period (IPP), entail numerous prometastatic processes, including the suppression of antimetastatic immunity and direct stimulation of minimal residual disease (MRD). Thus, the IPP is pivotal in determining long-term cancer outcomes, presenting a short window of opportunity to circumvent perioperative risk factors by employing several therapeutic approaches, including immunotherapy. Nevertheless, immunotherapy is rarely examined or implemented during this short timeframe, due to both established and hypothetical contraindications to surgery. This entry summarizes existing and potential immuno-theraputic approaches to exploit the immediate perioperative period to prevent future metastatic disease.
  • 767
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microbiome in Cancer Development and Treatment
Targeting the microbiome, microbiota-derived metabolites, and related pathways represents a significant challenge in oncology. Microbiome analyses have confirmed the negative impact of cancer treatment on gut homeostasis, resulting in acute dysbiosis and severe complications, including massive inflammatory immune response, mucosal barrier disruption, and bacterial translocation across the gut epithelium. Moreover, recent studies revealed the relationship between an imbalance in the gut microbiome and treatment-related toxicity. Recently, microbiota modulation via probiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation represents a new trend in cancer patient care, aiming to increase bacterial diversity, alleviate acute and long-term treatment-induced toxicity, and improve the response to various treatment modalities. A more detailed understanding of the complex relationship between the microbiome and host can significantly contribute to integrating a microbiome-based approach into clinical practice. 
  • 766
  • 08 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Novel Targeted Therapeutic Strategies for Ewing Sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma (ES) is an uncommon cancer that arises in mesenchymal tissues and represents the second most widespread malignant bone neoplasm after osteosarcoma in children. Amplifications in genomic, proteomic, and metabolism are characteristics of sarcoma, and targeting altered cancer cell molecular processes has been proposed as the latest promising strategy to fight cancer. Recent technological advancements have elucidated some of the underlying oncogenic characteristics of Ewing sarcoma. 
  • 765
  • 29 Apr 2022
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