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Topic Review
Apoptosis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
More than 97% of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) demonstrate genetic mutations leading to excessive proliferation combined with the evasion of regulated cell death (RCD). The most prominent and well-defined form of RCD is apoptosis, which serves as a defense mechanism against the emergence of cancer cells. Apoptosis is regulated in part by the BCL-2 family of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, whose balance can significantly determine cell survival. Apoptosis evasion plays a key role in tumorigenesis and drug resistance, and thus in the development and progression of AML. Research on the structural and biochemical aspects of apoptosis proteins and their regulators offers promise for new classes of targeted therapies and strategies for therapeutic intervention.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
UAVCAN
UAVCAN (Uncomplicated Application-level Vehicular Computing and Networking) is a lightweight protocol designed for reliable intra-vehicle communications using various communications transports, originally destined for CAN bus but targeting various network types in subsequent revisions.
  • 1.5K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Water Pollution and Agriculture Pesticide
The agricultural industry uses substantial amounts of water (the highest in the world) mostly for irrigation purposes. Rapid population growth and, consequently, growing demand for food have increased the use of pesticide to have higher yield for crops and other agricultural products. Wastewater generated as a result of excessive use of pesticides/herbicides in agricultural industry is becoming a global issue specifically in developing countries. Over 4,000,000 tons of pesticides are currently used in the world annually and high concentrations above their threshold limits have been detected in water bodies worldwide. The generated wastewater (contaminated with pesticides) has negative impacts on human health, the ecosystem, and the aquatic environment. Biodegradable and biocompatible (including plant-based) pesticides have been introduced as green and safe products to reduce/eliminate the negative impacts of synthetic pesticides.
  • 1.5K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells
Perovskite-based solar cells are a promising photovoltaic technology capable of offering higher conversion efficiency at low costs compared with the standard of the market. They can be produced via a thin film technology that allows for considerable environmental sustainability, thus representing an efficient, sustainable, flexible, and light solution. Tandem solar cells represent the next step in the evolution of photovoltaics (PV). They promise higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than those currently dominating the market. The tandem solar cell design overcomes the limitations of single junction solar cells by reducing the thermal losses as well as the manufacturing costs. Perovskite has been employed as a partner in different kinds of tandem solar cells, such as the Si and CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) based cells that, in their tandem configuration with perovskite, can convert light more efficiently than standalone sub-cells.
  • 1.5K
  • 04 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Noise in Designing a Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory
The proper design of a transmission electron microscopy facility is mandatory to fully use the advanced performances of modern equipment, capable of atomic resolution imaging and spectroscopies, and it is a prerequisite to conceive new methodologies for future advances of the knowledge. When quantitatively evaluating the effects of noise on TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy)/STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy) experiments, there are three main parameters to be considered: spatial resolution, signal amplitude, and signal-to-noise ratio. All of them can be negatively affected by the presence of external sources of noise, whose removal is crucial for TEM/STEM experiments to exploit the highest instrumental performance and capabilities. All noise sources of interest and relevant mitigation approaches are analyzed in detail. 
  • 1.5K
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Evolution Road of Seaweed Aquaculture
Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are autotrophic organisms capable of producing many compounds of interest. For a long time, seaweeds have been seen as a great nutritional resource, primarily in Asian countries to later gain importance in Europe and South America, as well as in North America and Australia. It has been reported that edible seaweeds have a nutritional value along with a low caloric input and with the presence of proteins, minerals (iron and calcium), vitamins, structural polysaccharides (fibers), omega-6 and omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, they have plenty of bioactive molecules that can be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas. There are historical registers of harvest and cultivation of seaweeds but with the increment of the studies of seaweeds and their valuable compounds, their aquaculture has increased. The methodology of cultivation varies from onshore to offshore. Seaweeds can also be part of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), which has great opportunities but is also very challenging to the farmers. This multidisciplinary field applied to the seaweed aquaculture is very promising to improve the methods and techniques; this area is developed under the denominated industry 4.0.  Aquaculture consists in the creation or culture of aquatic organisms (in this case, Marine Macroalgae or Seaweeds), through the application of techniques designed to increase the production of these same organisms, in addition to the natural capabilities of the environment
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Coenzyme Q10 Analogues
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 or ubiquinone) is a mobile proton and electron carrier of the mitochondrial respiratory chain with antioxidant properties widely used as an antiaging health supplement and to relieve the symptoms of many pathological conditions associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Even though the hegemony of CoQ10 in the context of antioxidant-based treatments is undeniable, the future primacy of this quinone is hindered by the promising features of its numerous analogues. Despite the unimpeachable performance of CoQ10 therapies, problems associated with their administration and intraorganismal delivery has led clinicians and scientists to search for alternative derivative molecules. Over the past few years, a wide variety of CoQ10 analogues with improved properties have been developed. These analogues conserve the antioxidant features of CoQ10 but present upgraded characteristics such as water solubility or enhanced mitochondrial accumulation.
  • 1.5K
  • 16 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Low-Level Jets in Heavy Rainfall in Taiwan
During the early summer rainy season over Taiwan, three types of low-level jets are observed, including a synoptic low-level jet (SLLJ) situated in the 850–700 hPa layer in the frontal zone, a marine boundary layer jet (MBLJ) embedded within the southwesterly monsoon flow over the northern South China Sea at approximately the 925 hPa level, and an orographically induced jet at approximately the 1 km level off the northwestern Taiwan coast (e.g., barrier jet (BJ)).
  • 1.5K
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Schools, Air Pollution, and Active Transportation
An exploratory spatial analysis investigates the location of schools in Calgary (Canada) in relation to air pollution and active transportation options. Air pollution exhibits marked spatial variation throughout the city, along with distinct spatial patterns in summer and winter; however, all school locations lie within low to moderate pollution levels. Conversely, the study shows that almost half of the schools lie in low walkability locations; likewise, transitability is low for 60% of schools, and only bikability is widespread, with 93% of schools in very bikable locations. School locations are subsequently categorized by pollution exposure and active transportation options. This analysis identifies and maps schools according to two levels of concern: schools in car-dependent locations and relatively high pollution; and schools in locations conducive of active transportation, yet exposed to relatively high pollution. The findings can be mapped and effectively communicated to the public, health practitioners, and school boards. The study contributes with an explicitly spatial approach to the intra-urban public health literature. Developed for a moderately polluted city, the methods can be extended to more severely polluted environments, to assist in developing spatial public health policies to improve respiratory outcomes, neurodevelopment, and metabolic and attention disorders in school-aged children.
  • 1.5K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Shape Changing Materials
This short review is the applications section of our original paper that reviews materials and structures displaying non-conventional deformations as a response to different actuations (e.g., electricity, heat and mechanical loading).
  • 1.5K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Aging Heart-Diseases
Aging can be seen as process characterized by accumulation of oxidative stress induced damage. Oxidative stress derives from different endogenous and exogenous processes, all of which ultimately lead to progressive loss in tissue and organ structure and functions. The oxidative stress theory of aging expresses itself in age-related diseases. Aging is in fact a primary risk factor for many diseases and in particular for cardiovascular diseases and its derived morbidity and mortality. Here we highlight the role of oxidative stress in age-related cardiovascular aging and diseases. We take into consideration the molecular mechanisms, the structural and functional alterations, and the diseases accompanied to the cardiovascular aging process.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Carotenoids
Carotenoids are colored natural pigments belonging to a large family of C40 skeleton with eight isoprene molecules.
  • 1.5K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Transplantation
Mitochondria are the major source of intercellular bioenergy in the form of ATP. They are necessary for cell survival and play many essential roles such as maintaining calcium homeostasis, body temperature, regulation of metabolism and apoptosis.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Fungal Endophytes Associated with Plants
Diverse microbial domains inhabiting the plant endosphere can be beneficial or pathogenic. The beneficial types are referred to as plant growth-promoting endophytic microbes. In agricultural sustainability, the exploration of the beneficial type is utmost of interest in ensuring sustainable plant health. Fungal interactions within the plant endosphere can be modulated by the synthesis of attachment organelle (hyphae) which enable them to create an interdependent ecological balance within the host plants. The impact of fungal endophytes in plant growth promotion can be linked to their potential in various plant physiological functions, directly or indirectly. Also, the production of invaluable bioactive metabolic compounds by fungal endophytes has contributed to their biocontrol efficacy against plant pathogens. Therefore, exploration of fungal endophytes can be promising in agriculture, and interest in endosphere biology will contribute to harnessing them as bioinoculants in developing eco-friendly agriculture.
  • 1.5K
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Zoopharmacology
Zoopharmacognosy is the multidisciplinary approach of the self-medication behavior of many kinds of animals. Recent studies showed the presence of antitumoral secondary metabolites in some of the plants employed by animals and their use for the same therapeutic purposes in humans. Other related and sometimes confused term is Zootherapy, which consists on the employment of animal parts and/or their by-products such as toxins, venoms, etc., to treat different human ailments. Therefore, the aim of this work is to provide a brief insight for the use of Zoopharmacology (comprising Zoopharmacognosy and Zootherapy) as new paths to discover drugs studying animal behavior and/or using compounds derived from animals.
  • 1.5K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Self-Regulated Learning in Higher Education
This entry seeks to identify the characteristics of studies of self-regulated learning that consider the use of technology-enriched environments in higher education.
  • 1.5K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Antibacterial Secondary Metabolites from Basidiomycetes
Fungi are a rich source of secondary metabolites with several pharmacological activities such as antifungal, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer to name a few. Due to the large number of diverse structured chemical compounds they produce, fungi from the phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Muccoromycota have been intensively studied for isolation of bioactive compounds. Basidiomycetes-derived secondary metabolites are known as a promising source of antibacterial compounds with activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The continued emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major challenge to patient health as it leads to higher morbidity and mortality, higher hospital-stay duration and substantial economic burden in global healthcare sector. One of the key culprits for AMR crisis is Staphylococcus aureus causing community-acquired infections as the pathogen develops resistance towards multiple antibiotics. The recent emergence of community strains of S. aureus harbouring methicillin-resistant (MRSA), vancomycin-intermediate (VISA) and vancomycin-resistant (VRSA) genes associated with increased virulence is challenging. Despite the few significant developments in antibiotic research, successful MRSA therapeutic options are still needed to reduce the use of scanty and expensive second-line treatments. This paper provides an overview of findings from various studies on antibacterial secondary metabolites from basidiomycetes, with a special focus on antistaphylococcal activity.
  • 1.5K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Blood
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important players for intercellular communication. EVs are secreted by almost all cell types; they can transfer information between nearby or distant cells, and they are highly abundant in body fluids. The present work provides an overview of the components, effects, and applications of EVs in blood.
  • 1.5K
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Internet-of-Things technologies for Assisted Living
An ambient assisted living (AAL) environment is an integration of stand-alone assistive technologies, solutions, and services. AAL (or simply assisted living) solutions can provide a positive influence on the health and quality of life of people, especially older people. 
  • 1.5K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Peptide Human Neutrophil Elastase Inhibitors
Elastases are a broad group of enzymes involved in the lysis of elastin, the main component of elastic fibres. They are produced and released in the human body, mainly by neutrophils and the pancreas.
  • 1.5K
  • 06 Apr 2022
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