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Topic Review
Proteomics in Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is currently recognized as a life-threatening disease, leading to an exponential increase in morbidity and mortality worldwide. At present, AKI is characterized by a significant increase in serum creatinine (SCr) levels, typically followed by a sudden drop in glomerulus filtration rate (GFR). Changes in urine output are usually associated with the renal inability to excrete urea and other nitrogenous waste products, causing extracellular volume and electrolyte imbalances. Several molecular mechanisms were proposed to be affiliated with AKI development and progression, ultimately involving renal epithelium tubular cell-cycle arrest, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, the inability to recover and regenerate proximal tubules, and impaired endothelial function. Diagnosis and prognosis using state-of-the-art clinical markers are often late and provide poor outcomes at disease onset. Inappropriate clinical assessment is a strong disease contributor, actively driving progression towards end stage renal disease (ESRD). Proteins, as the main functional and structural unit of the cell, provide the opportunity to monitor the disease on a molecular level. Changes in the proteomic profiles are pivotal for the expression of molecular pathways and disease pathogenesis. Introduction of highly-sensitive and innovative technology enabled the discovery of novel biomarkers for improved risk stratification, better and more cost-effective medical care for the ill patients and advanced personalized medicine.
  • 979
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
ClpB's Function in Bacterial Virulence
The molecular chaperone ClpB belongs to the Hsp100/Clp subfamily of the AAA+ ATPases. It has been established that ClpB disaggregates and reactivates aggregated cellular proteins. It has been postulated that ClpB’s protein disaggregation activity supports the survival of pathogenic bacteria under host-induced stresses (e.g., high temperature and oxidative stress), which allows them to rapidly adapt to the human host and establish infection. Interestingly, ClpB may also perform other functions in pathogenic bacteria, which are required for their virulence. Since ClpB is not found in human cells, this chaperone emerges as an attractive target for novel antimicrobial therapies in combating bacterial infections. 
  • 978
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
UPS and Ca2+ Signaling
The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the main proteolytic pathway by which damaged target proteins are degraded after ubiquitination and the recruit of ubiquitinated proteins, thus regulating diverse physiological functions and the maintenance in various tissues and cells. The UPS and Ca2+ signaling are interconnected, since each affects the other. The interconnected nature of these signals plays a critical role in regulating cellular functions. 
  • 978
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Role of Metabolomics in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Diagnosis
A wide range of histological as well as clinical properties are exhibited by B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. These properties could make the diagnostics process complicated. The diagnosis of lymphomas at an initial stage is essential because early remedial actions taken against destructive subtypes are commonly deliberated as successful and restorative. New possibilities are now open for diagnosing cancer with the help of metabolomics. The study of all the metabolites synthesised in the human body is called “metabolomics.” A patient’s phenotype is directly linked with metabolomics, which can help in providing some clinically beneficial biomarkers and is applied in the diagnostics of B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. In cancer research, it can analyse the cancerous metabolome to identify the metabolic biomarkers. 
  • 978
  • 03 May 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Derived Epi-Nutraceuticals as Potential Broad-Spectrum Anti-Viral Agents
Plant-derived products, which have been used in traditional medicine for treating pathological conditions, offer structurally novel therapeutic compounds, including those with anti-viral activity. In addition, plant-derived bioactive substances might serve as the ideal basis for developing sustainable/efficient/cost-effective anti-viral alternatives. Interest in herbal antiviral products has increased. More than 50% of approved drugs originate from herbal sources. Plant-derived compounds offer diverse structures and bioactive molecules that are candidates for new drug development. Combining these therapies with conventional drugs could improve patient outcomes. Epigenetics modifications in the genome can affect gene expression without altering DNA sequences. Host cells can use epigenetic gene regulation as a mechanism to silence incoming viral DNA molecules, while viruses recruit cellular epitranscriptomic (covalent modifications of RNAs) modifiers to increase the translational efficiency and transcript stability of viral transcripts to enhance viral gene expression and replication. 
  • 978
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
High-Density Lipoproteins
The quantity of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is represented as the serum HDL-C concentration (mg/dL), while the HDL quality manifests as the diverse features of protein and lipid content, extent of oxidation, and extent of glycation. The HDL functionality represents several performance metrics of HDL, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol efflux activities. The quantity and quality of HDL can change during one’s lifetime, depending on infection, disease, and lifestyle, such as dietary habits, exercise, and smoking. The quantity of HDL can change according to age and gender, such as puberty, middle-aged symptoms, climacteric, and the menopause. HDL-C can decrease during disease states, such as acute infection, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disease, while it can be increased by regular aerobic exercise and healthy food consumption. Generally, high HDL-C at the normal level is associated with good HDL quality and functionality. 
  • 978
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
RhoH in TCR Signalling
As an atypical member of the Rho family small GTPases, RhoH shares less than 50% sequence similarity with other members, and its expression is commonly observed in the haematopoietic lineage. To date, RhoH function was observed in regulating T cell receptor signalling, and less is known in other haematopoietic cells. Its activation may not rely on the standard GDP/GTP cycling of small G proteins and is thought to be constitutively active because critical amino acids involved in GTP hydrolysis are absent. Alternatively, its activation can be regulated by other types of regulation, including lysosomal degradation, somatic mutation and transcriptional repressor, which also results in an altered protein expression. Aberrant protein expression of RhoH has been implicated not only in B cell malignancies but also in immune-related diseases, such as primary immunodeficiencies, systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, wherein its involvement may provide the link between immune-related diseases and cancer.
  • 977
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Nitrergic Enteric Neurons
Nitrergic enteric neurons are key players of the descending inhibitory reflex of intestinal peristalsis, therefore loss or damage of these neurons can contribute to developing gastrointestinal motility disturbances suffered by patients worldwide. There is accumulating evidence that the vulnerability of nitrergic enteric neurons to neuropathy is strictly region-specific and that the two main enteric plexuses display different nitrergic neuronal damage. Alterations both in the proportion of the nitrergic subpopulation and in the total number of enteric neurons suggest that modification of the neurochemical character or neuronal death occurs in the investigated gut segments. 
  • 977
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Monomers and Oligomers of Arrestin Proteins
Three out of four subtypes of arrestin proteins expressed in mammals self-associate, each forming oligomers of a distinct kind. Monomers and oligomers have different subcellular localization and distinct biological functions. Visual arrestin (a.k.a. S-antigen, 48 kDa protein, and rod arrestin; systematic name arrestin-1) is expressed in rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the retina, whereas arrestin-4 is expressed exclusively in cones at a much lower level than arrestin-1.
  • 977
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Droplet-Based Microfluidic High-Throughput Screening of Engineered Strains
Microfluidic technology has become an important high-throughput screening technology due to its fast speed, low cost, high automation, and high screening throughput, and it has developed rapidly. Droplet-based microfluidic high-throughput screening has been widely used in various fields, such as strain/enzyme activity screening, pathogen detection, single-cell analysis, drug discovery, and chemical synthesis, and has been widely applied in industries such as those involving materials, food, chemicals, textiles, and biomedicine. 
  • 977
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Autocrine TGF-β
TGF-β is a powerful inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a differentiation switch that is required for transitory invasiveness of carcinoma cells, the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and phenotypic plasticity, eventually resulting in tumor heterogeneity and resistance to standard chemotherapies.
  • 976
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Peptides-Silver Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus
Antibiotics are regarded as a miracle in the medical field as it prevents disease caused by pathogenic bacteria. Since the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have become the foundation for modern medical discoveries. However, bacteria soon became resistant to antibiotics, which puts a burden on the healthcare system. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most prominent antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the world since 1961. MRSA primarily developed resistance to beta-lactamases antibiotics and can be easily spread in the healthcare system. Thus, alternatives to combat MRSA are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an innate host immune agent and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are gaining interest as alternative treatments against MRSA. Both agents have broad-spectrum properties which are suitable candidates for controlling MRSA. Although both agents can exhibit antimicrobial effects independently, the combination of both can be synergistic and complementary to each other to exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity. The combination of AMPs and AgNPs also reduces their own weaknesses as their own, which can be developed as a potential agent to combat antibiotic resistance especially towards MRSA. 
  • 976
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Bilayer Lipid Membranes in Ion Channel Functions Analysis
The bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) is the main structural component of cell membranes, in which various membrane proteins are embedded. Artificially formed BLMs have been used as a platform in studies of the functions of membrane proteins, including various ion channels. 
  • 976
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CFTR Lifecycle Map
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common genetic diseases prevalent among the Caucasian population and is caused by mutations of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. To date, several hundred disease-causing mutations are known, resulting in a vast range of geno- and phenotypes, which makes the development of therapeutics especially challenging. To support the development of novel therapeutics, systems biological disease maps can be used. Disease maps represent existing knowledge on disease mechanisms in a computationally readable and comprehensive manner so they can then be used by clinicians and experimental scientists as well as computational scientists for different purposes, such as structuring high-throughput data, identifying disease biomarkers, developing better diagnostics and also identifying potential drug targets and drug repositioning. The CFTR Lifecycle Map in particular details the biogenesis of CFTR in cells to support ongoing drug discovery endeavours in CF research.
  • 976
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sirtuins in Breast and Prostate Cancer
In mammals, seven sirtuins (SIRT1–7) have been identified, which primarily function as NAD-dependent deacetylases (SIRT1–3 and SIRT5–7) and ADP-ribosyl transferases (SIRT4 and 6). Additionally, sirtuins have been reported to function as demyristoylases (SIRT1–3 and 6), lipoamidases (SIRT4), and desuccinylases/demalonylases/deglutarylases (SIRT5). The forcus herein is the information on the tumor promotion or suppression roles of SIRT1–7 in breast and prostate cancers. Precisely, it is highlighted that sirtuins regulate various proteins implicated in proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, chemoresistance, invasion, migration, and metastasis of both breast and prostate cancer.
  • 976
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Immune Receptors Glycosylation in Cancer
Glycosylation, which is defined as the association of a carbohydrate moiety to the substrate protein, is the most frequent type of post-translational modification (PTM). More than 50% of human proteins are subjected to the glycosylation machinery for maturation [4]. Protein glycosylation is a conserved kind of PTM that makes indispensable contributions to a wide range of biological processes including protein folding, stability, and interaction with other molecules [5,6,7]. Most membrane and secreted proteins, including immune receptors and ligands, are modified by glycosylation. Furthermore, glycan alterations on the cell surface are universally seen in cancers [8]. Immune cells recognize the abnormal glycosylation on cancer cells, and this recognition often leads to an inhibitory immune process. Thus, the glycosylation of immune receptors and ligands plays a vital role in cancer immunity.
  • 975
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Myzus persicae Sulzer
The green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), a major and harmful chili aphid usually managed using chemical pesticides, is responsible for massive annual agricultural losses. The efficacy of two protein elicitors, PeaT1 and PeBC1, to stimulate a defensive response against M. persicae in chili was studied in this study.
  • 974
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids-Based Delivery Systems towards Cancer Therapies
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Cervical cancer, for instance, is considered a major scourge in low-income countries. Its development is mostly associated with the human papillomavirus persistent infection and despite the availability of preventive vaccines, they are only widely administered in more developed countries, thus leaving a large percentage of unvaccinated women highly susceptible to this type of cancer. The treatments are based on invasive techniques, being far from effective. Therefore, the search for novel, advanced and personalized therapeutic approaches is imperative. Flavonoids belong to a group of natural polyphenolic compounds, well recognized for their great anticancer capacity, thus promising to be incorporated in cancer therapy protocols. However, their use is limited due to their low solubility, stability and bioavailability. Several types of flavonoid-based delivery systems are being developed for anticancer therapy, namely for cervical cancer. The consideration of these new forms of delivery systems allows for the use of fewer flavonoids as well as permits the use of ligands that efficiently target these systems to cancer cells, therefore reducing the risk of toxicity in healthy cells and improving their therapeutic effect. A variety of delivery systems for the encapsulation of these drugs can be explored, depending on the material considered and the properties exhibited by the drug.
  • 974
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Preserving Adult Endothelium Health and Reversing Its Dysfunction
The endothelium has multiple functions, ranging from maintaining vascular homeostasis and providing nutrition and oxygen to tissues to evocating inflammation under adverse conditions and determining endothelial barrier disruption, resulting in dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction represents a common condition associated with the pathogenesis of all diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as of diseases of all of the other systems of the human body, including sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and COVID-19 respiratory distress. Such evidence is leading to the identification of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for preserving, reverting, or restoring endothelium integrity and functionality by promptly treating its dysfunction.
  • 974
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Association between Microplastics and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the predominant cause of chronic liver injury; however, the mechanisms underlying its progression have not been fully elucidated. Pathophysiological studies have stated that NAFLD is significantly influenced by dietary and environmental factors that could participate in the development of NAFLD through different mechanisms. “Plastic pollution” is one of the most challenging environmental problems worldwide since several plastics have potential toxic or endocrine disputing properties. Specifically, the intake of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in water or diet and/or the inhalation from suspended particles is well established, and these particles have been found in human samples. Laboratory animals exposed to MPs develop inflammation, immunological responses, endocrine disruptions, and alterations in lipid and energy metabolism, among other disorders. MPs additives also demonstrated adverse reactions.  Adequate mitigation strategies worldwide, reducing environmental pollution and human exposure levels of MPs, could reduce the risk of NAFLD.
  • 974
  • 26 May 2023
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