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Topic Review
Drug Policy Reform
Drug policy reform, also known as drug law reform, generally refers to proposed changes to the laws and regulations that governments promulgate with respect to substances that have psychoactive effects or a real or perceived potential to be used for recreational or other non-medical reasons. Proponents of drug policy reform frequently argue that prohibition of recreational drugs—such as cannabis, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines and hallucinogens—has been ineffective and counterproductive and that substance use is better responded to by implementing practices for harm reduction and increasing the availability of addiction treatment. Another reform proposed is to introduce a regulatory regime for the production, marketing, and distribution of some or all currently illegal drugs in a manner analogous to that for alcohol and tobacco. Proponents of drug law reform argue that relative harm should be taken into account in the regulation of controlled substances. Addictive or dependence-forming substances such as alcohol, tobacco and caffeine have been a traditional part of many culture for centuries and remain legal in most countries, though other drugs which cause less harm than alcohol or tobacco are entirely prohibited, with possession punishable with severe criminal penalties.
  • 1.6K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Business Service Management
Business service management or business studies and management (BSM) is an approach used to manage business IT services. BSM promotes a customer-centric and business-focused approach to service management, aligning business objectives with IT or ICT from strategy through to operations.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nutritional Value of Bee Pollen
Bee pollen (BP)’s richness in nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, oligo-elements, and unsaturated fatty acids, is certain, along with the fact that it provides a moderate calorie intake as well as a good level of tolerance and safety, except for in the case of allergic reactions or external pollution, which remain manageable and predictable.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Surface Roughness in Ice Formation
Surface roughness or asperities plays a detrimental role in the icephobicity of a surface. This could be in the form of overall surface roughness or imparting surface features that may aid to mitigate ice anchoring or encourage favourable wettability conditions to induce icephobic performance.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Mountain Weasel
The Mountain Weasel (Mustela altaica), a sleek and agile carnivore, inhabits the high-altitude regions of Asia, showcasing remarkable adaptations to life in mountainous terrains. Known for its elusive nature and diverse range of habitats, the Mountain Weasel plays a vital role in alpine ecosystems, preying on small mammals and contributing to the delicate balance of these high-altitude environments.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SDGs and Sweet Potato Cultivation
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), will shape national development plans up to 2030. SDGs 1 (No Poverty), 2 (Zero Hunger) and 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) are crucial for the poor, given they target the basic human needs for development and fundamental human rights. Most poor and malnourished people in developing countries live in rural areas and engage in farming as a key part of their livelihoods, with food and agriculture at the heart of their development concerns. Crops that can provide both food and energy without detrimental impacts on soil or water resources can be particularly beneficial for local development and smallholder farmers. Sweet potato, in particular, is attracting growing attention from researchers and policymakers as it has the potential to address these global problems in a sustainable way. 
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
3D Printed and Conventional Membranes
Additive manufacturing, also called 3D printing (3DP), is considered to be a possible approach to produce custom membranes with more manufacturing control than any other method of membrane manufacturing available today. Polymer membranes are central to the proper operation of several processes used in a wide range of applications. The production of these membranes relies on processes such as phase inversion, stretching, track etching, sintering, or electrospinning. Results show that very few membrane materials are used as 3D-printed membranes. Such membranes showed acceptable performance, better structures, and less environmental impact compared with those of conventional membranes.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Bacteria and OSCC
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an invasive epithelial neoplasm that is influenced by various risk factors, with a low survival rate and an increasing death rate. In the past few years, with the verification of the close relationship between different types of cancers and the microbiome, research has focused on the compositional changes of oral bacteria and their role in OSCC. Generally, oral bacteria can participate in OSCC development by promoting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, influencing normal apoptosis, facilitating invasion and metastasis, and assisting cancer stem cells. The study findings on the association between oral bacteria and OSCC may provide new insight into methods for early diagnosis and treatment development. 
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Digital Twin Technologies for Turbomachinery
Turbomachinery from a life cycle perspective involves sustainability-oriented development activities such as design, production, and operation. Digital Twin is a technology with great potential for improving turbomachinery, which has a high volume of investment and a long lifespan. 
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Materials, Devices and Applications of Water Harvesting
Water harvesting technology has been focused, and great merits have been achieved. The design principles of water harvesting technology are commonly inspired by nature. The back of desert beetles possess alternating hydrophilic bumps and hydrophobic surfaces which enable them to harvest water in dry deserts.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Atypical Depression
Atypical depression as it has been known in the DSM IV, is depression that shares many of the typical symptoms of the psychiatric syndromes of major depression or dysthymia but is characterized by improved mood in response to positive events. In contrast to atypical depression, people with melancholic depression generally do not experience an improved mood in response to normally pleasurable events. Atypical depression also features significant weight gain or an increased appetite, hypersomnia, a heavy sensation in the limbs, and interpersonal rejection sensitivity that results in significant social or occupational impairment. Despite its name, "atypical" depression does not mean it is uncommon or unusual. The reason for its name is twofold: it was identified with its "unique" symptoms subsequent to the identification of melancholic depression and its responses to the two different classes of antidepressants that were available at the time were different from melancholic depression (i.e., MAOIs had clinically significant benefits for atypical depression, while tricyclics did not). Atypical depression is four times more common in females than in males. Individuals with atypical features tend to report an earlier age of onset (e.g. while in high school) of their depressive episodes, which also tend to be more chronic and only have partial remission between episodes. Younger individuals may be more likely to have atypical features, whereas older individuals may more often have episodes with melancholic features. Atypical depression has high comorbidity of anxiety disorders, carries more risk of suicidal behavior, and has distinct personality psychopathology and biological traits. Atypical depression is more common in individuals with bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia and seasonal affective disorder. Depressive episodes in bipolar disorder tend to have atypical features, as does depression with seasonal patterns.
  • 1.6K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Telescope Technology
The following timeline lists the significant events in the invention and development of the telescope.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Graph in BIM/GIS Integration
Information exchange between building information modelling (BIM) and geographic information system (GIS) is problematic, especially in terms of semantic information. Graph-based technologies, such as the resource description framework (RDF) and the labelled property graph (LPG), are promising in solving this problem. These two technologies are different but have not been systematically investigated in the context of BIM/GIS integration. 
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Method Used to Control Ticks in South Africa
Ticks are amongst the important ectoparasites where livestock are concerned, as they adversely affect the animals through bloodsucking. In tropical and subtropical countries, they transmit pathogens such as babesiosis, theileriosis, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis in cattle, causing a reduction in production rate and significant concomitant economic losses. Ticks affect 80% of the cattle population across the world, with an estimated economic loss of USD 20–30 billion per year. In South Africa, economic losses in the livestock industry caused by ticks and tick-borne diseases are estimated to exceed USD 33 million per year (ZAR 500 million). There are seven major genera of ixodid ticks in Southern Africa (i.e., Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus). The environment in which a tick lives is made up of all the various biological and abiotic factors that are either necessary or unnecessary for its life. 
  • 1.6K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Natural Compounds in Thromboembolism Treatment
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whose consequence may be a pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke. DVT is associated with the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the body. Thrombosis promotes slowed blood flow, hypoxia, cell activation, and the associated release of many active substances involved in blood clot formation. All thrombi which adhere to endothelium consist of fibrin, platelets, and trapped red and white blood cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Coenzyme Q10 in Cardiovascular Diseases
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a ubiquitous factor present in cell membranes and mitochondria, both in its reduced (ubiquinol) and oxidized (ubiquinone) forms. Its levels are high in organs with high metabolism such as the heart, kidneys, and liver because it acts as an energy transfer molecule but could be reduced by aging, genetic factors, drugs (e.g., statins), cardiovascular (CV) diseases, degenerative muscle disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. As CoQ10 is endowed with significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features, useful to prevent free radical-induced damage and inflammatory signaling pathway activation, its depletion results in exacerbation of inflammatory processes. Therefore, exogenous CoQ10 supplementation might be useful as an adjuvant in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial infarction and in associated risk factors such as hypertension, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and obesity.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Raccoon (Procyon lotor)
The raccoon (Procyon lotor) is a medium-sized, omnivorous mammal native to North America. Recognizable by its characteristic black facial mask and ringed tail, it belongs to the family Procyonidae. Raccoons exhibit notable adaptability and intelligence, allowing them to thrive in a wide range of environments, from forests to urban areas. They are primarily nocturnal and possess dexterous forepaws, which aid in manipulating objects and food.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Regulation of Mitochondrial Ca2+
Mitochondria, as the main site of cellular energy metabolism and the generation of oxygen free radicals, are the key switch for mitochondria-mediated endogenous apoptosis. Ca2+ is not only an important messenger for cell proliferation, but it is also an indispensable signal for cell death. Ca2+ participates in and plays a crucial role in the energy metabolism, physiology, and pathology of mitochondria. Mitochondria control the uptake and release of Ca2+ through channels/transporters, such as the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), and influence the concentration of Ca2+ in both mitochondria and cytoplasm, thereby regulating cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Mitochondrial Ca2+ transport-related processes are involved in important biological processes of tumor cells including proliferation, metabolism, and apoptosis.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
New Breeding Techniques in Citrus
The development of novel citrus varieties with improved quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses is one of the main purposes of breeding programs. Thus far, the use of conventional breeding techniques in citrus has been shown to be time consuming and diffcult due to the many limitations of typical of tree crops, such as the long juvenility and high heterozygosity. The application of NPBTs could overcome these problems, offering new tools that combine site-specific and targeted editing with a reduction in the time for plant breeding, thus leading to lower production costs. Many aspects need to be considered to apply transgenesis to citrus, among them transformation efficiency, and regeneration potential of citrus commercial varieties
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nanomicelles Delivery Systems
The efficient and selective delivery of therapeutic drugs to the target site remains the main obstacle in the development of new drugs and therapeutic interventions. Up until today, nanomicelles have shown their prospective as nanocarriers for drug delivery owing to their small size, good biocompatibility, and capacity to effectively entrap lipophilic drugs in their core. Nanomicelles are formed via self-assembly in aqueous media of amphiphilic molecules into well-organized supramolecular structures.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 Jan 2021
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