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Topic Review
Phyllodocida
Phyllodocida is a clade of errantiate annelids characterized by having ventral sensory palps, anterior enlarged cirri, axial muscular proboscis, compound chaetae (if present) with a single ligament, and of lacking dorsolateral folds. Members of most families date back to the Carboniferous, although the earliest fossil was dated from the Devonian. Phyllodocida holds 27 well-established and morphologically homogenous clades ranked as families, gathering more than 4600 currently accepted nominal species. Among them, Syllidae and Polynoidae are the most specious polychaete groups. Species of Phyllodocida are mainly found in the marine benthos, although a few inhabit freshwater, terrestrial and planktonic environments, and occur from intertidal to deep waters in all oceans.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Business Model Innovation
Sustainable business model innovation is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon; thus, it is important to understand its various manifestations. Sustainable business models generally aim to integrate economic, social and environmental aspects in their value creation and/or value capture processes. However, these aspects can manifest as different combinations, and some may be more dominant than others.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Wet Nurses in Spanish Monarchy
In Spain, the wet nurse had a prominent place in the Court of Philip II (1540–1580), suckling princes. These wet nurses were treated as ladies, as they came from wealthy families related to royalty. The services of wet nurses from neighbouring localities to the court were used. They had to be of good appearance and in excellent health. They were hired because of the need for survival of the infants, children of Philip II. The functions of the four wives of Philip II were relegated to reproduction, childcare, family and monarchical duties. They used empirical medicine in the form of prescriptions for beauty, hygiene and feminine care. The wet nurses were the driving force that promoted the health of babies through breastfeeding.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Networked High-speed Rail and Economic Growth in China
In China, an adequate and mature high-speed rail system has come into being, despite a relatively late beginning in the 1990s. The panel threshold model is adopted to investigate whether the economic growth becomes stronger and more equal among China’s cities under the impact of the rapidly expanding high-speed rail network. It was showed that high-speed rail can promote economic growth, while cities with higher pGDP can benefit more from high-speed rail. Another conclusion can be drawn that high-speed rail can intensify regional disparities, yet the marginal economic gap tends to decline as the high-speed rail network gets more optimized.
  • 1.6K
  • 28 May 2022
Topic Review
Multidimensional Roles of GRK5 in Molecular Aging
Considerable evidence now suggests that GRK5 can act as a molecular 'bridging' factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings that can control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging. 
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Expanding Monomers
Expanding Monomers are monomers which are increasing in volume (expanding) during polymerization. They can be added to monomer formulations to counteract the usual volume shrinking (during polymerization) to manufacture products with higher quality and durability. Volume Shrinkage is in first line for the unmeltable thermosets a problem, since those are of fixed shape after polymerization completed.:2
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Forensic Arts
Forensic art is any art used in law enforcement or legal proceedings. Forensic art is used to assist law enforcement with the visual aspects of a case, often using witness descriptions and video footage. It is a highly specialized field that covers a wide range of artistic skills, such as composite drawing, crime scene sketching, image modification and identification, courtroom drawings, demonstrative evidence, and postmortem and facial approximation aids. It is rare for a forensic artist to specialize in more than one of these skills. Many forensic artists do the job as a collateral duty to their "regular" job in law enforcement, such as police officer, crime scene tech, etc. Such forensic artists perform their work while on a fixed salary and are not additionally compensated for artistic duties. There are few full-time forensic artist jobs available. Most full-time artists work in large cities, or in state or federal agencies. "Freelancing" in forensic art is a difficult career path, as ties to law enforcement are a necessary part of the job, and agencies have limited budgets to pay outside contractors. The skill of facial approximation is closely associated and related to forensic anthropology in that an artist specializes in the reconstruction of the remains of a human body. Generally this discipline focuses on the human face for identification purposes. The forensic artist can create a facial approximation in a number of ways to include 2D (drawings), 3D (sculptures) and other methods using new computer technology. Forensic artists generally can add greater character and make their subjects come back to "life".
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sessile Drop Technique
The sessile drop technique is a method used for the characterization of solid surface energies, and in some cases, aspects of liquid surface energies. The main premise of the method is that by placing a droplet of liquid with a known surface energy, the shape of the drop, specifically the contact angle, and the known surface energy of the liquid are the parameters which can be used to calculate the surface energy of the solid sample. The liquid used for such experiments is referred to as the probe liquid, and the use of several different probe liquids is required.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Social Psychological Determinants of Prejudice towards Immigrants
Immigration processes and the possible marginalization of ethnic minorities in the receiving countries are essential issues in contemporary societies. Prejudice and discrimination can be critical obstacles to immigrants’ integration into the host country and can severely affect their well-being and mental health. This contribution aims to highlight the critical social–psychological processes underlying attitudes toward immigrants. First, it tackles the social psychological roots of social prejudice by focusing on the role of individual (ideological, motivational, and cultural) factors and categorization processes. Second, it examines how contextual factors such as intergroup perceptions and structural relations can lead to high levels of prejudice and discrimination towards immigrants. 
  • 1.6K
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
G-Quadruplex-Binding Proteins
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are non-canonical secondary nucleic acid structures. Sequences with the potential to form G4s are abundant in regulatory regions of the genome including telomeres, promoters and 5′ non-coding regions, indicating they fulfill important genome regulatory functions. In recent years, an increasing number of G-quadruplex-binding proteins have been identified with biochemical experiments. G4-binding proteins are involved in vital cellular processes such as telomere maintenance, DNA replication, gene transcription, mRNA processing. Therefore, G4-binding proteins are also associated with various human diseases.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
List of Exoplanetary Host Stars
The following is a list of exoplanetary host stars. The table contains information about the coordinates, spectral and physical properties, and number of confirmed planets. The two most important stellar properties are mass and metallicity because they determine how these planetary systems form. Stars of higher mass and metallicity tend to have more numerous and more massive planets. Most of the stars below are solar-type, mainly in the spectral classes F, G, and K, because astronomers tend to look for planets around stars similar to the Sun. Others are giants, which have used up all the hydrogen in their cores. Finding planets around giant stars gives clues as to how planetary systems evolve and how the properties of planets change with the evolution of the stars. As of April 2018, there are 2,816 stars with at least one confirmed planet, of which 628 stars have two or more confirmed planets; that is, 22% of all confirmed exoplanetary host stars have two or more confirmed planets. As of 2018, the star with the most confirmed planets is Kepler-90, with eight planets, although HD 10180 may have nine (two are unconfirmed). The most massive exoplanetary host star is Omicron Ursae Majoris (3.09 M☉), while the least massive is 2M J044144 (0.021 M☉). The most metal-rich star is NN Serpentis (1.744, 55.5 × Sun), while the most metal-poor is BD+20°2457 (−0.999, 0.100 × Sun). The nearest exoplanetary host star is Proxima Centauri (4.25 ly), while the most distant is NY Virginis (26940 ly). Visually, the brightest exoplanetary host star seen from Earth is Pollux (1.15), while the faintest is OGLE-2005-BLG-390L (27.98).
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Host
In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms (e.g. nematodes), cells harbouring pathogenic (disease-causing) viruses, a bean plant hosting mutualistic (helpful) nitrogen-fixing bacteria. More specifically in botany, a host plant supplies food resources to micropredators, which have an evolutionarily stable relationship with their hosts similar to ectoparasitism. The host range is the collection of hosts that an organism can use as a partner.
  • 1.6K
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plant Biosensors
This entry provides an overview of the available biosensors for following plant immune response, reported uses of more than one biosensor in the same chassis, biosensors applied to crops, and challenges of their use in plants.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Target of Rapamycin
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate developmental and metabolic processes. In plants, TOR has been shown to be a central regulator of growth and a negative regulator of catabolic processes such as autophagy.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Proteins
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are a special class of proteins that interact with RNA providing an imperative checkpoint to fine-tune gene expression at the RNA level, thus presenting a key component of post-transcriptional regulation. RNA-binding proteins interact with the untranslated regions of RNAs that have cis-acting regulatory functions forming dynamic ribonucleoprotein complexes that control the fate of RNA. These RBPs regulate the synthesis, editing, processing (including capping, splicing and polyadenylation), transport and localization, storage, translation and turnover of RNA in diverse systems including mammals, yeast and plants. Essentially, post-transcriptional regulation is gaining increasing momentum as a critical component in adjusting global cellular transcript levels during development and in response to environmental stresses. Despite the technical challenges faced in plants in large-scale studies, several hundreds of RBPs have been unearthed and elucidated globally over the past few years. Recent discoveries have brought into light RBPs lacking classical RNA-binding domains, which could not be revealed using in silico analysis. Uncovering the hidden RBP repertoires will advance our understanding of the RBP-RNA interaction universe and has will set the pace towards potential biotechnological applications of RBPs.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
MBD5-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorder
MBD5-associated neurodevelopmental disorder (MAND) is a condition that affects neurological and physical development.
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Electrical Resistance Measurement
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents the tightest endothelial barrier within the cardiovascular system characterized by very low ionic permeability.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Peptic Ulcer Bleeding and AI
Peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB) is a common gastrointestinal (GI) emergency requiring prompt assessment, with a mortality rate of 2–10%.
  • 1.6K
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Congenital Lung Malformations
Congenital lung malformations arise during development and include numerous anatomical anomalies of the lung and respiratory tree. They are usually detected prenatally by ultrasonography and comprise congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), bronchopulmonary sequestration (BPS), bronchogenic cysts (BC), and more rarely bronchial atresia, congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), and congenital tracheal obstruction. This entry focuses on the molecular and genetic determinants of the most frequent anomalies: CPAM, BPS, and BC. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is not usually included in this group; however, since the lung is also highly affected in this condition, we have also incorporated evidence related to lung hypoplasia.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Challenges Faced by the Disabled Population
Despite the destination’s great potential in terms of attractions and recreational facilities, there are measurable deficits in accessible tourism. If tourism operators want to take advantage of the rising tide of accessible tourism to attract more tourists and have a competitive advantage in this growing niche market, they should improve infrastructure facilities to meet the needs of disabled tourists.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 May 2022
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