You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Aquaporins in Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of membrane water channel proteins that control osmotically-driven water transport across cell membranes. Recent studies have focused on the assessment of fluid flux regulation in relation to the biological processes that maintain mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) physiology. In particular, AQPs seem to regulate MSC proliferation through rapid regulation of the cell volume. Furthermore, several reports have shown that AQPs play a crucial role in modulating MSC attachment to the extracellular matrix, their spread, and migration. This review aims to describe the recent findings on AQPs role in MSCs physiology taking into account their reflex for potential applicatio in regenerative medicine.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles Based Drug Delivery
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play major roles in intracellular communication and participate in several biological functions in both normal and pathological conditions. Surface modification of EVs via various ligands, such as proteins, peptides, or aptamers, offers great potential as a means to achieve targeted delivery of therapeutic cargo, i.e., in drug delivery systems (DDS). This study summarizes recent studies pertaining to the development of EV-based DDS and its advantages compared to conventional nano drug delivery systems (NDDS). 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Aging and Natural Products with Protective Potential
It was found that mitochondrial activity decreases with aging and that degeneration is linked to the reductions in mitochondria, mRNA transcripts, protein expression, and mtDNA and increased oxidative stress. In particular, reduced protein synthesis hinders protein turnover. The inability to replace damaged proteins may explain why aging is related to reduced mitochondrial function. Mitochondria, the cellular organelles that produce most of the ATP, become dysfunctional during aging. This condition is coupled with inflammation, oxidative stress, and reduced cellular functionalities in every organ. Numerous genes have been linked to aging, with some favoring it (gerontogenes) and others blocking it (genes of longevity pathways). The desire for eternal youth is a constant in the history of humanity. The increased life expectancy in industrialized countries has unfortunately also led to a significant increase in the incidence of age-related diseases (ARDs) such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Microparticles in Vascular Inflammation
Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular vesicles with a size ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 μm. They carry cargo (mRNA, DNA, lipid and specific proteins) from originating cells and transfer to recipient cells, allowing cell-to-cell communication.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mouse Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with a prevalence rate of 2.78%, and it is characterized by deficits in sociability and communication and restricted patterns of interests and activities. Remarkably, this psychiatric disorder exhibits a pronounced gender bias, with 80% of children diagnosed with ASD being boys.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Complex Interaction between P53 and miRNAs
P53 responds to stress in a variety of ways ranging from activating survival-promotion pathways to triggering programmed cell death to eliminate damaged cells. In physiological stress generated by any external or internal condition that challenges cell homeostasis, P53 exerts its function as a transcription factor for target genes or by regulating the expression and maturation of a class of small non-coding RNA molecules (miRNAs).
  • 1.1K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxic/Thermal Stress in Fish Heart
Teleost fish are often regarded with interest for the remarkable ability of several species to tolerate even dramatic stresses, either internal or external, as in the case of fluctuations in O2 availability and temperature regimes. These events are naturally experienced by many fish species under different time scales, but they are now exacerbated by growing environmental changes. This further challenges the intrinsic ability of animals to cope with stress. The heart is crucial for the stress response, since a proper modulation of the cardiac function allows blood perfusion to the whole organism, particularly to respiratory organs and the brain. In cardiac cells, key signalling pathways are activated for maintaining molecular equilibrium, thus improving stress tolerance. In fish, the nitric oxide synthase (NOS)/nitric oxide (NO) system is fundamental for modulating the basal cardiac performance and is involved in the control of many adaptive responses to stress, including those related to variations in O2 and thermal regimes.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Portuguese Triticum aestivum
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major crop worldwide, and it is highly susceptible to heat. Genetic diversity is scarce as regards heat tolerance, and remains a major concern for breeders in Mediterranean region. Grain traits were evaluated in Portuguese Triticum aestivum germplasm after plants exposure to heat during grain filling stage. Seven ancient landraces and traditional varieties from INIAV wheat collection, Gentil Rosso, Grécia, Mocho de Espiga Branca (MEB), Mocho de Espiga Quadrada (MEQ), Transmontano 94 (T94), Restauração and Ruivo, and two commercial varieties, Ardila and Nabão, were considered in the study. Plants were grown in a semi-controlled greenhouse. Heat increased test weight (TW), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), soluble sugars, protein and essential fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2)  in some of the genotypes. From PCA analysis of traits, one commercial (Ardila) and two landraces (Restauração and Russo) showed clustering in approximate positions no matter the treatment and seem to be less susceptible to heat. In contrast, one landrace (MEQ) seems more differentially affected and hence less adapted to high temperatures during grain filling. Physiological responses to heat, particularly their impact on grain filling and quality, may assist breeding design of heat-adapted wheat in the scenario of predicted climate changes.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CaSR-Regulated microRNAs
The calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is a unique G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activated by extracellular Ca2+ and by other physiological cations, aminoacids, and polyamines. CaSR is the main controller of the extracellular Ca2+ homeostatic system by regulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and, in turn, Ca2+ absorption and resorption. Recent advances highlight novel signaling pathways activated by CaSR signaling involving the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs). 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hypoxemia
Hypoxemia is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood. Hypoxemia has many causes, and often causes hypoxia as the blood is not supplying enough oxygen to the tissues of the body.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Role of mTOR Complex 1 in Longevity
Decreased content and activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway, as well as the mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) itself, are key traits for animal species and human longevity. Since mTORC1 acts as a master regulator of intracellular metabolism, it is responsible, at least in part, for the longevous phenotype. Conversely, increased content and activity of mTOR signalling and mTORC1 are hallmarks of ageing. Additionally, constitutive and aberrant activity of mTORC1 is also found in age-related diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer. The downstream processes regulated through this network are diverse, and depend upon nutrient availability.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Role for Plant-Derived Antioxidants in Attenuating Cancer Cachexia
Cancer cachexia describes the cancer-related muscle wasting that contributes to the progression of many cancer types. It is defined as “a multifactorial syndrome exhibiting ongoing loss of skeletal muscle mass, with or without the loss of fat mass, leading to progressive muscle functional impairment”. Typical clinical symptoms include anorexia, involuntary weight loss, weakness, anemia, systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and increased resting energy expenditure (REE). Antioxidants have therapeutic potential to attenuate cancer-related muscle loss, with polyphenols, a group of plant-derived antioxidants, being the most widely investigated.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Identifying Vocational Deficiencies in Musicians
A combination of factors exposes musicians to neuro-musculoskeletal disorders, which lead to pain and damage. These involve overuse due to long playing hours, containing repetitive movements under stressful conditions, usually performed in an unnatural posture. Although the evoked disorders are usually non-traumatic, they may often lead to prolonged or even permanent damage. For instance, in upper string players, these include bursitis and tendinopathies of the shoulder muscles, tendonitis of the rotator cuff, injury at the tendon sheaths, medial or lateral epicondylitis (also known as tennis elbow), myofascial pain, and wrist tendonitis (also known as carpal tunnel syndrome, or De Quervein’s syndrome). In cases of intensive performance, a traumatic injury may result, requiring drastic means of intervention such as surgery. It should be pointed out that the upper body and upper extremities are the most commonly affected sites of playing musicians.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Remote Ischemic Preconditioning
Autophagy is a cellular process by which mammalian cells degrade and assist in recycling damaged organelles and proteins. This study aimed to ascertain the role of autophagy in RIPC-induced cardioprotection. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to RIPC at the hindlimb followed by 30 min transient blockade of the left coronary artery to simulate I/R injury. Hindlimb muscle and the heart were excised 24 h post reperfusion. RIPC prior to I/R upregulated autophagy in the rat heart at 24 h post reperfusion. In vitro, autophagy inhibition or stimulation prior to RIPC respectively, either ameliorated or stimulated the cardioprotective effect, measured as improved cell viability to mimic the preconditioning effect. Recombinant IL-6 treatment prior to I/R increased in vitro autophagy in a dose dependent manner activating the JAK-STAT pathway without affecting the other kinase pathways such as p38 MAPK, and GSK-3β pathways. Prior to I/R, in vitro inhibition of the JAK-STAT pathway reduced autophagy upregulation despite recombinant IL-6 pre-treatment. Autophagy is an essential component of RIPC-induced cardioprotection that may upregulate autophagy through an IL-6/JAK-STAT dependent mechanism, thus identifying a potentially new therapeutic option for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Tissue Fibrosis
Tissue fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that result from the disruption of regulatory processes responsible for ECM synthesis, deposition, and remodeling. Fibrosis develops in response to a trigger or injury and can occur in nearly all organs of the body.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Network Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequently diagnosed neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and is on the rise [1]. The disorder is characterised by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; cell loss, vascular damage and dementia follow as a direct result of the vicious cycle of their deposition.  Along with age and family history, inheritance also plays an essential role in the development of AD. Among several genetic risk factors, the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2 had been identified as a causative factor for early-onset AD, the APOE-ε4 allele (encodes a protein that transports cholesterol in the bloodstream) was shown to have a strong impact on late-onset AD. However, studies based on APOE status among different racial and ethnic groups have shown inconsistent results .Despite a number of treatments being approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), none of those therapeutic strategies can cure the disease . There is strong evidence that early diagnosis and treatment might help to decelerate the progression of the disease and maintain brain function. Therefore, rational development of medical approaches (e.g., sophisticated brain imaging studies and discovery of novel candidate genes, proteins, and other substances in blood or cerebrospinal fluid) are fundamental for better understanding of the molecular factors that contribute to disease progression, and for improving the early diagnosis and treatment decisions.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Physiological Significance of Esophageal TRPV4 Channel
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a non-selective cation channel that is broadly expressed in different human tissues, including the digestive system, where it acts as a molecular sensor and a transducer that regulates a variety of functional activities.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Muscle Fatigue and Motorcycle
Motorcycle road races last from 30 to 45 min, representing about 20 to 25 laps consisting of 12 to 20 curves. This profile requires thereby 200 brakes and 400 leans per race at velocities generally greater than 200 km/h that should be managed with accurate synergistic muscle contractions from different part of the body, despite the development of muscle fatigue. However, only a few studies have investigated muscle fatigability via surface electromyography (sEMG) in riders that were performed either in a laboratory environment or outside the track. At present, only two studies have reported an accurate fatigue assessment yielded during a real piloting setup. Nevertheless, both studies monitored a pilot driving a motorcycle in a motorway or normal road environment, much less demanding and stressful than a racetrack.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and Immune Function
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids produced by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells both under physiological and pathological conditions. They are found in virtually all body fluids such as plasma, saliva, amniotic fluid, and breast milk, suggesting key roles in immune development and function at different life stages from in utero to aging. Under inflammatory conditions, plasma EV levels are increased and exacerbate immune activation and inflammatory reaction. During infection, bacteria derived EVs can also affect host immunity as pathogenic bacteria derived EVs having pro-inflammatory effects.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sympathetic Nerve in Chronic Pain-Associated Cardiovascular Disease
Chronic pain affects many people world-wide, and this number is continuously increasing. There is a clear link between chronic pain and the development of cardiovascular disease through activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 16
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback