Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Skull Vibration Induced Nystagmus
Skull vibration induced nystagmus (SVIN) is a dramatic clinical observation—if a vibrator is applied to either mastoid of a patient with a total unilateral vestibular loss (TUVL) and switched on at a frequency of 100 Hz and at moderate intensity (about the strength a body massager) the patient immediately has a nystagmus, mainly horizontal, with the clinically obvious quick phases (QPs) beating away from the lesioned ear.
  • 619
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Muscle Fatigue and Motorcycle
Motorcycle road races last from 30 to 45 min, representing about 20 to 25 laps consisting of 12 to 20 curves. This profile requires thereby 200 brakes and 400 leans per race at velocities generally greater than 200 km/h that should be managed with accurate synergistic muscle contractions from different part of the body, despite the development of muscle fatigue. However, only a few studies have investigated muscle fatigability via surface electromyography (sEMG) in riders that were performed either in a laboratory environment or outside the track. At present, only two studies have reported an accurate fatigue assessment yielded during a real piloting setup. Nevertheless, both studies monitored a pilot driving a motorcycle in a motorway or normal road environment, much less demanding and stressful than a racetrack.
  • 618
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Identifying Vocational Deficiencies in Musicians
A combination of factors exposes musicians to neuro-musculoskeletal disorders, which lead to pain and damage. These involve overuse due to long playing hours, containing repetitive movements under stressful conditions, usually performed in an unnatural posture. Although the evoked disorders are usually non-traumatic, they may often lead to prolonged or even permanent damage. For instance, in upper string players, these include bursitis and tendinopathies of the shoulder muscles, tendonitis of the rotator cuff, injury at the tendon sheaths, medial or lateral epicondylitis (also known as tennis elbow), myofascial pain, and wrist tendonitis (also known as carpal tunnel syndrome, or De Quervein’s syndrome). In cases of intensive performance, a traumatic injury may result, requiring drastic means of intervention such as surgery. It should be pointed out that the upper body and upper extremities are the most commonly affected sites of playing musicians.
  • 616
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review Video
Carbonic Anhydrases in Zebrafish
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is most important model organism to study different physiological and biological roles of different genes that are relevant to human. The physiological roles performed by carbonic anhydrases (CAs) and carbonic anhydrase related proteins (CARPs) is not an exception to this. The best-known function of CAs is the regulation of acid–base balance. In addition, studies performed with zebrafish, among others, have revealed important roles for these proteins in many other physiological processes, some of which had not yet been predicted in the light of previous studies and suggestions and the roles include such as pigmentation and motor coordination.
  • 614
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biomolecular Paradigm of Active Resolution Mechanisms in Heart
Inflammation is a complex program of active processes characterized by the well-orchestrated succession of an initiation and a resolution phase aiming to promote homeostasis. When the resolution of inflammation fails, the tissue undergoes an unresolved inflammatory status which, if it remains uncontrolled, can lead to chronic inflammatory disorders due to aggravation of structural damages, development of a fibrous area, and loss of function. Various human conditions show a typical unresolved inflammatory profile. Inflammatory diseases include cancer, neurodegenerative disease, asthma, right heart disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, or atrial fibrillation. New evidence has started to emerge on the role, including pro-resolution involvement of chemical mediators in the acute phase of inflammation. Although flourishing knowledge is available about the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators in neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, or hepatic fibrosis, little is known about their efficacy to combat inflammation-associated arrhythmogenic cardiac disorders. It has been shown that resolvins, including RvD1, RvE1, or Mar1, are bioactive mediators of resolution. Resolvins can stop neutrophil activation and infiltration, stimulate monocytes polarization into anti-inflammatory-M2-macrophages, and activate macrophage phagocytosis of inflammation-debris and neutrophils to promote efferocytosis and clearance.
  • 614
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Lipids in Fatty Liver Disease
Obesity has reached global epidemic proportions and it affects the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease and other metabolic diseases. Membrane lipids are important structural and signaling components of the cell membrane.
  • 610
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lipid Adaptations in Healthy Adult Human Brain
Lipids are a diverse and ubiquitous group of compounds with key roles in cell physiology. The multiplicity in lipid functions is achieved by the diversity in the structures of lipid molecules. At least six lipid adaptations against oxidative challenge in the healthy human brain can be discerned.
  • 610
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Neurophysiology of Brain Networks
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the leading neurodegenerative disorders. It is considered a movement disorder, although it is accepted that many nonmotor symptoms accompany classic motor symptoms. The overlap of motor and nonmotor symptoms complicates the clinical diagnosis and management. Loss modulation secondary to the absence of dopamine due to degeneration of the substantia nigra compacta shows changes in firing rates and patterns, oscillatory activity, and higher interneuronal synchronization in the basal-ganglia-thalamus-cortex and nigrovagal network involvement in motor and nonmotor symptoms, respectively. These neurophysiological changes can be monitored by electrophysiological assessment, especially in the network oscillation in the beta band level in parkinsonism.
  • 610
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms behind Muscles Growth in Young Subjects
Muscle growth, or muscle hypertrophy, is a complex process regulated by several molecular pathways. The IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is a vital signaling cascade in muscle growth that involves various interconnected mechanisms. Its activation increases protein synthesis, reduces protein degradation, and improves cell growth. Akt activation is crucial in promoting muscle protein synthesis in response to exercise and nutrient intake in young individuals. The timing of exercise and protein intake also affect Akt activation and subsequent muscle protein synthesis. While exercise alone did not increase Akt and mTOR phosphorylation, protein ingestion afterward did so in a dose-dependent manner. Growth hormone (GH) promotes the uptake of essential nutrients, such as glucose and amino acids, into muscle cells for energy production and protein synthesis. Testosterone is one of the most potent naturally secreted androgenic-anabolic hormones, and its biological effects include promoting muscle growth. 
  • 607
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Junctophilin1 and Junctophilin2 in Assembly of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Contraction of striated muscle is triggered by a massive release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) into the cytoplasm. This intracellular calcium release is initiated by membrane depolarization, which is sensed by voltage-gated calcium channels CaV1.1 (in skeletal muscle) and CaV1.2 (in cardiac muscle) in the plasma membrane (PM), which in turn activate the calcium-releasing channel ryanodine receptor (RyR) embedded in the SR membrane. This cross-communication between channels in the PM and in the SR happens at specialized regions, the SR-PM junctions, where these two compartments come in close proximity. Junctophilin1 and Junctophilin2 are responsible for the formation and stabilization of SR-PM junctions in striated muscle and actively participate in the recruitment of the two essential players in intracellular calcium release, CaV and RyR. 
  • 606
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Insight into Phloem Sap Metabolomics
Phloem sap transport is essential for plant nutrition and development since it mediates redistribution of nutrients, metabolites and signaling molecules. However, its biochemical composition is not so well-known because phloem sap sampling is difficult and does not always allow extensive chemical analysis. Efforts have been devoted to metabolomics analyses of phloem sap using either liquid chromatography or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Phloem sap metabolomics is of importance to understand how metabolites can be exchanged between plant organs and how metabolite allocation may impact plant growth and development.
  • 603
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Network Analysis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most frequently diagnosed neurodegenerative disorder worldwide and the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and is on the rise [1]. The disorder is characterised by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; cell loss, vascular damage and dementia follow as a direct result of the vicious cycle of their deposition.  Along with age and family history, inheritance also plays an essential role in the development of AD. Among several genetic risk factors, the APP, PSEN1, PSEN2 had been identified as a causative factor for early-onset AD, the APOE-ε4 allele (encodes a protein that transports cholesterol in the bloodstream) was shown to have a strong impact on late-onset AD. However, studies based on APOE status among different racial and ethnic groups have shown inconsistent results .Despite a number of treatments being approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), none of those therapeutic strategies can cure the disease . There is strong evidence that early diagnosis and treatment might help to decelerate the progression of the disease and maintain brain function. Therefore, rational development of medical approaches (e.g., sophisticated brain imaging studies and discovery of novel candidate genes, proteins, and other substances in blood or cerebrospinal fluid) are fundamental for better understanding of the molecular factors that contribute to disease progression, and for improving the early diagnosis and treatment decisions.
  • 596
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Cross-Talk of Gasotransmitters and Sphingolipid Signalling
Redox-active mediators are now appreciated as powerful molecules to regulate cellular dynamics such as viability, proliferation, migration, cell contraction, and relaxation, as well as gene expression under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. These molecules include the various reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO∙), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). For each of these molecules, direct targets have been identified which transmit the signal from the cellular redox state to a cellular response. There is a cross-regulation existing between the redox mediators and sphingolipid molecules that have a fundamental impact on a cell’s fate and organ function. 
  • 595
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pharmaceutical Drug and Metabolic Adaptions/Reprogramming in β-Cells
Islet inflammation in T1DM is characterized by leukocyte infiltrates, in particular macrophages and T-cells which damage β-cells by release of cytokines, ROS and NO and also activation of death-receptor-mediated death pathways and subsequent phagocytosis. Production of cytokines such as INF-γ, TNFα and IL-1β act in synergy to promote elevation in concentration and increase in activity of NADPH oxidase and iNOS consequently increasing the formation of products including ROS and NO, respectively. The mechanism of action of INF-γ, TNFα and IL-1β involves stimulation of transcription factors including NFκB (in mouse islet β-cells).
  • 588
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nutraceuticals for Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus and is characterized by degeneration of retinal neurons and neoangiogenesis, causing a severe threat to vision. Nowadays, the principal treatment options for DR are laser photocoagulation, vitreoretinal surgery, or intravitreal injection of drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor. Treatment with nutraceuticals (foods providing medical or health benefits) at early stages of DR may represent a reasonable alternative to act upstream of the disease, preventing its progression.
  • 587
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Colonic Fluid and Electrolyte Transport 2022
The colon is the final segment of the vertebrate digestive system, where fluid and electrolyte transport can be modulated to maintain intestinal and whole-body homeostasis. The expression and activity of many ion transporters in the colon are controlled by a complex and delicate homeostatic ion balance, such that hormones (i.e., aldosterone and angiotensin), pathophysiological inhibitors (i.e., Cholera and STa toxins) and diseases (i.e., metastatic changes) prompt surprisingly distinct responses between the proximal and distal colon segments. Modern and classical experimental methods, such as real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Ussing chambers, genome-wide analysis, next-generation epigenetic sequencing analysis, immunocytochemistry, patch clamping, and siRNA, have allowed the localization, characterization, and measurement of ion transporters. The differential expression and regulation of transporters, described using the following methods, is what gives the proximal and distal colon, apical and basolateral epithelial membranes, and crypts and surface cells unique homeostatic functions and responses to various drugs, hormones, and immune factors.
  • 587
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Glucocorticoid/Adiponectin Axis
Glucocorticoids (GCs), a class of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress, exert obesity-promoting effects. 
  • 586
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Cancer Stem Cells
Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE), a major mechanism for Ca2+influx from the extracellular medium into excitable and non-excitable cells, is physiologically triggered by the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and the production of IP3, which subsequently leads to the release of Ca2+from intracellular stores, mainly the ER, resulting in the activation of store-operated calcium channels in the plasma membrane and a rapid increase in cytosolic Ca2+concentration. SOCE is an extremely complex biological mechanism, with high dependency on the pattern of expression of its components-STIMs, Orai, and TRPC proteins- and its modulators in each cell type. Since the last decades of the 20th century, several studies, both in vivo and in vitro, have reported that an altered expression pattern of the proteins that mediate SOCE leads to unbalanced Ca2+homeostasis, which might contribute to tumor development, poor prognosis, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance.
  • 584
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Portuguese Triticum aestivum
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major crop worldwide, and it is highly susceptible to heat. Genetic diversity is scarce as regards heat tolerance, and remains a major concern for breeders in Mediterranean region. Grain traits were evaluated in Portuguese Triticum aestivum germplasm after plants exposure to heat during grain filling stage. Seven ancient landraces and traditional varieties from INIAV wheat collection, Gentil Rosso, Grécia, Mocho de Espiga Branca (MEB), Mocho de Espiga Quadrada (MEQ), Transmontano 94 (T94), Restauração and Ruivo, and two commercial varieties, Ardila and Nabão, were considered in the study. Plants were grown in a semi-controlled greenhouse. Heat increased test weight (TW), thousand-kernel weight (TKW), soluble sugars, protein and essential fatty acids (C18:1 and C18:2)  in some of the genotypes. From PCA analysis of traits, one commercial (Ardila) and two landraces (Restauração and Russo) showed clustering in approximate positions no matter the treatment and seem to be less susceptible to heat. In contrast, one landrace (MEQ) seems more differentially affected and hence less adapted to high temperatures during grain filling. Physiological responses to heat, particularly their impact on grain filling and quality, may assist breeding design of heat-adapted wheat in the scenario of predicted climate changes.
  • 579
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neuroglobin in Retinal Neurodegeneration
Retinal neurodegeneration affects an increasing number of people worldwide causing vision impairments and blindness, reducing quality of life, and generating a great economic challenge. Due to the complexity of the tissue, and the diversity of retinal neurodegenerative diseases in terms of etiology and clinical presentation, so far, there are no cures. The discovering of the intracellular monomeric globin neuroglobin (NGB), found at high concentration in the retina, has opened new possibilities for the treatment of retinal disease.
  • 578
  • 30 Nov 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 16
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback