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Topic Review
Heterogeneous Networks
Communication technologies have drastically increased the number of wireless networks. Heterogeneous networks have now become an indispensable fact while designing the new networks and the way the data packet moves from device to device opens new challenges for transmitting the packet speedily, with maximum throughput and by consuming only confined energy. 
  • 2.0K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Circuit Breaker
One of the hurdles in the LVDC distribution system is arc flash at the contact points that occurs during the circuit is opening. Unlike alternating current, direct current has no zero points and sustains constantly.  Through 400V class LVDC cutoff test, the operation of the proposed hybrid circuit breaker is verified and the characteristics are analyzed. 
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting System and Technologies
Radio frequency energy harvesting (RF-EH) is a potential technology via the generation of electromagnetic waves. This advanced technology offers the supply of wireless power that is applicable for battery-free devices, which makes it a prospective alternative energy source for future applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Introduction of Campus Microgrids
Campus Microgrids are a scattered group of power sources and electrical loads that are usually synchronous with the primary grid, called the utility grid. The multiple uncertainties in a microgrid, such as limited photovoltaic generations, ups and downs in the market price, and controlling different loads, are challenging points in managing campus energy with multiple microgrid systems and are a hot topic of research in the current era. Microgrids deployed at multiple campuses can be successfully operated with an exemplary energy management system (EMS) to address these challenges, offering several solutions to minimize the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, maintenance costs, and peak load demands of the microgrid infrastructure. 
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bluetooth Low Energy Mesh Networks
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an increasingly prevalent Wireless Ad-Hoc Network (WAHN) technology for battery-powered Internet of Things (IoT) devices [1]. The BLE standard was introduced by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) in Bluetooth version 4.0, and subsequently enhanced in versions 4.2 and 5. Initially, BLE 4.x adopted the legacy Bluetooth Personal Area Network (PAN) model for multi-hop communications and the interconnection of networks. BLE 5 intends to address these inadequacies via the implementation of pure mesh topology to provide enhanced network coverage, inter-network connectivity, and improved security [2].
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Distributed Element Circuit
Distributed element circuits are electrical circuits composed of lengths of transmission lines or other distributed components. These circuits perform the same functions as conventional circuits composed of passive components such as capacitors, inductors, and transformers. They are used mostly at microwave frequencies where conventional components are difficult or impossible to implement. A major advantage of distributed element circuits is that they can be produced cheaply as a printed circuit board for consumer products such as satellite television. They are also made in coaxial and waveguide formats for applications such as radar, satellite communication, and microwave links. A phenomenon that is much used in distributed element circuits is that a length of transmission line can be made to behave as a resonator. Distributed element components that do this include stubs, coupled lines, and cascaded lines. Circuits built from these components include filters, power dividers, directional couplers, and circulators. Distributed element circuits were investigated in the 1920s and 1930s but did not become important until World War II when they were used in radar. After the war their use was at first limited to military, space, and broadcasting infrastructure use but improvements in materials science in the field soon led to wider applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Software Defined Networking
Software Defined Networking(SDN)has recently received much attention to address some of the enduring networking challenges. SDN’s concept is based on ideas of generalization network hardware and decoupling the network controls software from the implementation devices . SDN is a new intelligent architecture for network programmability. SDN’s main idea is to separate the control plane from the network devices, enabling the data control from a central and external software entity called an SDN controller. The Open Networking Foundation (ONF) is a non-profit consortium dedicated to the development, standardization, and commercialization of SDN for the transport and IP network layer.
  • 2.0K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Recent Trends in Copper Metallization
The Cu/low-k damascene process was introduced to alleviate the increase in the RC delay of Al/SiO2 interconnects, but now that the technology generation has reached 1× nm or lower, a number of limitations have become apparent. Due to the integration limit of low-k materials, the increase in the RC delay due to scaling can only be suppressed through metallization.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Guided Wave Ultrasonic Testing
Guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT) method is an effective method for long-distance inspection of inaccessible and coated structures from a single point of testing. It propagates inspection wave all through the structure without point-to-point scanning, hence, minimizes inspection drudgery and enhances work throughput per day.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a 3D imaging technique, widely used in many applications such as augmented reality, automotive, machine vision, spacecraft navigation and landing. Achieving long-ranges and high-speed, most of all in outdoor applications with strong solar background illumination, are challenging requirements.
  • 2.0K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
“Singing” Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors and Mitigation Methods
Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC) have a major role in modern electronic devices due to their small price and size, large range of capacitance, small ESL and ESR, and good frequency response. Unfortunately, the main dielectric material used for MLCCs, Barium Titanate, makes the capacitors vibrate due to the piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects. This vibration is transferred to the PCB, making it resonate in the audible range of 20 Hz–20 kHz, and in this way the singing capacitors phenomenon occurs. This phenomenon is usually measured with a microphone, to measure the sound pressure level, or with a Laser Doppler Vibrometer (LDV), to measure the vibration. Besides this, other methods are mentioned in the literature, for example, the optical fiber and the active excitation method. There are several solutions to attenuate or even eliminate the acoustic noise caused by MLCC. Specially designed capacitors for low acoustic levels and different layout geometries are only two options found in the literature. To prevent the singing capacitor phenomenon, different simulations can be performed, the harmonic analysis being the most popular technique. 
  • 2.0K
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Covariance Projection Filter
Consider n data sources with their data represented, respectively, by N1, N2,...,Nn dimensional vectors, such that   . The covariance projection framework of data fusion, or, shortly, the covariance projection filter (CPF), is based on projecting the joint probability distribution of those N0 variables from n data sources onto the constraint manifold formed in the N0 dimensional space, referred to here as the extended space, based on the constraints present among the N variables. Then, the covariance projection framework of data fusion represents the projected probability distribution on the constraint manifold as the result of data fusion. For instance, in CPF, the fused data can be chosen as the point on the constraint manifold that bears the maximum probability, while the uncertainty associated with the resulting fused data can be defined as the probability distribution around the chosen point on the constraint manifold. The covariance projection framework of data fusion was initially conceived by Sukhan Lee and further elaborated into a more formal mathematical discipline by Sukhan Lee and Muhammad Abu Bakr. It turns out that CPF is equivalent to other well-known data fusion methods such as Kalman filter, Bar Shalom Campo and generalized Millman’s formula for linear systems with known Gaussian noise either uncorrelated or correlated. However, CPF provides a general framework of data fusion that allows incorporation of any system constraints as well as detection of data inconsistency directly into data fusion, besides opening a new possibility of handling non-linear systems with non-Gaussian noise. In what follows, the mathematical formula of CPF developed, in particular, for a linear Gaussian system with linear constraint is introduced.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Indoor Positioning
The indoor positioning system (IPS) is becoming increasing important in accurately determining the locations of objects by the utilization of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) involving smartphone sensors, embedded sources, mapping localizations, and wireless communication networks. 
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Electric Vehicles
E-mobility sustainability assessment is becoming more comprehensive with research integrating social aspects without focusing only on technical, economic, and/or environmental perspectives. The transportation sector is indeed one of the leading and most challenging greenhouse-gas polluters, and e-mobility is seen as one of the potential solutions; however, a social perspective must be further investigated to improve the perception of and acceptance of electric vehicles. 
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Wireless Battery Management System Topologies
An effective battery management system (BMS) is indispensable for any lithium-ion battery (LIB) powered systems such as electric vehicles (EVs) and stationary grid-tied energy storage systems. Massive wire harness, scalability issue, physical failure of wiring, and high implementation cost and weight are some of the major issues in conventional wired-BMS. One of the promising solutions researchers have come up with is the wireless BMS (WBMS) architecture. Despite research and development on WBMS getting momentum more than a decade ago, it is still in a preliminary stage. Significant further upgradation is required towards developing an industry-ready WBMS, especially for high-power LIB packs.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SDN-IP and the SoDIP6 Network
     SDN-IP is an application developed to implement routing between SDN and legacy networks. It enables communication over a multi-autonomous system (multi-AS) within the SDN and legacy networks. SDN-IP is implemented over ONOS to integrate SDN and legacy networks in terms of routing and interoperability so that service providers can have a gradual migration by smoothly integrating SDN with the legacy networks.        SoDIP6 network is a complete network and server systems operate with IPv6 addressing and routing over Software-defined network environment, in which the data plane forwarding devices enabled with IPv6 packet communications, are controlled and managed by logically centralized SDN controller
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Radio-Absorbing Materials and Technologies for Their Production
Radio waves cover a fairly wide spectrum of the frequency range (the range of waves used is from ultra-long to millimeter; the range is from centimeters and meters to thousands of kilometers) and are harmonic signals modulated in amplitude and frequency. The main source of powerful electromagnetic radiation is an antenna that radiates a flow of electromagnetic energy in a directionally or non-directionally into the surrounding space.
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicles in Hong Kong
The adoption of electric vehicles in Hong Kong is actively supported by the HK government, which recognizes battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and conventional hybrid electric vehicles to be environmentally friendly and eligible for financial incentives. As of 31 October 2017, there were 11,039 electric vehicles in Hong Kong, up from less than 100 in 2010. At present, 73 EV models from eight countries have been approved by the Transport Department to be eligible for the incentives. These include 51 models for private cars and motorcycles and 22 models for public transport and commercial vehicles.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Beam Steering Characteristics of Reconfigurable Transmitarray Antennas
The high gain beam steering antennas are widely used in 5G wireless mobile communications, radio frequency (RF) wireless power transmission, and satellite communications. In order to obtain high gain and beam steering characteristics, traditionally, antennas of the same type as phased array antennas, reflectarray antennas, and parabolic antennas have been designed. The transmitarray (TA) has attracted more and more interest from researchers due to its low profile, affordable cost, lower losses, low design complexity, and ease of fabrication. These have become popular solutions due to their remarkable applications, for instance, in biomedical systems (Brain and Breast Cancer Detection), civil and military radar systems, imaging systems, satellite communications, direct broadcasting services, and 6G/5G communication systems, etc.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sensor-Based Solid Waste Handling Systems
As a consequence of swiftly growing populations in the urban areas, larger quantities of solid waste also form rapidly. Since urban local bodies are found to be unable to manage this perilous situation effectively, there is a high probability of risks relative to the environment and public health. A sudden change is indispensable in the existing systems that are developed for the collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste, which are entangled in turmoil. However, Smart sensors and wireless technology enable cyber-physical systems to automate solid waste management, which will revolutionize the industry. 
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Apr 2022
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