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Topic Review
The Smart Grid
The smart grid is enabling the collection of massive amounts of high-dimensional and multi-type data about the electric power grid operations, by integrating advanced metering infrastructure, control technologies, and communication technologies.
  • 982
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Applications of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UHP-FRC)
UHPC is a cement based composite used to increase the life of new and existing structures. This new compound can replace concrete in harsh regions. After decades of research and manufacture, a range of commercial UHPC compositions are now accessible internationally to address demand for high-quality construction materials. UHPC provides substantial improvements over regular concrete, however its use is limited by design regulations and high prices. A detailed research of UHPC's durability qualities is needed to guide testing requirements and techniques and expand its practical usage. This study aims to promote UHPC research and applications.  
  • 982
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Integrated HBIM Framework for Management of Heritage Buildings
Heritage buildings are subject to severe damage due to their exposure to dynamics such as environmental changes, earthquakes, structural loads and so on, thus needing a proper maintenance and management system. However, during the restoration, maintenance, and management process, heritage building practitioners face numerous challenges, such as inefficient project management, financial loss, and project delay. These problems arise due to a lack of digital documentation and updated information management systems. Heritage building management still uses traditional management techniques where heritage information is managed using multiple format systems by different professionals, thus missing collaboration, information integration, and interoperability. Building information modeling (BIM) is presented here as a supporting tool to address these issues.
  • 969
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Modern Displacement Measuring Systems
The contemporary displacement measurement systems used in geotechnical laboratories during the determination of soil precise mechanical parameters, (e.g., the shear modules G: initial and in the range of small and very small strains) are not universal and their use depends on the type of soil (cohesive, non-cohesive), its condition (loose or dense, stiff or very soft), and its characteristic properties (e.g., organic soil, swelling soil).
  • 964
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Combined Finite–Discrete Element Method
The continuum–discontinuum method (CDM) is a promising tool for the study of the rock fracture and fragmentation process under static or dynamic loading conditions, e.g., blasting. The hybrid/combined finite element method (FDEM) might be the most widely used continuum–discontinuum method. Based on the FDEM, many tools are developed for modelling the entire rock fracture process, e.g., Y-2D, Y-GUI, Y-GEO, Y-Slope, Y2D/3D IDE, and the commercial software ELFEN.
  • 963
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Energy Efficiency Improvement
The school buildings represent an energivorus sector of the real estate where different efficiency actions are necessary. Literature shows how the design of a multi-energy system offers numerous advantages, however, there are problems related to the integration of cogeneration units with renewable energy sources due to the low flexibility of the first one and the high degree of uncertainty of the latter. The authors provide an alternative solution through the analysis of a case study consisting of a Multiple Energy System on three Sicilian schools, focusing on the system's operational strategy, on design and sizing of components and trying to exploit the energy needs complementarity of buildings instead of integrating the conventional energy storage systems. Not considering school activities in summer, it was decided to install a cogeneration unit sized on winter thermal loads, whereas the electricity demand not covered was reduced with photovoltaic systems designed to maximizing production for seasonal use and with loads concentrated in the morning hours. The effectiveness of this idea, which can be replicated for similar users and areas, is proved by a payback-time less than 11 years and a reduction of 31.77%, of the CO2 emissions.
  • 946
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nondestructive Monitoring in RC Elements
The structural and damage assessment of a reinforced concrete (RC) beam subjected to a four-point bending laboratory test is presented. Different nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques have been used with distributed fiber optic sensors (FOS) and acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The recorded AE activity results in good agreement with FOS strain measurements. At different loading steps, digital image correlation (DIC) analysis was also conducted.
  • 946
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Modelling of Activated Sludge Process
The activated sludge process (ASP) is the most widely used biological wastewater treatment system. A typical model that would simulate the ASP operation will have the following steps: a model objective, data collection, mathematical equations or models for each ASP as mentioned above, model calibration, and model validation. There are three main types of modelling that have been historically used for the ASP: deterministic or mechanistic modelling, stochastic modelling, and hybrid models combining the two approaches.The most efficient models use hybrid models where stochastic modelling is used for the hard-to-define parameters and variables in the treatment process.
  • 944
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Soft Computing Applications
Air quality models simulate the atmospheric environment systems and provide increased domain knowledge and reliable forecasting. They provide early warnings to the population and reduce the number of measuring stations. Due to the complexity and non-linear behavior associated with air quality data, soft computing models became popular in air quality modeling (AQM). This study critically investigates, analyses, and summarizes the existing soft computing modeling approaches. Among the many soft computing techniques in AQM, this article reviews and discusses artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), evolutionary ANN and SVM, the fuzzy logic model, neuro-fuzzy systems, the deep learning model, ensemble, and other hybrid models. Besides, it sheds light on employed input variables, data processing approaches, and targeted objective functions during modeling. The discussion in this paper will help to determine the suitability and appropriateness of a particular model for a specific modeling context.
  • 940
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys in Construction
As a promising candidate in the construction industry, iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) has attracted lots of attention in the engineering and metallography communities because of its foreseeable benefits including corrosion resistance, shape recovery capability, excellent plastic deformability, and outstanding fatigue resistance. Pilot applications have proved the feasibility of Fe-SMA as a highly efficient functional material in the construction sector.
  • 936
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Water Resilience
Analyze from a holistic and comprehensive perspective the water resource in the water cycle context and its relationships in the various environments for the strategic approach to resilience as a way to sustainability.
  • 926
  • 03 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Principles of Photocatalysis in Photocatalytic Cementitious Material
Photoinduced processes governed by light activated TiO2 have been studied in many ways. One of the most active areas is the development of TiO2 photocatalysis technologies on their application for reducing environmental impacts. The immobilization of TiO2 on solid support, such as cementitious materials, greatly enhances its use in practical applications.
  • 918
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fire Extinguishing Efficiency and Mechanism of C6F12O
The fire extinguishing efficiency of C6F12O has been fully investigated in both a laboratory burner scale and full-scale fire extinguishing experiment, the results of which show that the minimum extinguishing volume concentration of C6F12O is lower than HFCs, but the mass concentration is much higher. Although C6F12O has shown satisfactory fire extinguishing performance in various fire protection scenarios, fire enhancement phenomenon and the large production of HF have been observed during fire extinguishment. Furthermore, the fire extinguishing mechanism of C6F12O has been discussed. The flame suppression effect of C6F12O, combustion enhancement phenomenon and the influence of water in the reaction zone have been revealed. 
  • 917
  • 15 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Construction and Demolition Waste in Concrete Cement Production
Cement, being one of the most widely utilized materials for construction, plays a crucial role as the primary binder in concrete, leading to the formation of a durable, stone-like, hard material capable of withstanding various loads.
  • 913
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Water Treatment Residues and Methanogenic Activity in Wastewater-Sludge
The effect of adding alum water treatment residues (WTR) on the methanogenic activity in the digestion of primary domestic wastewater sludge was evaluated through laboratory experiments in sedimentation columns, using total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations from 0.37 to 1.23 g/L. The addition of WTR to primary clarifiers can benefit its effluent water quality in terms of colour, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and TSS. However, the presence of WTR can negatively influence the production of methane gas during organic sludge digestion in primary clarifiers, for concentrations of TSS between 14.43 and 25.23 g/L and of VSS between 10.2 and 11.85 g/L. The activity of the Methanothrix sp., curved bacilli, methanococci, and Methanosarcina sp. decreases considerably after 16 days of anaerobic digestion, and methane production seems to only be associated with fluorescent methanogenic bacilli.
  • 909
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Audio-Based Hazard Detection for Construction Safety
Safety-critical sounds at job sites play an essential role in construction safety, but hearing capability is often declined due to the use of hearing protection and the complicated nature of construction noise. Thus, preserving or augmenting the auditory situational awareness of construction workers has become a critical need. 
  • 907
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Use of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy method is a method of bond characterization that could be used quantitatively and qualitatively with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and electron energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to study the chemical composition, compound composition, microstructural morphology, and their elemental compositions in CB applications, respectively.
  • 898
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Construction Rework Cost Prediction Using Machine Learning
Predicting the construction cost of rework (COR) allows for the advanced planning and prompt implementation of appropriate countermeasures. Machine learning (ML) offers a data-oriented solution that can be utilized in different construction project contexts. ML approaches can predict COR by learning the complex patterns within the quality dataset.
  • 894
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Graphene/Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites
Graphene with fascinating properties has been deemed as an excellent reinforcement for cementitious composites, enabling construction materials to be smarter, stronger, and more durable. However, some challenges such as dispersion issues and high costs, hinder the direct incorporation of graphene-based reinforcement fillers into cementitious composites for industrial production. The combination of graphene with conventional fibers to reinforce cement hence appears as a more promising pathway especially towards the commercialization of graphene for cementitious materials.  This entry introduces the preparation and the enhancement of hybrid graphene-fiber reinforced cementitious composites.
  • 890
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Drivers for Digital Twin Adoption in Construction Industry
Digital twin (DT) is able to present digital replicas of existing assets, processes and systems. DT can integrate artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data analytics to create real-time simulation models. These models learn and update from multiple data sources to predict their physical counterparts’ current and future conditions. This has promoted its relevance in various industries, including the construction industry (CI). However, recognising the existence of a distinct set of factors driving its adoption has not been established. The drivers were identified through a systematic literature review approach and integrated into a classification framework to enhance its understanding. A conceptual framework was developed to enhance the successful adoption of DT in the CI based on the identified drivers.
  • 889
  • 21 Feb 2022
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