Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1 The importance of dams is rapidly increasing due to the impact of climate change on increasing hydrological process variability and on water planning and management need. Sustainability is evaluated through a design optimization for dams´ stability and d
Jose-Luis Molina
 + 1135 word(s) 1135 2020-01-08 07:08:45 |
2 Reviewing Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction
Enrico Zacchei
 Meta information modification 1135 2020-01-13 22:25:53 | |
3 Reviewing of concrete arch dams: Collected tecnhical data and risk reduction
Enrico Zacchei
 -741 word(s) 394 2020-01-13 22:31:51 | |
4 Reviewing of concrete arch dams: Collected tecnhical data and risk reduction
Enrico Zacchei
 -166 word(s) 969 2020-01-13 22:39:14 | |
5 format correct
Catherine Yang
 -171 word(s) 964 2020-01-15 07:19:10 | |
6 format correct
Catherine Yang
 -5 word(s) 959 2020-10-30 07:36:04 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Zacchei, E.; Molina, J.L. Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/230 (accessed on 18 January 2025).
Zacchei E, Molina JL. Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/230. Accessed January 18, 2025.
Zacchei, Enrico, José Luis Molina. "Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/230 (accessed January 18, 2025).
Zacchei, E., & Molina, J.L. (2020, January 13). Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/230
Zacchei, Enrico and José Luis Molina. "Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction." Encyclopedia. Web. 13 January, 2020.
Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su12010392

The are thousands of large dams over the globe. The importance of dams is rapidly increasing due to the impact of climate change on increasing hydrological process variability and on water planning and management need. This study tackles a review for the concrete arch-dams’ design process, from a dual sustainability/safety management approach. On one hand, Sustainability is evaluated through a design optimization for dams´ stability and deformation analysis. On the other hand, safety is directly related to the reduction and consequences of failure risk. For that, several scenarios about stability and deformation, identifying desirable and undesirable actions, were estimated. More than 100 specific parameters regarding dam-reservoir-foundation-sediments system and their interactions have been collected. Also, a summary of mathematical modelling was made, and more than 100 references were summarized. The following consecutive steps, required to design engineering (why act), maintenance (when to act) and operations activities (how to act), were evaluated: individuation of hazards, definition of failure potential and estimation of consequences (harm to people, assets and environment). Results show that the area to model the dam–foundation interaction is around 3.0 Hd2, the system-damping ratio and vibration period is 8.5% and 0.39 s. Also, maximum elastic and elasto-plastic displacements are ~0.10–0.20 m. The failure probability for stability is 34%, whereas for deformation it is 29%

concrete arch-dams stability scenarios deformation scenarios safety management sustainability assessment

1. Introduction

There are many factors, largely controlled by the structures size, that hinder sustainability in the field of dam engineering. In this sense, the height of the blocks can reach more than 100 m and the crown length can reach more than 500 m [[1][2]]. Dams with these dimensions are called “super-high dams” [[3][4]]. Then, the presence of structural elements [[5]], and their interactions, with different functions that increase the difficulty of calculation and modelling, e.g., the cantilevers that support and distribute the vertical loads and the arches that distribute the horizontal loads. Finally, the interaction of dam, foundation, sediments and reservoir sub-systems, requires not only the knowledge of the structural and hydraulic engineering, but also, other engineering areas are involved.

2. Reviewing Arch-Dams’ Building Risk Reduction 

Three aspects, namely geometry, behaviour, and materials, comprise the internal and intrinsic actions, which exclude the external actions and their uncertainties of probability and occurrence. These uncertainties are called “random” and are related to the magnitude of variability and inherent randomness. Besides these types of uncertainties, there are the “epistemic” uncertainties that are related to the lack of knowledge of materials and models [[6]]. Random and epistemic uncertainties are studied in stochastic analyses, which are used to solve problems that cannot be deterministically solved because models are not known, or data are not available.

Due to the doubts of the input data, analyses, methodologies, and results, the concept of “risk” and quantitative risk assessment (QRA) is introduced through the following equation:

Risk = ∫[P(L,E) × P(R|L) × C(L,R)]

(1)

where L = loads, E = events, and R = responses. P[R|L] is the conditional probability that R is true, given that L is true, and C stands for the consequences [[7][8]].

This integral is a measure of risk quantification based on the occurrence and probability of L, E and R, regarding the variability of extreme events, e.g., flooding, hurricanes, earthquakes, explosions. The interest of the concrete arch-dams is proven by the fact that several studies have been published since 1931 [[9]]. This interest has generated several codes/manuals/reports [[10][11][12][13][14]]. Furthermore, several academic works with the following goal have been published. First, there are researches about the definition of the shape (volume and area of concrete) optimization, aimed to minimize the cost and the impact of the dam body on the environment [[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]]. Then, publications addressing the analysis of the dam behaviour under seismic actions accounting the enormous importance of the structure [[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]]. Finally, there are studies that consider the fact that the dam body is linked with the foundation base, water reservoir, and soil sediments [[34][35][36][37][38][39]].

However, there are some aspects, described as follows, that are not well studied either synthetized or published in the literature. In this sense, the response estimation of arch-dams are not well studied or categorized, for example the effects of the non-uniform temperature variation due to the solar radiation and convective heat [[30],[40][41][42][43][44]]. Furthermore, a good calibration between the theoretical and practical data is often difficult to obtain. In this sense, there is a lack of experimental tests made in the laboratory, which allow verifying the analytical and computational models. Also, there is a lack of practical experience of researchers and technical engineers do not easily accept the insights of researchers. In this sense, some cases about real concrete arch-dams are listed in supplementary materials (see Appendix Table A1). Finally, but not least, there is a clear lack of academic papers that synthetize, integrate, and summarize most of the aspects involved in sustainability of concrete arch dam building. This review paper mainly aims to cover this deficiency, which comprises its main novelty too. This is performed herein by reviewing the existent knowledge on the development of sustainability and safety assessment through the study of structural stabilities/deformations and failure risk, respectively.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 shows a background about the data and mathematical modelling. Section 3 describes some main key findings about an operating system and the project variables in a managerial context [7,12,14]. Section 4 is dedicated to the materials and methodologies followed in this research, describing the structure gand content of the different stages. Regarding materials, Random Variables (RVs) are showed; on the other hand, methods such as Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS), sustainability assessment framework and seismic hazard assessment are described. Then, section 5 comprises the description of results, largely addressing the sustainability assessment of structural stability and deformations. Finally, section 6 is dedicated to show the main conclusions drawn from this research.

References

  1. Inventory of Dams and Reservoirs (SNCZI). SNCZI. Retrieved 2020-1-13.
  2. Spanish Association of Dams and Reservoirs (SEPREM) . SEPREM. Retrieved 2020-1-13.
  3. Hao Huang; Bo Chen; Chungao Liu; Safety Monitoring of a Super-High Dam Using Optimal Kernel Partial Least Squares. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015, 2015, 1-13, 10.1155/2015/571594.
  4. Shi, Z.; Gu, C.; Qin, D; Variable-intercept panel model for deformation zoning of a super-high arch dam. SpringerPlus 2016, 5, 898–917.
  5. Qi-Ling Zhang; Fan Wang; Xiao-Qing Gan; Bo Li; A field investigation into penetration cracks close to dam-to-pier interfaces and numerical analysis. Engineering Failure Analysis 2015, 57, 188-201, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.07.031.
  6. Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili; Victor E. Saouma; Seismic fragility analysis of concrete dams: A state-of-the-art review. Engineering Structures 2016, 128, 374-399, 10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.09.034.
  7. Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili; Risk, Reliability, Resilience (R3) and beyond in dam engineering: A state-of-the-art review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2018, 31, 806-831, 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.07.024.
  8. Altarejos-García, L.; Escuder-Bueno, I.; Serrano-Lombillo, A.; De Membrillera-Ortuño, M.G; Methodology for estimating the probability of failure by sliding in concrete gravity dams in the context of risk analysis. Struct. Saf. 2012, 36–37, 1–13.
  9. Savage, J.L.; Houk, I.E.; Checking arch dam design with models. Civ. Eng. 1931, 1, 695–699.
  10. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Arch Dam Design, Manual; USACE, Eds.; USACE: Washington, DC, USA, 1994; pp. 1110-2-2201.
  11. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).. Theoretical Manual for Analysis of Arch Dams; Technical Report; USACE, Eds.; USACE: Washington, DC, USA, 1993; pp. ITL-93-1.
  12. International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).. Selecting Seismic Parameters for Large Dams; Guidelines, Bulletin; ICOLD:, Eds.; ICOLD:: Paris, 2016; pp. 148.
  13. Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety (FEMA).. Earthquake Analyses and Design of Dams; FEMA, Eds.; FEMA: Washington, DC, USA, 2005; pp. NC.
  14. International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD).. Dam Safety Management: Operational Phases of the Dam Life Cycle; ICOLD, Eds.; ICOLD: Paris, 2017; pp. NC.
  15. M. Pouraminian; M. Ghaemian; Multi-criteria optimization of concrete arch dams. Scientia Iranica 2017, 24, 1810-1820, 10.24200/sci.2017.4272.
  16. Kaveh, A.; Gha arian, R.; Shape optimization of arch dams with frequency constraints by enhanced charged system search algorithm and neural network.. Int. J. Civ. Eng 2015, 13, 102–111.
  17. Seyed Mohammad Seyedpoor; S. Gholizadeh; Optimum Shape Design of Arch Dams by a Combination of Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation and Genetic Algorithm Methods. Advances in Structural Engineering 2008, 11, 501-510, 10.1260/136943308786412069.
  18. Seyed Mohammad Seyedpoor; J. Salajegheh; E. Salajegheh; S. Gholizadeh; Optimal design of arch dams subjected to earthquake loading by a combination of simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation and particle swarm algorithms. Applied Soft Computing 2011, 11, 39-48, 10.1016/j.asoc.2009.10.014.
  19. Amir Saber Mahani; Saeed Shojaee; Eysa Salajegheh; Mohsen Khatibinia; Hybridizing two-stage meta-heuristic optimization model with weighted least squares support vector machine for optimal shape of double-arch dams. Applied Soft Computing 2015, 27, 205-218, 10.1016/j.asoc.2014.11.014.
  20. Zhang, X.F.; Li, S.Y.; Chen, Y.L.; Optimization of geometric shape if Xiamen arch dam. Adv. Eng. Softw 2009, 40, 105–109.
  21. Jalal Akbari; Mohammad Taghi Ahmadi; Hamid Moharrami; Advances in concrete arch dams shape optimization. Applied Mathematical Modelling 2011, 35, 3316-3333, 10.1016/j.apm.2011.01.020.
  22. Shouyi Li; Lujun Ding; Lijuan Zhao; Wei Zhou; Optimization design of arch dam shape with modified complex method. Advances in Engineering Software 2009, 40, 804-808, 10.1016/j.advengsoft.2009.01.013.
  23. S. Gholizadeh; Seyed Mohammad Seyedpoor; Shape optimization of arch dams by metaheuristics and neural networks for frequency constraints. Scientia Iranica 2011, 18, 1020-1027, 10.1016/j.scient.2011.08.001.
  24. H. Mirzabozorg; M. Varmazyari; M. Ghaemian; Dam-reservoir-massed foundation system and travelling wave along reservoir bottom. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2010, 30, 746-756, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.03.005.
  25. Lamea, M.; Mirzabozorg, H; Simulating structural responses of a generic AAR-a ected arch dam considering seismic loading. Sci. Iran 2018, 25, 2926–2937.
  26. Jin-Ting Wang; Ai-Yun Jin; Xiu-Li Du; Ming-Xin Wu; Scatter of dynamic response and damage of an arch dam subjected to artificial earthquake accelerograms. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2016, 87, 93-100, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.05.003.
  27. Hariri-Ardebili, M.A.; Furgani, L.; Meghella, M.; Saouma,V.E.; Anew class of seismic damage and performance indices for arch dams via ETA method. Eng. Struct 2016, 110, 145–160.
  28. F. García; Juan José Aznárez; L.A. Padrón; Orlando Maeso; Relevance of the incidence angle of the seismic waves on the dynamic response of arch dams. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2016, 90, 442-453, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.011.
  29. Furgani, L.; Imperatore, S.; Nuti, C; Analisi sismica delle dighe a gravità: Dal semplice al complesso, se necessaio.. Proceedings of the XIV Convegno ANIDIS, L’Ingeneria Sismica 2011., Bari, Italy, 18–22 September, NC
  30. Hariri-Ardebili, M.A.; Kianoush, M.R; Integrative seismic safety evaluation of a high concrete arch dam. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng. 2014, 67, 85–101.
  31. Hariri-Ardebili, M.A.; Mirzabozorg, H.; Kianoush, R; Comparative study of endurance time and time history methods in seismic analysis of high arch dams.. Int. J. Civ. Eng 2014, 12, 219–236.
  32. Chen, B.F.; Yuan, Y.S; Nonlinear hydrodynamic pressures on rigid arch dams during earthquakes. Proceedings of the 12 WCEE 2000, 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering 2000., New Zeland, 30 January–4 February, NC.
  33. Schultz, M.; Huynh, P.; Cvijanovic, V.; Implementing nonlinear analysis of concrete dams and soil-structure interaction under extreme seismic loading. Proceedings of the 34th AnnualUSSDConference 2014., San Francisco, CA, USA, 7–11 April, NC.
  34. Gregory Fenves; Anil K. Chopra; Earthquake analysis of concrete gravity dams including reservoir bottom absorption and dam-water-foundation rock interaction. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 1984, 12, 663-680, 10.1002/eqe.4290120507.
  35. Alegre, A.; Oliveira, S.; Ramos, R.; Espada, M.; Resposta sísmica de barragens abobada. Estudo numérico sobre a influência da cota de água na albufeira.. Proceedings of the Encontro Nacional Betão Estrutural 2018, BE2018, NC.
  36. Seyed Mohammad Seyedpoor; J. Salajegheh; E. Salajegheh; Shape optimal design of arch dams including dam-water–foundation rock interaction using a grading strategy and approximation concepts. Applied Mathematical Modelling 2010, 34, 1149-1163, 10.1016/j.apm.2009.08.005.
  37. Mirzabozorg, H.; Kordzadeh, A.; Hariri-Ardebili, M.A.; Seismic response of concrete arch dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction using infinite elements. Electron. J. Struct. Eng. 2012, 12, 63–73.
  38. J. Proulx; P. Paultre; Experimental and numerical investigation of dam–reservoir–foundation interaction for a large gravity dam. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 1997, 24, 90-105, 10.1139/cjce-24-1-90.
  39. Mehmet Akköse; Süleyman Adanur; Alemdar Bayraktar; A. Aydın Dumanoğlu; Elasto-plastic earthquake response of arch dams including fluid–structure interaction by the Lagrangian approach. Applied Mathematical Modelling 2008, 32, 2396-2412, 10.1016/j.apm.2007.09.014.
  40. M.A. Hariri-Ardebili; S.M. Seyed-Kolbadi; Seismic cracking and instability of concrete dams: Smeared crack approach. Engineering Failure Analysis 2015, 52, 45-60, 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.02.020.
  41. Ender Demirel; Numerical simulation of earthquake excited dam-reservoirs with irregular geometries using an immersed boundary method. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2015, 73, 80-90, 10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.03.003.
  42. Li, Q.; Guan, J.; Wu, Z.; Dong,W.; Zhou, S.; Equivalent maturity for ambient temperature e ect on fracture parameters of site-casting dam concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2016, 120, 293–308
  43. Shi, N.; Chen, Y.; Li, Z; Crack risk evaluation of early age concrete based on the distributed optical fiber temperature sensing. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 2016, 4082926
  44. Feng Jin; Zheng Chen; Jinting Wang; Jian Yang; Practical Procedure for Predicting Non-Uniform Temperature on the Exposed Face of Arch Dams. Seismic Safety Evaluation of Concrete Dams 2013, null, 487-511, 10.1016/b978-0-12-408083-6.00021-0.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Construction & Building Technology
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Enrico Zacchei
,
José Luis Molina
View Times: 1.4K
Revisions: 6 times (View History)
Update Date: 30 Oct 2020
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback