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Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles
Over the past two decades, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated great potential in the treatment of inflammation-related conditions. Recently, the use of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) for treating inflammation-related conditions has shown therapeutic potential in a range of preclinical studies. This topic explores the current research landscape pertaining to the use of MSC-derived EVs as anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative agents in a range of inflammation-related conditions: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular disease, and preeclampsia. Along with this, the mechanisms by which MSC-derived EVs exert their beneficial effects on the damaged or degenerative tissues are discussed, together with current challenges and future perspectives.
  • 894
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Types of Stem Cell for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a major causal factor for mortality among elders around the world. Stem cell therapy, compared to drug therapies and many other therapeutic options, has many advantages and is very promising in the future. Currently (up till 2023), there are four major types of stem cells used in AD therapy: neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Of course, there are many other types of stem cells at the stage of experimentation for potential usage in treating AD, but most research centered on the four major types of stem cells that are discussed in detail below.
  • 882
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas System for Genetic Disease Therapy
CRISPRs (clusters of regularly inter-spaced palindromic repeats) is a term that refers to regular and repetitive nucleotide sequences that are universally present in bacterial DNA. It was first discovered in 1987 by Professor Nakada’s team at Osaka University in Japan. Since then, several researchers have discovered that this repeating sequence is the microorganism’s defense system for fighting virus invasion. That is, when a microorganism is infected with a bacteria-specific virus, some of the surviving individuals cut part of the virus’s DNA and insert it into their genome one after another. Bacteria defend themselves against phages and plasmids by using the CRISPR-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) system, which is a genetically encoded RNA-mediated adaptive immunity system. The CRISPR-Cas system is extremely diverse, and it is broadly classified into two classes (I and II), which are further classified into six types (I-VI) and several subtypes. Cascade is the effector complex for CRISPR interference in class I/type I systems. It is composed of CRISPR RNA (crRNA), a large and small Cas subunit, as well as a variable number of Cas5, Cas6, and Cas7 that recognize the target and recruit Cas3, cleaving the target DNA. On the other hand, the RNP surveillance complex in class II systems is made up of a single Cas protein, Cas9 or Cpf1, and this effector complex participates in both target recognition and cleavage.
  • 878
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bio- and Nano-Material-Based Strategies for Allergy Therapy
An allergic reaction is the useless response of the immune system toward a harmless substance (allergen) and is the consequence of a failure in the development of tolerance. Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is the only allergy treatment that can provide long-term effects since it tries to address the underlying pathological mechanism, changing the immune response to the allergen from a Th2 response towards a Th1 or a regulatory (Treg) response.
  • 877
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CAR T Cells
Cells are also used as a therapeutic tool. In this type of immunotherapy, the patient’s T cells are genetically engineered ex vivo to express a CAR that recognizes a specific antigen present on the surface of the tumor cells. After reinfusion of these cells in the patient’s circulation, the binding between the CAR T cells and the cancer cells induces a cytotoxic response. One example of this therapy currently being used in clinics is for the treatment of advanced B-cell lymphomas, resulting in complete remission in 30 to 40 % of the patients. Importantly, it needs to be emphasized that CAR T cells are used last in line as a therapeutic strategy to suppress tumor cells. This means that the T cells are often isolated from the patients after various treatments, including chemotherapy that can alter the metabolic phenotype of the T cells (mitochondrial damage and metabolic alterations). Therefore, metabolism is an important aspect in the conception and the anti-tumoral activity of a CAR T cell.
  • 875
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Processes and Approaches
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting describes the use of 3D additive manufacturing techniques aimed to integrate biological materials, such as cells, growth factors, and other biochemicals and biomaterials, into a multi-layer composite using high-precision printing technologies that can mimic the structures of target tissues.
  • 875
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Endogenous Regenerative Medicine
Regenerative medicine, and, in particular, tissue engineering, are considered to be promising strategies for the repair of lost/damaged tissues, and aims to improve a patient’s quality of life. The use of stem cell mobilization, or homing for regeneration based on endogenous healing mechanisms, prompted a new concept in regenerative medicine: endogenous regenerative medicine.
  • 874
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Adoptive Cell Immunotherapy (ACT)
Adoptive cell immunotherapy (ACT) is a promising approach to treat a variety of pathological states, including infections as well as both solid and hematologic cancers. Immune cells in ACT can be harvested from tumor resection/biopsy, from the patient’s own blood, or donated by a fully or partially human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched healthy donor. These cells are then injected into the patient after minimal or more extensive ex vivo manipulations. The oldest, and arguably still one of the most effective forms of ACT, is allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, which most often requires only minimal cell handling and primarily leverages immunogenetic disparities between donor and recipient to treat hematopoietic cancers 
  • 870
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Biotechnologies to Improve Cardoon Cell Cultures for Biorefinery
Cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis L.) is a promising candidate species for the development of plant cell cultures (PCC) suitable for large-scale biomass production and recovery of nutraceuticals. We set up the first successful protocol for the stable genetic transformation via Agrobacterium tumefaciens of cardoon PCC, and the heterologous overexpression of a MYB transcription factor from Arabidopsis has proven a valuable strategy for the improvement of their biorefinery potential.
  • 868
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Liver Models
The liver is the largest organ of the human body and is composed of parenchymal cells, namely hepatocytes and cholangiocytes, and numerous other cells, also called non-parenchymal cells, namely hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), Kupffer cells (KCs, the resident liver macrophages) and various immune cells. The pharmaceutical industry is in high need of efficient and relevant in vitro liver models, which can be incorporated in their drug discovery pipelines to identify potential drugs and their toxicity profiles. Current liver models often rely on cancer cell lines or primary cells, which both have major limitations. However, the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) has created a new opportunity for liver disease modeling, drug discovery and liver toxicity research. HiPSCs can be differentiated to any cell of interest, which makes them good candidates for disease modeling and drug discovery. Moreover, hiPSCs, unlike primary cells, can be easily genome-edited, allowing the creation of reporter lines or isogenic controls for patient-derived hiPSCs.
  • 866
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
EVs–PEG–cECMH Product
The combination of cardiosphere-derived extracellular vesciles (EVs), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and cardiac extracellular matrix hydrogel (cECMH), EVs–PEG–cECMH, is a potential multipronged product with improved gelation time and mechanical properties, increased on-site retention, and maintained bioactivity that, all together, may translate into boosted therapeutic efficacy.
  • 865
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a heterogeneous developmental tumor occurring in childhood, which arises from the embryonic sympathoadrenal cells of the neural crest. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides. Whether lncRNAs are destined to become a protein or not, they exert multiple biological functions such as regulating gene expression and functions. In recent decades, different research has highlighted the possible role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer. Moreover, lncRNAs may represent potential markers or targets for diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
  • 853
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Exosomes in Preparing the Pre-metastatic Niche
Tumor-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role in preparing the pre-metastatic niche, promoting cancer dissemination, and regulating cancer cell dormancy. Tumor-derived exosomes are small vesicles that are released by tumor cells and contain a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. They play a key role in cancer progression and metastasis by modulating the tumor microenvironment, promoting cancer cell survival and growth, and communicating with nearby cells. As such, these exosomes can act as vehicles for delivering pro-tumorigenic information and signals, helping to propagate cancer in the body.
  • 852
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Patient-Derived Lung Tumoroids
Synthetic 3D multicellular systems derived from patient tumors, or tumoroids, have been developed to complete the cancer research arsenal and overcome the limits of current preclinical models. Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer worldwide; non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common form, with 85% of all cases. The survival rate over 5 years for patients with advanced stage lung cancer remains below 15% despite the diversity of therapeutic treatments and very important progress. Treatment options mainly rely on surgery, complemented with radiotherapy, targeted chemotherapy, or immunotherapy, thanks to the development of specific markers of response. 
  • 850
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tissue Engineering Challenges for Cultivated Meat
Cultivated meat (CM) technology has the potential to disrupt the food industry—indeed, it is already an inevitable reality. This new technology is an alternative to solve the environmental, health and ethical issues associated with the demand for meat products. The global market longs for biotechnological improvements for the CM production chain. CM, also known as cultured, cell-based, lab-grown, in vitro or clean meat, is obtained through cellular agriculture, which is based on applying tissue engineering principles. In practice, it is first necessary to choose the best cell source and type, and then to furnish the necessary nutrients, growth factors and signalling molecules via cultivation media.
  • 849
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Profiling of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
Mammalian cell lines are preferred for the production of functional, complex recombinant proteins including mAbs, with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells being used in most instances. Despite significant advances in cell growth control for biologics manufacturing, cellular responses to environmental changes need to be understood in order to further improve productivity. Metabolomics offers a promising approach for developing suitable strategies to unlock the full potential of cellular production. 
  • 847
  • 05 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Sex Hormone-Specific Neuroanatomy of Takotsubo Syndrome
TTS(Takotsubo syndrome) was first officially reported in 1991 as a reversible cardiomyopathy that appeared to be precipitated by acute emotional stress. The majority of TTS patients were postmenopausal females and usually developed symptoms similar to those of an acute coronary syndrome. A strong emotional stressor was thought to cause a transient abnormality of LV wall motion in the apical and mid-ventricular portion without obstructive coronary artery disease with ECG changes. TTS was initially called “Takotsubo cardiomyopathy”. Although most TTS cases were described as having been caused by negative emotions, there are cases in which positive emotions, such as joy, triggered TTS. In addition, 10% of TTS patients are male.
  • 846
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in intercellular communication by transporting bioactive cargo to recipient cells. EVs have been implicated in a range of physiological and pathological processes, including tumor progression, metastasis, immune modulation, and drug resistance.
  • 845
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Immune System's Role in Liver Biology and Metabolism
The liver is a remarkable organ, which coordinates a multitude of critical functions, whilst retaining the ability to dramatically remodel and regenerate damaged tissue. The liver is composed of four lobes which are subdivided into lobule structures. These are hexagonal in appearance, with each corner displaying the portal triad that consists of the portal vein, bile duct and hepatic artery. Although the liver is an exceptionally regenerative organ, chronic damage may result in scar tissue formation. This does not only have consequences for organ function but is also a major barrier for liver tissue remodeling and regeneration.
  • 841
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Application of Electrospun Nanofibers in Wound Dressings
Electrospun nanofiber membranes (NFMs) have high porosity and a large specific surface area, which provide a suitable environment for the complex and dynamic wound healing process and a large number of sites for carrying wound healing factors. The design of the nanofiber structure can imitate the structure of the human dermis, similar to the natural extracellular matrix, which better promotes the hemostasis, anti-inflammatory and healing of wounds. 
  • 840
  • 06 Sep 2023
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