Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Skin Cancer in the Ear: Signs and Symptoms
Learn the signs and symptoms of skin cancer in the ear, from unusual growths to persistent irritation. Understand what to watch for and when to seek help.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Nov 2024
Topic Review
Plasmodesmata Conductivity Regulation
Plant cells form a multicellular symplast via cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata (Pd) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that crosses almost all plant tissues. The Pd proteome is mainly represented by secreted Pd-associated proteins (PdAPs), the repertoire of which quickly adapts to environmental conditions and responds to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the important role of Pd in stress-induced reactions is universally recognized, the mechanisms of Pd control are still not fully understood. The negative role of callose in Pd permeability has been convincingly confirmed experimentally, yet the roles of cytoskeletal elements and many PdAPs remain unclear. Here, we discuss the contribution of each protein component to Pd control. Based on known data, we offer mechanistic models of mature leaf Pd regulation in response to stressful effects.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Receptor-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway
Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death which has an important role in tissue and organ homeostasis and in the control of organism development. Two main signaling pathways are involved in regulation of apoptosis: the mitochondrial dependent intrinsic pathway and death receptor dependent extrinsic pathway. The receptors are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF).The extrinsic apoptotic pathway triggers apoptosis by binding of ligands to death receptors, which leads to formation of a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and in consequence, caspase activation. This pathway and its subpathways and regulatory factors and linkages to the other cellular signaling events are briefly presented.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
PbS Quantum Dot Solar Cells
PbS (lead sulfide) colloidal quantum dots consist of crystallites with diameters in the nanometer range with organic molecules on their surfaces, partly with additional metal complexes as ligands. These surface molecules are responsible for solubility and prevent aggregation, but the interface between semiconductor quantum dots and ligands also influences the electronic structure. PbS quantum dots are especially interesting for optoelectronic applications and spectroscopic techniques, including photoluminescence, photodiodes and solar cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
The treatment of biofilm infection is difficult in clinical practice. Therefore, the eradication mechanisms of action of silver sulfadiazine, which is a well-utilized antibacterial compound, in a biofilm were investigated. Its unique mode of action in biofilms is defined. Biofilm-forming drug-resistant microbes are frequently detected in hospitals. Therefore, we examined the effects of silver sulfadiazine (SSD), a well-utilized antibacterial compound, and clarified the mechanisms underlying its activity against biofilms formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The effects of SSD were a result of silver ions rather than sulfadiazine. SSD had a lesser revelation capacity of silver ions than silver nitrate; however, only SSD could eradicate mature biofilms by bacterial killing. Nevertheless, the effect was reduced by the addition of an ion chelator. Thus, the silver in SSD could be liberated after binding sulfadiazine to biofilms, and the use of SSD is reasonable in the eradication of biofilms in wounds.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Glycerol in nano oxides synthesis
The transformation of biomass and the utilization of all the by products derived from chemical conversion of biomass resources is one of the most important challenges nowadays. The impact in society and the level of awareness that already exists inside and outside the scientific community, makes the challenge of improving conversion of biomass to commodities a hot topic. Glycerol, a by-product obtained from the biodiesel production, is a key player compound due to its chemical versatility. The possibility of being used as solvent, reagent, reducing agent (in the polyol method), and so forth, makes glycerol an extremely appealing commodity. When used within nanotechnology, namely combined with nanomaterials, its potential becomes even higher.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction
Under healthy conditions, pancreatic β-cells produce and secrete the insulin hormone in response to blood glucose levels. Under diabetic conditions, however, β-cells are compelled to continuously secrete larger amounts of insulin to reduce blood glucose levels, and thereby, the β-cell function is debilitated in the long run.
  • 1.6K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Macrolides
Macrolides are a diverse class of hydrophobic compounds characterized by a macrocyclic lactone ring and distinguished by variable side chains/groups. Some of the most well characterized macrolides are toxins produced by marine bacteria, sea sponges, and other species. Many marine macrolide toxins act as biomimetic molecules to natural actin-binding proteins, affecting actin polymerization, while other toxins act on different cytoskeletal components. The disruption of natural cytoskeletal processes affects cell motility and cytokinesis, and can result in cellular death. While many macrolides are toxic in nature, others have been shown to display therapeutic properties. Indeed, some of the most well known antibiotic compounds, including erythromycin, are macrolides. In addition to antibiotic properties, macrolides have been shown to display antiviral, antiparasitic, antifungal, and immunosuppressive actions.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Characterization of LAG-3
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is a cell surface inhibitory receptor with multiple biological activities over T cell activation and effector functions. LAG-3 plays a regulatory role in immunity and emerged some time ago as an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule comparable to PD-1 and CTLA-4 and a potential target for enhancing anti-cancer immune responses. LAG-3 is the third inhibitory receptor to be exploited in human anti-cancer immunotherapies, and it is considered a potential next-generation cancer immunotherapy target in human therapy, right next to PD-1 and CTLA-4. Unlike PD-1 and CTLA-4, the exact mechanisms of action of LAG-3 and its relationship with other immune checkpoint molecules remain poorly understood. This is partly caused by the presence of non-conventional signaling motifs in its intracellular domain that are different from other conventional immunoregulatory signaling motifs but with similar inhibitory activities.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanocelluloses
Cellulose nanofiber (CNF), nanocrystal cellulose (NCC), and bacterial nanocellulose (BC) are the most common nanocellulose used as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems. Modification and functionalization using various processes and chemicals have been carried out to increase the adsorption and drug delivery performance of nanocellulose.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Silver and Gold Nanoparticles
Silver and gold nanoparticles can be found in a range of household products related to almost every area of life, including patches, bandages, paints, sportswear, personal care products, food storage equipment, cosmetics, disinfectants, etc. Their confirmed ability to enter the organism through respiratory and digestive systems, skin, and crossing the blood–brain barrier raises questions of their potential effect on cell function. Therefore, this manuscript aimed to summarize recent reports concerning the influence of variables such as size, shape, concentration, type of coating, or incubation time, on effects of gold and silver nanoparticles on cultured cell lines. Due to the increasingly common use of AgNP and AuNP in multiple branches of the industry, further studies on the effects of nanoparticles on different types of cells and the general natural environment are needed to enable their long-term use. However, some environmentally friendly solutions to chemically synthesized nanoparticles are also investigated, such as plant-based synthesis methods.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Common Underlying Mechanisms of Multiple Sclerosis and Epilepsy
Despite the significant differences in the pathological background of neurodegenerative diseases, epileptic seizures are comorbidity in many disorders such as Huntington disease (HD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). Regarding the last one, specifically, it has been shown that the risk of developing epilepsy is three to six times higher in patients with MS compared to the general population. In this context, understanding the pathological processes underlying this connection will allow for the targeting of the common and shared pathological pathways involved in both conditions, which may provide a new avenue in the management of neurological disorders.
  • 1.6K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nanozyme Platforms for Antibacterial Applications
Some key enzymes or classes of enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), oxidase (OXD), peroxidase (POD), deoxyribonuclease (DNase), etc., have been implicated in antibacterial therapy.
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Symbiotic Radio
The sixth generation (6G) wireless technology aims to achieve global connectivity with environmentally sustainable networks to improve the overall quality of life. The driving force behind these networks is the rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT), which has led to a proliferation of wireless applications across various domains through the massive deployment of IoT devices. Symbiotic radio (SRad) technology is a promising solution that enables cooperative resource-sharing among radio systems through symbiotic relationships.
  • 1.6K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Anesthesia in Children with Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial, solid, pediatric malignancy and, despite the constant progress of treatment and development of innovative therapies, remains a complex, challenging disease causing major morbidity and mortality in children.
  • 1.6K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nanostructures Based on Cobalt Oxide
Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) is known to follow the spinel structure as (Co2+)[Co23+O4. The high spin Co2+occupies the interstitial sites of tetrahedral (8a) whereas low spin Co3+are known to occupy the interstitial sites of octahedral (16d) of the close-packed face-centered cubic lattice of CoO.Co2O3. The p-type conductivity of the material (CoO.Co2O3) is known to originate from the vacancies of Co in the crystal lattices or/and excess oxygen at interstitial sites.  Furthermore, 1D nanostructures of Co3O4  have been investigated over the past decades as an active material for chemical analytes detection owing to its superior catalytic effect together with its excellent stability.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Natural Esters Additives to Improve the Properties
Regardless of their environmental and technical merits, natural esters have some limitations that are slowing down their total acceptance by transformer owners and utilities. Critical limitations and concerns include esters’ pour point, viscosity, oxidative stability, and ionization resistance.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Personality and Intelligence
There are two major theories in this area. First, compensation theory suggests that conscientiousness acts as a “coping/reimbursing strategy” for less intelligent, but ambitious and competitive, people in particular settings. Thus, relatively less intelligent individuals may become more methodical, organised, thorough, and persistent (i.e., conscientious) to compensate for their relative lack of intelligence in a highly competitive educational or work environment. That is, they can achieve as much as bright people by simply working harder and smarter. Alternatively, relatively more intelligent people may tend to succeed based on their cognitive efficiency, rather than strenuous effort or persistent effort and organisation.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Wind Turbine
Wind Turbine Power Curve models establish a simplified way to apply the relationship between the wind speed at hub height and the output power of the wind turbine. When dealing with deterministic models, two main types appear: polynomial and sigmoid. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Human-Robot Interaction
As in human–human interaction, several modalities can be used at once in human-robot interaction in social contexts. Vision, eye gaze, verbal dialogue, touch, and gestures are examples of modalities that can be used herein. In a social context, the intelligence that a robot display depends on the modalities it uses and each modality can have specific importance and effect on the human side of the interaction which translates into the degree of trust that the robot has. Moreover, the acceptance of robots in social interaction depends on their ability to express emotions and they require a proper design of emotional expressions to improve their likability and believability as multimodal interaction can enhance the engagement
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Aug 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2728
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback