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Topic Review
Modeling Obesity-Driven Pancreatic Carcinogenesis
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pancreatic malignancy with a 5-year survival rate below 10%, thereby exhibiting the worst prognosis of all solid tumors. Increasing incidence together with a continued lack of targeted treatment options will cause PDAC to be the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the western world by 2030. Obesity belongs to the predominant risk factors for pancreatic cancer. It is crucial to develop realistic and physiologically accurate models of obesity-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis.
  • 812
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stem and Cancer Stem Cell_Markers
The conversion of healthy stem cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) is believed to underlie tumor relapse after surgical removal and fuel tumor growth and invasiveness. CSCs often arise from the malignant transformation of resident multipotent stem cells, which are present in most human tissues. Some organs, such as the gut and the brain, can give rise to very aggressive types of cancers, contrary to the dental pulp, which is a tissue with a very remarkable resistance to oncogenesis.
  • 811
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Neural and Cancer Stem Cells
Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer great potential for regenerative medicine due to their excellent ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types of the brain. In the central nervous system (CNS), NSC renewal and differentiation are under strict control by the regulation of the pivotal SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2)—Family with sequence similarity 72 (FAM72) master gene (i.e., |-SRGAP2–FAM72-|) via a divergent gene transcription activation mechanism. If the gene transcription control unit (i.e., the intergenic region of the two sub-gene units, SRGAP2 and FAM72) gets out of control, NSCs may transform into cancer stem cells (CSCs) and generate brain tumor cells responsible for brain cancer such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
  • 811
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers NSCLC Patients on Immunotherapy
Currently, the only validated companion diagnostic test for first-line immunotherapy in metastatic NSCLC patients is testing for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues. However, obtaining tumor tissue can be challenging and it puts the patient at risk. Liquid biopsy offers an alternative, less invasive approach to select NSCLC patients who would benefit from immunotherapy and to monitor patients during their disease course. Liquid biopsy allows repetitive sampling, which makes it a useful tool in clinical practice.
  • 811
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Genetics of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a significant public health concern, with more than 3 million cases occurring each year in the United States, and with an increasing incidence. The molecular basis of BCC is complex, involving an interplay of inherited genetic susceptibility, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic syndromes, and sporadic somatic mutations, often induced by carcinogenic exposure to UV radiation. 
  • 811
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
ICIs in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. In the advanced disease setting, OC recurrence after chemotherapy is over 70% in the first 2 years, with few therapeutic options. Immunotherapy with the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed high efficacy and changed the therapeutic scenario of many tumors in the last 10 years.
  • 811
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immune Responses Following HCC LRTs
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Unlike other types of cancer, HCC can be treated with locoregional treatments (LRTs) such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, recurrences following LRTs are common, and strategies to improve long-term outcomes need to be developed. The exhaustion of anti-tumor immunity in HCC has been well established in many reports and the immunomodulatory effects of LRTs (enhancement of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses after RFA, reduction of effector regulatory T cells after TACE) have also been reported in several previous studies. However, a comprehensive review of previous studies and the possible roles of immunotherapy following LRTs in HCC are not known.
  • 811
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Role of Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer Management
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female cancer in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is a widely prescribed, oral anti-estrogen drug for the hormonal treatment of estrogen-receptor-positive BC, which represents 70% of all BC subtypes. 
  • 811
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
TP53 in Germ Cell Tumours
The cure rate of germ cell tumours (GCTs) has significantly increased from the late 1970s since the introduction of cisplatin-based therapy. The exquisite cisplatin sensitivity has been mainly explained by the over-expression in GCTs of wild-type TP53 protein and the lack of TP53 somatic mutations; however, several other mechanisms seem to be involved, many of which remain still elusive. The findings about the role of TP53 in platinum-sensitivity and resistance, as well as the reported evidence of second cancers (SCs) in GCT patients treated only with surgery, suggesting a spectrum of cancer predisposing syndromes, highlight the need for a deepened understanding of the role of TP53 in GCTs. 
  • 810
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Mononuclear Phagocyte Receptors
Inflammatory cells are major players in the onset of cancer. The degree of inflammation and type of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are responsible for tilting the balance between tumor progression and regression. Cancer-related inflammation has also been shown to influence the efficacy of conventional therapy. Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) represent a major component of the inflammatory circuit that promotes tumor progression. Despite their potential to activate immunosurveillance and exert anti-tumor responses, MPs are subverted by the tumor to support its growth, immune evasion, and spread. MP responses in the TME are dictated by a network of stimuli integrated through the cross-talk between activatory and inhibitory receptors. Alterations in receptor expression/signaling can create excessive inflammation and, when chronic, promote tumorigenesis. Research advances have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at receptor targeting to induce a tumor-infiltrating MP switch from a cancer-supportive toward an anti-tumor phenotype, demonstrating efficacy in different human cancers.
  • 809
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is an advanced stage of Prostate cancer disease. Its evolution is consequent upon androgen withdrawal therapy: which is the first line of therapy for metastatic phenotype. Combination of cytotoxic drugs and hormonal therapy/or genotherapy is a recognized modality for treating CRPC. However, this strategy is limited by poor bio-accessibility  and poor efficacy  of the cytotoxic drugs. Further increase in dose rather  results to an increased rate of collateral toxicity and incidence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Nanovectorization of these strategies has evolved to a promising approach to achieve a more efficacious therapeutic outcomes. It offers the possibility to consolidate their antitumor activity through enhanced specific and less toxic active or passive targeting mechanisms, as well as enabling diagnostic imaging through theranostics. While studies on nanomedicine are common in other cancer types, only a few have focused on prostate cancer. The idea in this article is to reveal possibilities for homig nanomedicine -based formulations  into prostate treatment.
  • 809
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Role of Heat-Shock Proteins in Esophagogastric Cancer
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have been classified into six prominent families: high-molecular-mass HSP, 90, 70, 60, 40, and small heat shock proteins. HSPs participate in protein folding, stability, and maturation of several proteins during stress, such as in heat, oxidative stress, fever, and inflammation. Due to the immunogenic host’s role in the combat against cancer cells and the role of inflammation in cancer control or progression, abnormal expression of these proteins has been associated with many types of cancer, including esophagogastric cancer. 
  • 809
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Therapy De-Escalation for SCCA Patients
The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is increasing, particularly in the elderly, with increased mortality in this age group. While the current standard of care for localized SCCA remains chemoradiation (CRT), completion of this treatment can be challenging with risks for severe acute and late toxicity. It remains unclear if full course CRT is required for the management of early-stage SCCA or if de-escalation of treatment is possible without compromising patient outcomes. Alternative therapies include radiation therapy alone or local excision for appropriate patients. Modifying standard CRT may also reduce toxicity including the routine use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for treatment delivery, modification of treatment volumes, and selection and dosing of concurrent systemic therapy agents. 
  • 808
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Bone Sarcoma and IGF/IGF-IR -signaling
Bone sarcomas, mesenchymal origin tumors, represent a substantial group of varying neoplasms of a distinct entity. Bone sarcoma patients show a limited response or do not respond to chemotherapy. Notably, developing efficient chemotherapy approaches, dealing with chemoresistance, and preventing metastasis pose unmet challenges in sarcoma therapy. 
  • 808
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacomicrobiomics in Anticancer Therapies
The microbial community that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract is closely connected to human physiology, being fundamental among others for the synthesis of vitamins and the digestion of complex polysaccharides with production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key metabolites for host homeostasis, resistance to colonization by enteropathogens (i.e., the barrier effect) and, not least, the education and modulation of the immune system. The gut microbiota has also been attributed a role in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics that can enter the human body, from environmental pollutants to therapeutic drugs. This interaction is bidirectional and multimodal, with xenobiotics being able to promote/inhibit the growth of certain taxa, induce a change in the natural pattern of microbial metabolites and influence virulence, with cascading repercussions on the mutualistic relationship with the host. It is therefore not surprising that the gut microbiota is increasingly suggested as a key factor influencing not only the onset and progression of various diseases, but also the response to therapies. In particular, more and more evidence is accumulating in the field of oncology, where the idea is taking hold that there is a more favorable configuration of the gut microbiota associated with enhanced anticancer responses, mitigated side effects, and longer disease-free survival. 
  • 808
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Body Composition Assessment
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a reliable, non-invasive, objective, and cost-effective body composition assessment method, with high reproducibility. 
  • 808
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Tertiary Lymphoid Strucures
A tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is a special component in the immune microenvironment that is mainly composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), including T cells, B cells, DC cells, and high endothelial venules (HEVs). For cancer patients, evaluation of the immune microenvironment has a predictive effect on tumor biological behavior, treatment methods, and prognosis. As a result, TLSs have begun to attract the attention of researchers as a new potential biomarker. However, the composition and mechanisms of TLSs are still unclear, and clinical detection methods are still being explored. Although some meaningful results have been obtained in clinical trials, there is still a long way to go before such methods can be applied in clinical practice.
  • 807
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Phytochemicals in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Therapy
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a very aggressive subtype of breast cancer that lacks estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptor expression. TNBC is thought to be produced by Wnt, Notch, TGF-beta, and VEGF pathway activation, which leads to cell invasion and metastasis. To address this, the use of phytochemicals as a therapeutic option for TNBC has been researched. Plants contain natural compounds known as phytochemicals. Curcumin, resveratrol, and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) are phytochemicals that have been found to inhibit the pathways that cause TNBC, but their limited bioavailability and lack of clinical evidence for their use as single therapies pose challenges to the use of these phytochemical therapies. 
  • 807
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Lung Cancer
Lung cancer patients have been associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, pulmonary complications, and worse survival outcomes compared to the general population. Cancer patients have been associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection compared to the general population, due to the systemic immunosuppression caused by both the tumor itself and the anti-cancer treatments. Specifically, lung cancer patients may have an increased risk of pulmonary complications from COVID-19 (such as admission to the intensive care unit for invasive ventilation) with worse survival outcomes.
  • 805
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Clinical Pediatric Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. The most common childhood brain tumors are grouped as low-grade gliomas (LGG), high grade gliomas (HGG), ependymomas, and embryonal tumors, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • 805
  • 21 Apr 2022
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