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Topic Review
Targeting Mononuclear Phagocyte Receptors
Inflammatory cells are major players in the onset of cancer. The degree of inflammation and type of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are responsible for tilting the balance between tumor progression and regression. Cancer-related inflammation has also been shown to influence the efficacy of conventional therapy. Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) represent a major component of the inflammatory circuit that promotes tumor progression. Despite their potential to activate immunosurveillance and exert anti-tumor responses, MPs are subverted by the tumor to support its growth, immune evasion, and spread. MP responses in the TME are dictated by a network of stimuli integrated through the cross-talk between activatory and inhibitory receptors. Alterations in receptor expression/signaling can create excessive inflammation and, when chronic, promote tumorigenesis. Research advances have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at receptor targeting to induce a tumor-infiltrating MP switch from a cancer-supportive toward an anti-tumor phenotype, demonstrating efficacy in different human cancers.
  • 802
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
TP53 in Germ Cell Tumours
The cure rate of germ cell tumours (GCTs) has significantly increased from the late 1970s since the introduction of cisplatin-based therapy. The exquisite cisplatin sensitivity has been mainly explained by the over-expression in GCTs of wild-type TP53 protein and the lack of TP53 somatic mutations; however, several other mechanisms seem to be involved, many of which remain still elusive. The findings about the role of TP53 in platinum-sensitivity and resistance, as well as the reported evidence of second cancers (SCs) in GCT patients treated only with surgery, suggesting a spectrum of cancer predisposing syndromes, highlight the need for a deepened understanding of the role of TP53 in GCTs. 
  • 802
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Targeting of Tumor Collagen
The tumor stroma, which comprises stromal cells and non-cellular elements, is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The dynamic interactions between the tumor cells and the stroma may promote tumor progression and metastasis and dictate resistance to established cancer therapies. Therefore, novel antitumor approaches should combine anticancer and anti-stroma strategies targeting dysregulated tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM remodeling is a hallmark of solid tumors, leading to extensive biochemical and biomechanical changes, affecting cell signaling and tumor tissue three-dimensional architecture. Increased deposition of fibrillar collagen is the most distinctive alteration of the tumor ECM. Consequently, several anticancer therapeutic strategies have been developed to reduce excessive tumor collagen deposition.
  • 802
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pharmacomicrobiomics in Anticancer Therapies
The microbial community that inhabits the gastrointestinal tract is closely connected to human physiology, being fundamental among others for the synthesis of vitamins and the digestion of complex polysaccharides with production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), key metabolites for host homeostasis, resistance to colonization by enteropathogens (i.e., the barrier effect) and, not least, the education and modulation of the immune system. The gut microbiota has also been attributed a role in the metabolism of numerous xenobiotics that can enter the human body, from environmental pollutants to therapeutic drugs. This interaction is bidirectional and multimodal, with xenobiotics being able to promote/inhibit the growth of certain taxa, induce a change in the natural pattern of microbial metabolites and influence virulence, with cascading repercussions on the mutualistic relationship with the host. It is therefore not surprising that the gut microbiota is increasingly suggested as a key factor influencing not only the onset and progression of various diseases, but also the response to therapies. In particular, more and more evidence is accumulating in the field of oncology, where the idea is taking hold that there is a more favorable configuration of the gut microbiota associated with enhanced anticancer responses, mitigated side effects, and longer disease-free survival. 
  • 802
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Clinical Pediatric Brain Tumors
Brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children and are associated with high mortality. The most common childhood brain tumors are grouped as low-grade gliomas (LGG), high grade gliomas (HGG), ependymomas, and embryonal tumors, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • 801
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is an advanced stage of Prostate cancer disease. Its evolution is consequent upon androgen withdrawal therapy: which is the first line of therapy for metastatic phenotype. Combination of cytotoxic drugs and hormonal therapy/or genotherapy is a recognized modality for treating CRPC. However, this strategy is limited by poor bio-accessibility  and poor efficacy  of the cytotoxic drugs. Further increase in dose rather  results to an increased rate of collateral toxicity and incidence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Nanovectorization of these strategies has evolved to a promising approach to achieve a more efficacious therapeutic outcomes. It offers the possibility to consolidate their antitumor activity through enhanced specific and less toxic active or passive targeting mechanisms, as well as enabling diagnostic imaging through theranostics. While studies on nanomedicine are common in other cancer types, only a few have focused on prostate cancer. The idea in this article is to reveal possibilities for homig nanomedicine -based formulations  into prostate treatment.
  • 800
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Genetics of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a significant public health concern, with more than 3 million cases occurring each year in the United States, and with an increasing incidence. The molecular basis of BCC is complex, involving an interplay of inherited genetic susceptibility, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic syndromes, and sporadic somatic mutations, often induced by carcinogenic exposure to UV radiation. 
  • 800
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Immune Responses Following HCC LRTs
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Unlike other types of cancer, HCC can be treated with locoregional treatments (LRTs) such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). However, recurrences following LRTs are common, and strategies to improve long-term outcomes need to be developed. The exhaustion of anti-tumor immunity in HCC has been well established in many reports and the immunomodulatory effects of LRTs (enhancement of tumor antigen-specific T cell responses after RFA, reduction of effector regulatory T cells after TACE) have also been reported in several previous studies. However, a comprehensive review of previous studies and the possible roles of immunotherapy following LRTs in HCC are not known.
  • 800
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Nervous System in Cancer Hallmarks
The nervous system communicates with the whole organism, regulating several physiological pathways. The modification of nerve activity could deregulate the state of cellular and tissue homeostasis which could drive cancer development.
  • 800
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
SOX Protein in Lung Cancer
The expression of SOX proteins has been demonstrated in many tissues at various stages of embryogenesis, where they play the role of transcription factors. The SOX18 protein (along with SOX7 and SOX17) belongs to the SOXF group and is mainly involved in the development of the cardiovascular system, where its expression was found in the endothelium. SOX18 expression was also demonstrated in neoplastic lines of gastric, pancreatic and colon adenocarcinomas. The prognostic role of SOX30 expression has only been studied in lung adenocarcinomas, where a low expression of this factor in the stromal tumor was associated with a worse prognosis for patients. Because of the complexity of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development, the role of the SOX proteins in this malignancy is still not fully understood. Many recently published papers show that SOX family protein members play a crucial role in the progression of NSCLC.
  • 799
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Biomarkers
Oral cancers are among the most common malignant tumors worldwide. More than 90% of all oral malignancies are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). While in Western countries, OSCC accounts for about 4% of all cancers; in India and Southeast Asia, it reaches up to 40%. The interaction between oral dysplastic/neoplastic cells and saliva makes this fluid a source of biomarkers, such as cytokines.
  • 799
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Colorectal Carcinomas
Colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer, behind only breast and lung cancer. In terms of overall mortality, it ranks second due to, among other factors, problems with screening programs, which means that one of the factors that directly impacts survival and treatment success is early detection of the disease. Clusterin (CLU) is a molecular chaperone that has been linked to tumorigenesis, cancer progression and resistance to anticancer treatments, which has made it a promising drug target.
  • 799
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Negative Emotions on Breast Cancer Prognosis
Negative emotions (NEs) are unpleasant moods regularly disruptive, intended to express a negative effect that can be anger, depression, envy, fear, frustration, and sadness. Emotions are multifaceted reactions involving several biochemical and physiological processes within the body. The brain often responds to our feelings by releasing chemicals and hormones, which direct us into a state of whether positive or negative. NEs are a complex process and don't have the capacity to deal with negative feelings, thus often experiencing them. NEs and their impacts have greatly influenced the higher incidence and risk of breast cancer (BC). They were also significantly associated with other high-risk factors including, geographical distribution, emotion types, standard diagnosis of NEs, and follow-up duration. NEs significantly increase the risk for the incidence of BC, which can be supportive of the prognosis of the disease. 
  • 798
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Stem and Cancer Stem Cell_Markers
The conversion of healthy stem cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) is believed to underlie tumor relapse after surgical removal and fuel tumor growth and invasiveness. CSCs often arise from the malignant transformation of resident multipotent stem cells, which are present in most human tissues. Some organs, such as the gut and the brain, can give rise to very aggressive types of cancers, contrary to the dental pulp, which is a tissue with a very remarkable resistance to oncogenesis.
  • 797
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
GARP and Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Tumors are not only composed of cancer cells but also of various infiltrating cells constituting the tumor microenvironment (TME); all these cells produce growth factors which contribute to tumor progression and invasiveness. Among them, TGF-β, in particular the predominant isoform, TGF-β1, plays a major role in tumor progression due to its pleiotropic effects (1). TGF-β is, in fact, a potent immunosuppressive cytokine, impacting antitumor immune responses (2) and it has many other protumor effects related to its role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cell proliferation, cell invasion and angiogenesis (3,4) and resistance to treatments (5,6). However, its use as a biomarker is made difficult by the existence of several inactive forms upstream of the biologically active TGF-β. Glycoprotein-A repetition predominant (GARP) is the docking receptor for latent transforming growth factor (LTGF-β) and promotes its activation. Increased GARP expression has been found in many types of cancer. GARP is expressed by regulatory T cells and platelets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and can be also expressed by tumor cells themselves. Thus, GARP can be widely present in tumors in which it plays a major role in the production of active TGF-β, contributing to immune evasion and cancer progression via the GARP-TGF-β axis. The objective of this review is to highlight GARP’s expression and function in cancer and to evaluate its potential as a predictive and therapeutic follow-up biomarker that could be assessed, in real time, by molecular imaging. 
  • 797
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Safety of Anti-COVID-19 Nutraceuticals for Patients with Cancer
Dietary supplement use has increased more than 35% globally since the COVID-19 outbreak. While some nutraceuticals are potentially efficacious against severe disease from COVID-19, their indiscriminate use by patients with cancer without medical supervision is concerning. The use of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium supplements is likely safe and even potentially beneficial at typically recommended doses. However, caution is advised regarding the use of omega-3 fatty acids and zinc, as risks from their use may outweigh the benefits.
  • 797
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Vitamin C in Treatment of Patients with Cancer
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient, that plays an important role in numerous physiological processes in the human body. Vitamin C stimulates the production and activation of immune cells, so perhaps supplementation could be used to improve the immunity in cancer patients .
  • 796
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Therapeutics of Gastroesophageal Cancers
Gastroesophageal cancers are a group of aggressive malignancies that are inherently heterogeneous with poor prognosis. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma all have distinct underlying molecular biology, which can impact available targets and treatment response. Novel therapeutic targets are under development and future treatments will be personalized based on molecular profiling.
  • 796
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Tumour Cell Enrichment Technologies
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are the precursor cells for the formation of metastatic disease.
  • 795
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Role of Tamoxifen in Breast Cancer Management
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common female cancer in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) is a widely prescribed, oral anti-estrogen drug for the hormonal treatment of estrogen-receptor-positive BC, which represents 70% of all BC subtypes. 
  • 795
  • 08 Jun 2023
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