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Topic Review
Mature T-Cell and Natural Killer-Cell Neoplasms
Mature T- and Natural Killer (NK)-cell neoplasms are derived from mature, post-thymic T-cells and NK-cells and comprise a diverse group of rare neoplasms with a wide range of clinical behavior, including highly aggressive lymphomas. 
  • 789
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenic BRCA Variants in Prostate Cancer
Studies have demonstrated that men with Prostate Cancer (PCa) harboring BRCA2/BRCA1 genetic aberrations, are more likely to have worse disease and a poorer prognosis. A mutation in BRCA2 is known to confer the highest risk of PCa for men (8.6 fold in men ≤65 years) making BRCA genes a conceivable genomic biomarker for risk in PCa. These patients can be treated successfully with a group of drugs called ‘PARP inhibitors’. This paper examines the prognostic, clinical and therapeutic role of BRCA2/BRCA1 mutations across the evolution of PCa. 
  • 788
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Classification Tumours of the Stomach and the Kidneys
Tumours were initially classified macroscopically according to the organ where they appeared. After the development of the histological technique including fixation of tissue followed by making thin slices allowing different staining of tissue components, the classification could also rely on histology. Tumours were early recognized to spread from one organ to another by metastasis, and in such situations histological differences between the tumours became useful to determine their organ of origin.
  • 788
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Impact of Lifestyle on Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men, and its incidence has been rising through the years. Several risk factors have been associated with this disease and unhealthy lifestyles and inflammation were appointed as major contributors for PCa development, progression, and severity. Despite the advantages associated with the currently used diagnostic tools [prostate-specific antigen(PSA) serum levels and digital rectal examination (DRE)], the development of effective approaches for PCa diagnosis is still necessary. Finding lifestyle-associated proteins that may predict the development of PCa seems to be a promising strategy to improve PCa diagnosis.
  • 788
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need.
  • 788
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Injectable Poloxamer Hydrogels for Local Cancer Therapy
The widespread push to invest in local cancer therapies comes from the need to overcome the limitations of systemic treatment options. In contrast to intravenous administration, local treatments using intratumoral or peritumoral injections are independent of tumor vasculature and allow high concentrations of therapeutic agents to reach the tumor site with minimal systemic toxicity. Injectable biodegradable hydrogels offer a clear advantage over other delivery systems because the former requires no surgical procedures and promotes drug retention at the tumor site. More precisely, in situ gelling systems based on poloxamers have garnered considerable attention due to their thermoresponsive behavior, biocompatibility, ease of preparation, and possible incorporation of different anticancer agents.
  • 788
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Amino Acids and Cancer Treatment
The antioxidant properties of amino acids and their role in the physicochemical processes accompanying oxidative stress in cancer remain unclear. Cancer cells are known to extensively uptake amino acids, which are used as an energy source, antioxidant precursors that reduce oxidative stress in cancer, and as regulators of inhibiting or inducing tumor cell-associated gene expression. Nine amino acids (Cys, His, Phe, Met, Trp, Tyr, Pro, Arg, Lys) are examined, which play a key role in the non-enzymatic oxidative process in various cancers. Conventionally, these amino acids can be divided into two groups, in one of which the activity increases (Cys, Phe, Met, Pro, Arg, Lys) in cancer, and in the other, it decreases (His, Trp, Tyr). 
  • 788
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
PET Radiomics
PET radiomics is a new medical imaging field exploiting image features to develop novel diagnostic, predictive and prognostic multiparametric models to support personalized clinical decisions and improve individualized treatment selection.
  • 787
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Management of Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, representing 2.9% of all new cancers in the United States (US). It has an excellent prognosis, with a five-year relative survival rate of 98.3%, and has a higher frequency in females than males, with ratio of 3:1. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) represents 90% of all thyroid malignancies and includes three main types: papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common type, comprising 85% of all DTC; follicular thyroid cancer (FTC); and the rare subtype, Hürthle (oncocytic) cell thyroid cancer (2–5%).
  • 787
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Gene Regulation by microRNA in Cancer
Currently, the search for new promising tools of immunotherapy continues. In this regard, microRNAs that influence immune checkpoint gene expression in tumor and T-cells. An important feature of miRNA is its ability to affect the expression of several genes simultaneously, which corresponds to the trend toward the use of combination therapy. MiRNAs regulate gene expression by blocking mRNA translation. An important feature of miRNA is its ability to affect the expression of several genes simultaneously, which corresponds to the trend toward the use of combination therapy.
  • 787
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Targeting of Tumor Collagen
The tumor stroma, which comprises stromal cells and non-cellular elements, is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The dynamic interactions between the tumor cells and the stroma may promote tumor progression and metastasis and dictate resistance to established cancer therapies. Therefore, novel antitumor approaches should combine anticancer and anti-stroma strategies targeting dysregulated tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM remodeling is a hallmark of solid tumors, leading to extensive biochemical and biomechanical changes, affecting cell signaling and tumor tissue three-dimensional architecture. Increased deposition of fibrillar collagen is the most distinctive alteration of the tumor ECM. Consequently, several anticancer therapeutic strategies have been developed to reduce excessive tumor collagen deposition.
  • 787
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
DNA Methylation for Head and Neck Cancer
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a term collectively used to describe all cancers that develop in the oral and nasal cavities, the paranasal sinuses, the salivary glands, the pharynx, and the larynx.  A biomarker is a biological finding that stands in for and optimally forecasts a clinically related outcome or an intermediate result that is more difficult to detect. It is a specific characteristic that is measured as an indicator of the normal biological procedures, pathological mechanisms or responses to an exposure or interference. Recent evidence suggests that DNA methylation can alter the expression of genes in a way that it favors tumorigenesis and tumor progression in HNSCC, and therefore represents a potential source for biomarker identification.
  • 787
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
AI Applications in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stands out as the predominant malignant neoplasm affecting the pancreas, characterized by a poor prognosis, in most cases patients being diagnosed in a nonresectable stage. Image-based artificial intelligence (AI) models implemented in tumor detection, segmentation, and classification could improve diagnosis with better treatment options and increased survival. 
  • 787
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in BRAF Mutant Cancers
BRAF (B-Raf, B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) mutations are clinically relevant in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and other cancers. Patients suffering from BRAF mutant cancers are experiencing a considerably poor prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are prominent anticancer drug targets in their own right, play a crucial role in the development of drug resistance to BRAF inhibitors and the reactivation of MAPK/ERK signal transduction, as well as the establishment of bypassing signaling pathways.
  • 787
  • 14 Mar 2024
Topic Review
IL-6 Cytokines and EMP
Epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) plays critical physiological roles during embryonic development, postnatal growth and epithelial homeostasis, but it is also involved in a number of pathological conditions, including wound repair, fibrosis, inflammation and cancer. EMP has been intimately linked with most, if not all, of the steps during cancer development and progression (e.g., migration, invasion, immune escape, drug resistance and metastatic dissemination). Cytokines from the interleukin 6 (IL-6) family play fundamental roles in mediating tumour-promoting inflammation within the tumour microenvironment. In general, IL-6 cytokines activate EMP processes, fostering the acquisition of mesenchymal features in cancer cells. Here, we will summarise all the relevant literature related to all members of the IL-6 family and EMP.
  • 786
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Rare Colorectal Carcinoma Histotypes
Several histopathological variants of colorectal carcinoma can be distinguished, some associated with specific molecular profiles. However, in routine practice, ninety/ninety-five percent of all large bowel tumors are diagnosed as conventional adenocarcinoma, even though they are a heterogeneous group including rare histotypes, which are often under-recognized. Indeed, colorectal cancer exhibits differences in incidence, location of tumor, pathogenesis, molecular pathways and outcome depending on histotype.
  • 786
  • 26 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Role of Chromatin Remodeling Complexes in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth leading cause of women’s death from cancers. The high mortality rate is attributed to the late presence of the disease and the lack of modern diagnostic tools, including molecular biomarkers. Moreover, OC is a highly heterogeneous disease, which contributes to early treatment failure. Thus, exploring OC molecular mechanisms could significantly enhance the understanding of the disease and provide new treatment options. Chromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs) are ATP-dependent molecular machines responsible for chromatin reorganization and involved in many DNA-related processes, including transcriptional regulation, replication, and reparation. Dysregulation of chromatin remodeling machinery may be related to cancer development and chemoresistance in OC. Some forms of OC and other gynecologic diseases have been associated with mutations in specific CRC genes. Most notably, ARID1A in endometriosis-related OC, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 in hypercalcemic type small cell ovarian carcinoma (SCCOHT), ACTL6A, CHRAC1, RSF1 amplification in high-grade serous OC.
  • 786
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TP53 in Germ Cell Tumours
The cure rate of germ cell tumours (GCTs) has significantly increased from the late 1970s since the introduction of cisplatin-based therapy. The exquisite cisplatin sensitivity has been mainly explained by the over-expression in GCTs of wild-type TP53 protein and the lack of TP53 somatic mutations; however, several other mechanisms seem to be involved, many of which remain still elusive. The findings about the role of TP53 in platinum-sensitivity and resistance, as well as the reported evidence of second cancers (SCs) in GCT patients treated only with surgery, suggesting a spectrum of cancer predisposing syndromes, highlight the need for a deepened understanding of the role of TP53 in GCTs. 
  • 785
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Advanced/Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinomas
The use of checkpoint inhibitors in advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has rapidly evolved over the past several years. While immune-oncology (IO) drug therapy has been successful at resulting in improved responses and survival, combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have further improved outcomes. This article reviews the landmark trials that have led to the approval of IO therapies, including the Checkmate 214 trial and combination IO/VEGF TKI therapies with Checkmate 9ER, CLEAR, and Keynote-426, and it includes a discussion on promising therapies moving in the future.
  • 785
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Genistein for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in women. Genistein (GNT) is a soy-based phytoestrogen and is consumed regularly by Asian populations. This phytoestrogen may be one of the leading compounds as its safe and anticancer activities have already been tested in several in vitro and preclinical models. GNT has a structural similarity to 17 β-estradiol, and it binds to estrogen receptor ER-β with higher affinity compared to ER-α. Several studies suggested that GNT exerts pleiotropic effects, including inhibiting the cell cycle, inducing the cellular apoptosis process, suppressing metastasis and angiogenesis, modulating oxidative stress, and mammosphere formation in in vitro BC models. Furthermore, this phytoestrogen exerts several synergistic activities, as it can enhance the efficacy of conventional drugs against BC and reduce chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Moreover, many in vivo and clinical trials also support that GNT can be considered a promising chemopreventive agent for treating different types of BC.
  • 784
  • 04 Mar 2022
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