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Topic Review
Management of Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, representing 2.9% of all new cancers in the United States (US). It has an excellent prognosis, with a five-year relative survival rate of 98.3%, and has a higher frequency in females than males, with ratio of 3:1. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) represents 90% of all thyroid malignancies and includes three main types: papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common type, comprising 85% of all DTC; follicular thyroid cancer (FTC); and the rare subtype, Hürthle (oncocytic) cell thyroid cancer (2–5%).
  • 818
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) is a slow-growing cancer with a good prognosis, but may show extraglandular progression involving the invasion of tumor-adjacent tissues, such as the trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Tracheal invasion by WDTC is infrequent. Since this condition is rare, relevant high-level evidence about it is lacking. Tracheal invasion by a WDTC has a negative impact on survival, with intraluminal tumor development constituting a worse prognostic factor than superficial tracheal invasion. In WDTC, curative resection is often feasible with a small safety margin, and complete resection can ensure a good prognosis. Despite its resectability, accurate knowledge of the tracheal and peritracheal anatomy and proper selection of surgical techniques are essential for complete resection. However, there is no standard guideline on surgical indications and the recommended procedure in trachea-invading WDTC. This review discusses the indications for radical resection and the three currently available major resection methods: shaving, window resection, and sleeve resection with end-to-end anastomosis.
  • 818
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Cytoguardin
Cytoguardin was identified in the conditioned medium of fibroblasts as a tryptophan metabolite, 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP). It is synthesized via two enzymatic steps: tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT).
  • 817
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Genome Organization in Breast and Gynecological Cancers
A promoter is a DNA region between 20 and 1000 bp upstream of the transcription start site TSS, which has particular binding sites for transcriptional factors involved in gene transcription.
  • 817
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Dual Topoisomerase Inhibitor P8-D6 in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer constitutes the leading cause of cancer deaths among females. However, numerous shortcomings, including low bioavailability, resistance and significant side effects, are responsible for insufficient treatment. The ultimate goal, therefore, is to improve the success rates and, thus, the range available treatment options for breast cancer. Consequently, the identification, development and evaluation of potential novel drugs such as P8-D6 with seminal antitumor capacities have a high clinical need. P8-D6 effectively induces apoptosis by acting as a dual topoisomerase I/II inhibitor. 
  • 817
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Omics Technologies and Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Early detection of CRC is crucial, as it greatly improves the survival of patients. Currently, the CRC screening programs consist of a stool test to detect the presence of blood in stool and a subsequent colonoscopy to confirm the diagnosis. However, CRC screening can be further improved with the use of new biomarkers. Omics technologies, that is, techniques that generate a vast amount of data, can help to establish these markers. 
  • 817
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Damage-Specific DNA-Binding Protein 2
Damage-specific DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2) was originally identified as a DNA damage recognition factor that facilitates global genomic nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) in human cells. DDB2 also contributes to other essential biological processes such as chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, cell cycle regulation, and protein decay. 
  • 817
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Precision Medicine of Colorectal Cancer Heterogeneity
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health issue, being the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy with an estimated number of more than 1.9 million new cases and about 935,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. For twenty percent, the disease occurs at an advanced stage at diagnosis, while up to 50% of patients with early-stage disease relapse, despite curative surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. Advances in multidisciplinary treatment and care have led to significant improvements in survival, but a cure is not possible for most of these patients.
  • 817
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver malignancy in the United States. Macrophages are immune cells that play a critical role in the promotion of cancer growth and configuration of the hepatic microenvironment. Studying intrahepatic macrophages is challenging because they are difficult to isolate, they transform their phenotype upon manipulation, and in vivo animal models poorly replicate the liver microenvironment. Understanding the complexity of intrahepatic macrophage populations is crucial because they coordinate antitumoral immunity. Application of novel methods that can detect immune cell phenotypes, along with their spatial co-localization in situ is critical and timely.
  • 816
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cancer-Risk-Predictive Epigenetic Markers for Oral Premalignant Lesions
Epigenetic regulation has emerged as a mechanism of intense research interest that captures the early impact of environmental insults on the genome and may provide key information on the progression of complex diseases, such as cancers, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The keywords used to identify studies on epigenetic oral cancer risk-predictive markers include: (1) primary samples from pre-malignant dysplasia and/or leukoplakia of any grade (low-grade, high-grade, mild, moderate, or severe) collected before they either advanced to cancer (progressive OPLs) or remained OPLs (static OPLs); and (2) samples with longitudinally followed outcomes. Besides these two inclusion criteria, additional search terms used for identifying studies on epigenetic risk-predictive markers included risk-predictive, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), predictive biomarkers, pre-malignant oral lesions, epigenetic predictive biomarkers, epigenetic OSCC risk factors, epigenetic OSCC risk, epigenetic biomarkers oral dysplasia, methylation in oral dysplasia, methylation OSCC prediction, methylation OSCC risk, miRNA OSCC prediction, miRNA OSCC risk, and/or histone modification OSCC. 
  • 815
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bone Marrow Adipocytes
Bone marrow adipocytes are scattered throughout the hematopoietic or “red” marrow, or are densely packed in the marrow cavity, creating “yellow” marrow. 
  • 814
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Biomarkers
Oral cancers are among the most common malignant tumors worldwide. More than 90% of all oral malignancies are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). While in Western countries, OSCC accounts for about 4% of all cancers; in India and Southeast Asia, it reaches up to 40%. The interaction between oral dysplastic/neoplastic cells and saliva makes this fluid a source of biomarkers, such as cytokines.
  • 814
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Classification Tumours of the Stomach and the Kidneys
Tumours were initially classified macroscopically according to the organ where they appeared. After the development of the histological technique including fixation of tissue followed by making thin slices allowing different staining of tissue components, the classification could also rely on histology. Tumours were early recognized to spread from one organ to another by metastasis, and in such situations histological differences between the tumours became useful to determine their organ of origin.
  • 814
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common and aggressive cancer types, with a five-year survival rate of only 2–9%.
  • 813
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Inhibition of WHSC1, Prostate Cancer
Immunotherapy initially demonstrated promising results in prostate cancer (PCa), but the modest or negative results of many recent trials highlight the need to overcome the poor immunogenicity of this cancer. The design of effective therapies for PCa is challenged by the limited understanding of the interface between PCa cells and the immune system in mediating therapeutic resistance. Prompted by our recent observations that elevated WHSC1, a histone methyltransferase known to promote progression of numerous cancers, can silence antigen processing and presentation in PCa.
  • 813
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment with Nanoparticle-Based Therapies
Therapies mobilizing host immunity against cancer cells have profoundly improved prognosis of cancer patients. However, efficacy of immunotherapies depends on local immune conditions. The “cold” tumor, which is characterized by lacking inflamed T cells, is insensitive to immunotherapy. Current strategies of improving the “cold” tumor microenvironment are far from satisfying. Nanoparticle-based therapies provide novel inspiration in firing up the tumor microenvironment.
  • 813
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
PTEN and Cancer
The PTEN gene is an important and well-characterised tumour suppressor, known to be altered in many cancer types. Interestingly, the effect of the loss or mutation of PTEN is not dichotomous, and small changes in PTEN cellular levels can promote cancer development.
  • 813
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Oral Microbiome on Oral Cancer
Oral cancer (OC) is the most common neoplasm in the head and neck region. OCs are defined as cancers of the tongue, the floor of the oral cavity, the lining of the cheeks, the roof of the oral cavity, the gums, and the lips but do not include laryngeal and pharyngeal cancers. The majority of OCs comprise oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs). The oral microbiome hosts more than 750 common oral species. A healthy microbiome usually consists of Streptococci, Staphylococci, Neisseria species, and about 50 other aerobes. The consensus is that a normal mouth microbiome consists mainly of aerobes, while the percentage of anaerobes increases with OC (and other pathological oral conditions). The connection that exists between microbes and carcinoma is complex and influenced by a number of factors, such as the vulnerability and genetic makeup of the host, as well as environmental conditions, including the host’s dietary regime, oral hygiene, and tobacco and alcohol use.
  • 813
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
GARP and Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment
Tumors are not only composed of cancer cells but also of various infiltrating cells constituting the tumor microenvironment (TME); all these cells produce growth factors which contribute to tumor progression and invasiveness. Among them, TGF-β, in particular the predominant isoform, TGF-β1, plays a major role in tumor progression due to its pleiotropic effects (1). TGF-β is, in fact, a potent immunosuppressive cytokine, impacting antitumor immune responses (2) and it has many other protumor effects related to its role in epithelial–mesenchymal transition, cell proliferation, cell invasion and angiogenesis (3,4) and resistance to treatments (5,6). However, its use as a biomarker is made difficult by the existence of several inactive forms upstream of the biologically active TGF-β. Glycoprotein-A repetition predominant (GARP) is the docking receptor for latent transforming growth factor (LTGF-β) and promotes its activation. Increased GARP expression has been found in many types of cancer. GARP is expressed by regulatory T cells and platelets in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and can be also expressed by tumor cells themselves. Thus, GARP can be widely present in tumors in which it plays a major role in the production of active TGF-β, contributing to immune evasion and cancer progression via the GARP-TGF-β axis. The objective of this review is to highlight GARP’s expression and function in cancer and to evaluate its potential as a predictive and therapeutic follow-up biomarker that could be assessed, in real time, by molecular imaging. 
  • 812
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Modeling Obesity-Driven Pancreatic Carcinogenesis
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pancreatic malignancy with a 5-year survival rate below 10%, thereby exhibiting the worst prognosis of all solid tumors. Increasing incidence together with a continued lack of targeted treatment options will cause PDAC to be the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the western world by 2030. Obesity belongs to the predominant risk factors for pancreatic cancer. It is crucial to develop realistic and physiologically accurate models of obesity-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis.
  • 812
  • 27 Oct 2022
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