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Topic Review
Functional Genomics in DLBCL
Lymphoma research is a paradigm of integrating basic and applied research within the fields of molecular marker-based diagnosis and therapy. In recent years, major advances in next-generation sequencing have substantially improved the understanding of the genomics underlying diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most frequent type of B-cell lymphoma. This review addresses the various approaches that have helped unveil the biology and intricate alterations in this pathology, from cell lines to more sophisticated last-generation experimental models, such as organoids. We also provide an overview of the most recent findings in the field, their potential relevance for designing targeted therapies and the corresponding applicability to personalized medicine.
  • 808
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Risk-Predictive Epigenetic Markers for Oral Premalignant Lesions
Epigenetic regulation has emerged as a mechanism of intense research interest that captures the early impact of environmental insults on the genome and may provide key information on the progression of complex diseases, such as cancers, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The keywords used to identify studies on epigenetic oral cancer risk-predictive markers include: (1) primary samples from pre-malignant dysplasia and/or leukoplakia of any grade (low-grade, high-grade, mild, moderate, or severe) collected before they either advanced to cancer (progressive OPLs) or remained OPLs (static OPLs); and (2) samples with longitudinally followed outcomes. Besides these two inclusion criteria, additional search terms used for identifying studies on epigenetic risk-predictive markers included risk-predictive, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), predictive biomarkers, pre-malignant oral lesions, epigenetic predictive biomarkers, epigenetic OSCC risk factors, epigenetic OSCC risk, epigenetic biomarkers oral dysplasia, methylation in oral dysplasia, methylation OSCC prediction, methylation OSCC risk, miRNA OSCC prediction, miRNA OSCC risk, and/or histone modification OSCC. 
  • 808
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Role of Heat-Shock Proteins in Esophagogastric Cancer
Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) have been classified into six prominent families: high-molecular-mass HSP, 90, 70, 60, 40, and small heat shock proteins. HSPs participate in protein folding, stability, and maturation of several proteins during stress, such as in heat, oxidative stress, fever, and inflammation. Due to the immunogenic host’s role in the combat against cancer cells and the role of inflammation in cancer control or progression, abnormal expression of these proteins has been associated with many types of cancer, including esophagogastric cancer. 
  • 808
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Classification Tumours of the Stomach and the Kidneys
Tumours were initially classified macroscopically according to the organ where they appeared. After the development of the histological technique including fixation of tissue followed by making thin slices allowing different staining of tissue components, the classification could also rely on histology. Tumours were early recognized to spread from one organ to another by metastasis, and in such situations histological differences between the tumours became useful to determine their organ of origin.
  • 807
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Modeling Obesity-Driven Pancreatic Carcinogenesis
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common pancreatic malignancy with a 5-year survival rate below 10%, thereby exhibiting the worst prognosis of all solid tumors. Increasing incidence together with a continued lack of targeted treatment options will cause PDAC to be the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the western world by 2030. Obesity belongs to the predominant risk factors for pancreatic cancer. It is crucial to develop realistic and physiologically accurate models of obesity-induced pancreatic carcinogenesis.
  • 807
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Therapy De-Escalation for SCCA Patients
The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is increasing, particularly in the elderly, with increased mortality in this age group. While the current standard of care for localized SCCA remains chemoradiation (CRT), completion of this treatment can be challenging with risks for severe acute and late toxicity. It remains unclear if full course CRT is required for the management of early-stage SCCA or if de-escalation of treatment is possible without compromising patient outcomes. Alternative therapies include radiation therapy alone or local excision for appropriate patients. Modifying standard CRT may also reduce toxicity including the routine use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for treatment delivery, modification of treatment volumes, and selection and dosing of concurrent systemic therapy agents. 
  • 806
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Advanced/Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinomas
The use of checkpoint inhibitors in advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has rapidly evolved over the past several years. While immune-oncology (IO) drug therapy has been successful at resulting in improved responses and survival, combination therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors have further improved outcomes. This article reviews the landmark trials that have led to the approval of IO therapies, including the Checkmate 214 trial and combination IO/VEGF TKI therapies with Checkmate 9ER, CLEAR, and Keynote-426, and it includes a discussion on promising therapies moving in the future.
  • 806
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Damage-Specific DNA-Binding Protein 2
Damage-specific DNA-binding protein 2 (DDB2) was originally identified as a DNA damage recognition factor that facilitates global genomic nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER) in human cells. DDB2 also contributes to other essential biological processes such as chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, cell cycle regulation, and protein decay. 
  • 806
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma Niches
Among gliomas, malignant gliomas and more specifically glioblastomas (GBM) are a challenge in their diagnosis and treatment. Monocytes have been proved to actively participate in tumor growth, giving rise to the support of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In GBM, TAMs represent up to one-half of the tumor mass cells, including both infiltrating macrophages and resident brain microglia. Infiltrating macrophages/monocytes constituted ~ 85% of the total TAM population, they have immune functions, and they can release a wide array of growth factors and cytokines in response to those factors produced by tumor and non-tumor cells from the tumor microenvironment (TME). This cell population has been increasingly studied in GBM TME to understand its role in tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. 
  • 806
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Flavonoids as Modulators of Dysregulated Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
The Wnt pathway has been recognized for its crucial role in human development and homeostasis, but its dysregulation has also been linked to several disorders, including cancer. Wnt signaling is crucial for the development and metastasis of several kinds of cancer. Moreover, members of the Wnt pathway have been proven to be effective biomarkers and promising cancer therapeutic targets. Abnormal stimulation of the Wnt signaling pathway has been linked to the initiation and advancement of cancer in both clinical research and in vitro investigations. A reduction in cancer incidence rate and an improvement in survival may result from targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
  • 806
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Neural and Cancer Stem Cells
Neural stem cells (NSCs) offer great potential for regenerative medicine due to their excellent ability to differentiate into various specialized cell types of the brain. In the central nervous system (CNS), NSC renewal and differentiation are under strict control by the regulation of the pivotal SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2 (SRGAP2)—Family with sequence similarity 72 (FAM72) master gene (i.e., |-SRGAP2–FAM72-|) via a divergent gene transcription activation mechanism. If the gene transcription control unit (i.e., the intergenic region of the two sub-gene units, SRGAP2 and FAM72) gets out of control, NSCs may transform into cancer stem cells (CSCs) and generate brain tumor cells responsible for brain cancer such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).
  • 805
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Inhibition of WHSC1, Prostate Cancer
Immunotherapy initially demonstrated promising results in prostate cancer (PCa), but the modest or negative results of many recent trials highlight the need to overcome the poor immunogenicity of this cancer. The design of effective therapies for PCa is challenged by the limited understanding of the interface between PCa cells and the immune system in mediating therapeutic resistance. Prompted by our recent observations that elevated WHSC1, a histone methyltransferase known to promote progression of numerous cancers, can silence antigen processing and presentation in PCa.
  • 805
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Metastatic Castrate-Sensitive Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer accounts for a significant proportion of cancer diagnoses in Canadian men. Approximately one-third of all prostate cancers are metastatic at the time of diagnosis (synchronous) or recur (metachronous) following definitive treatment. Over the past decade, the therapeutic landscape for the management of metastatic prostate cancer has undergone rapid changes. Novel strategies use hormonal agents, chemotherapy, homologous recombination repair inhibitors, and radioligand therapy or combination strategies in addition to androgen deprivation therapy.
  • 805
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Lung Cancer
Lung cancer patients have been associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection, pulmonary complications, and worse survival outcomes compared to the general population. Cancer patients have been associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 infection compared to the general population, due to the systemic immunosuppression caused by both the tumor itself and the anti-cancer treatments. Specifically, lung cancer patients may have an increased risk of pulmonary complications from COVID-19 (such as admission to the intensive care unit for invasive ventilation) with worse survival outcomes.
  • 804
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microsphere Carrier Systems
The targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs and isotopes is one of the most pursued goals in anti-cancer therapy. One of the prime examples of such an application is the intra-arterial injection of microspheres containing cytostatic drugs or radioisotopes during hepatic embolization procedures. Therapy based on the application of microspheres revolves around vascular occlusion, complemented with local therapy in the form of trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or radioembolization (TARE).
  • 804
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immune Microenvironment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Epstein-Barr Virus
Reports about the oncogenic mechanisms underlying nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) have been accumulating since the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in NPC cells. EBV is the primary causative agent of NPC. EBV–host and tumor–immune system interactions underlie the unique representative pathology of NPC, which is an undifferentiated cancer cell with extensive lymphocyte infiltration. Recent advances in the understanding of immune evasion and checkpoints have changed the treatment of NPC in clinical settings. The main EBV genes involved in NPC are LMP1, which is the primary EBV oncogene, and BZLF1, which induces the lytic phase of EBV. These two multifunctional genes affect host cell behavior, including the tumor–immune microenvironment and EBV behavior.
  • 804
  • 27 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers NSCLC Patients on Immunotherapy
Currently, the only validated companion diagnostic test for first-line immunotherapy in metastatic NSCLC patients is testing for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues. However, obtaining tumor tissue can be challenging and it puts the patient at risk. Liquid biopsy offers an alternative, less invasive approach to select NSCLC patients who would benefit from immunotherapy and to monitor patients during their disease course. Liquid biopsy allows repetitive sampling, which makes it a useful tool in clinical practice.
  • 803
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Management of Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, representing 2.9% of all new cancers in the United States (US). It has an excellent prognosis, with a five-year relative survival rate of 98.3%, and has a higher frequency in females than males, with ratio of 3:1. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) represents 90% of all thyroid malignancies and includes three main types: papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common type, comprising 85% of all DTC; follicular thyroid cancer (FTC); and the rare subtype, Hürthle (oncocytic) cell thyroid cancer (2–5%).
  • 803
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment with Nanoparticle-Based Therapies
Therapies mobilizing host immunity against cancer cells have profoundly improved prognosis of cancer patients. However, efficacy of immunotherapies depends on local immune conditions. The “cold” tumor, which is characterized by lacking inflamed T cells, is insensitive to immunotherapy. Current strategies of improving the “cold” tumor microenvironment are far from satisfying. Nanoparticle-based therapies provide novel inspiration in firing up the tumor microenvironment.
  • 803
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in BRAF Mutant Cancers
BRAF (B-Raf, B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) mutations are clinically relevant in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal carcinoma (CRC), and other cancers. Patients suffering from BRAF mutant cancers are experiencing a considerably poor prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are prominent anticancer drug targets in their own right, play a crucial role in the development of drug resistance to BRAF inhibitors and the reactivation of MAPK/ERK signal transduction, as well as the establishment of bypassing signaling pathways.
  • 803
  • 14 Mar 2024
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