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Topic Review
Physicochemical Characteristics of Exosomes
Exosomes have been proposed as prospective “Trojan horse” nanocarriers of anticancer theranostics owing to their biocompatibility, increased stability, permeability, negligible immunogenicity, prolonged circulation time, and high loading capacity.
  • 982
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Redox Homeostasis in Poultry
Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. In general, all redox elements are interconnected and regulated by various means, including antioxidant and vitagene networks. The redox status is responsible for maintenance of cell signaling and cell stress adaptation. Physiological roles of redox homeostasis maintenance in avian species, including poultry, have received limited attention and are poorly characterized. However, for the last 5 years, this topic attracted much attention, and a range of publications covered some related aspects. In fact, transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. It was shown that Nrf2 is closely related to another transcription factor, namely, NF-κB, responsible for control of inflammation; however, its roles in poultry have not yet been characterized. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe a current view on NF-κB functioning in poultry with a specific emphasis to its nutritional modulation under various stress conditions.
  • 981
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Lateral Flow Technologies Detect COVID-19
Lateral flow technology (also known as lateral flow assay) plays a critical role in POC testing, as the technique is rapid, cost-effective, and can be operated by untrained personnel. Lateral flow technologies can be classified as follows: lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), nucleic acid lateral flow assay (NLFA), and nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA). LFIA is able to detect antibodies/antigens, while NLFA uses a DNA or RNA probe to detect nucleic acid. Moreover, NALFIA uses both antibodies/antigens and nucleic acid as biomarkers for the detection of antigens/antibodies or amplicons.
  • 981
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Parkinson’s Disease Overlaps
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting.
  • 981
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Biosynthesis of DNA-Alkylating Antitumor Natural Products
DNA-alkylating natural products play an important role in drug development due to their significant antitumor activities. They usually show high affinity with DNA through different mechanisms with the aid of their unique scaffold and highly active functional groups. Therefore, the biosynthesis of these natural products has been extensively studied, especially the construction of their pharmacophores.
  • 981
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fungal Origin and Safety
Fungi include yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, mushrooms, and toadstools (harmful mushrooms). They are eukaryotes that comprise approximately 80,000 recognized species. Fungi are among the most widely distributed organisms on earth. As a natural gift, edible wild mushrooms growing in the wet and shadow places and picked by hand were used as a food. From searching mushrooms in the forests and producing single cell proteins (SCP) in small scales to mega production, academia, Organizations of United Nations, industries, political makers and others, play significant roles. Fermented traditional foods have also been reinvestigated, such as kefir, Miso, tempeh, and the like. They are an excellent source for fungal isolates for protein production. Fungal fermented foods and SCP are consumed either intentionally or unintentionally in our daily meals and have many applications in food and feed industries. Fungi are considered a potent alternative source of edible proteins and animal feed, mainly in the form of SCP, edible mushrooms, fungal fermented foods.
  • 981
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Strigolactone
Plants, the cornerstone of life on Earth, are constantly struggling with a number of challenges arising from both biotic and abiotic stressors. To overcome these adverse factors, plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms involving both a number of cell signaling pathways and a complex network of interactions with microorganisms. Among these interactions, the relationship between symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and strigolactones (SLs) stands as an important interplay that has a significant impact on increased resistance to environmental stresses and improved nutrient uptake and the subsequent enhanced plant growth.
  • 981
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Drug Testing Applications
The development of artificial tissue/organs with the functional maturity of their native equivalents is one of the long-awaited panaceas for the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Advanced 3D cell printing technology and functional bioinks are promising innovations in the field of tissue engineering that have enabled the fabrication of complex, living 3D tissue/organs. Various requirements for these tissues, including complex and large-volume structure, tissue-specific microenvironments, and functional vasculatures, have been addressed to engineer tissue/organs with the functionality of native tissue. Tissue/organ constructs that satisfy such criteria may facilitate the development of reliable in vitro testing platforms for drug development. 
  • 980
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules, including fatty acids and their derivatives, in particular esters, sterols, steroids and phospholipids.
  • 980
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology Platform for Advancing Vaccine Development Against COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on societies, public health, healthcare systems, and the world economy. Vaccination emerged as the most effective strategy to combat this infectious disease. For vaccination strategies, any conventional vaccine approach using attenuated live or inactivated/engineered virus, as well as other approaches, typically requires years of research and assessment. However, the urgency of the situation promoted a faster and more effective approach to vaccine development against COVID-19. The role of nanotechnology in designing, manufacturing, boosting, and delivering vaccines to the host to counter this virus was unquestionably valued and assessed.
  • 980
  • 26 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Dots-Based Logic Gates
Carbon dots (CDs)-based logic gates are smart nanoprobes that can respond to various analytes such as metal cations, anions, amino acids, pesticides, antioxidants, etc. Most of these logic gates are based on fluorescence techniques because they are inexpensive, give an instant response, and highly sensitive
  • 980
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gap junctions (GJ)
Gap junctions (GJ) are specialized cell-cell contacts formed by connexins (Cx), which provide direct communication between adjacent cells, allowing for the passage of small molecules and ions. GJ intercellular communication can be modulated through gating of the channel pore and also through mechanisms that regulate the amount of connexin-containing channels at the plasma membrane
  • 979
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cardiac Mitochondria
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for energy production and various other functions in eukaryotes. In the heart, mitochondria are of pivotal importance due to cardiomyocytes' intrinsic high energy needs. 
  • 979
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
TRPA1 in Skin
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a member of the TRP superfamily of channels, acts as ‘polymodal cellular sensor’ on primary sensory neurons where it mediates the peripheral and central processing of pain, itch, and thermal sensation.
  • 979
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Entamoeba histolytica and the Microbiome
In the gut, E. histolytica feeds on bacteria. Increasing evidences support the role of the gut microbiota in the development of the disease.
  • 979
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Binding of Various Aminopolycarboxylates
Synthetic aminopolycarboxylates like ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) are common chelating agents. EDTA-degrading bacterium Chelativorans sp. BNC1 uses an ABC-type transporter for the uptake of free EDTA into its cells for biodegradation. The key component of the transporter is a periplasmic EDTA-binding protein, EppA, and the structural and functional analyses indicate that EppA is a general binding protein for the uptake of free aminopolycarboxylates, suggesting that stable metal-chelate complexes are not transported into the cells for biodegradation and explaining the persistence of stable metal-EDTA complexes in the environment.
  • 978
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
P43
P43 is a truncated form of thyroid hormone receptor α localized in mitochondria, which stimulates mitochondrial respiratory chain activity. Previously, we showed that deletion of p43 led to reduction of pancreatic islet density and a loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in adult mice. The present study was designed to determine whether p43 was involved in the processes of β cell development and maturation. We used neonatal, juvenile, and adult p43-/- mice, and we analyzed the development of β cells in the pancreas. Here, we show that p43 deletion affected only slightly β cell proliferation during the postnatal period. However, we found a dramatic fall in p43-/- mice of MafA expression (V-Maf Avian Musculoaponeurotic Fibrosarcoma Oncogene Homolog A), a key transcription factor of beta-cell maturation. Analysis of the expression of antioxidant enzymes in pancreatic islet and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (a specific marker of lipid peroxidation) staining revealed that oxidative stress occurred in mice lacking p43. Lastly, administration of antioxidants cocktail to p43-/- pregnant mice restored a normal islet density but failed to ensure an insulin secretion in response to glucose. Our findings demonstrated that p43 drives the maturation of β cells via its induction of transcription factor MafA during the critical postnatal window.
  • 978
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Candidate Proteome-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss. Early and accurate diagnosis of AD is crucial for implementing timely interventions and developing effective therapeutic strategies. Proteome-based biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for AD diagnosis and prognosis due to their ability to reflect disease-specific molecular alterations. 
  • 978
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Amino Acid Transporters and Stress Responses in Plants
Plants can absorb inorganic and organic nitrogen from the environment via the root system. In soil, inorganic nitrogen is usually found in the forms of nitrate and ammonium, while organic nitrogen usually exists in the forms of free amino acids, urea, and short peptides. The uptake of nitrogen-containing molecules by plants is mediated by the respective transporters of these molecules, especially amino acid transporters, which have been known to play a major role in distributing nitrogen throughout the whole plant. Amino acid accumulation and signaling have been suggested to play important roles in stress responses.
  • 978
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Preventive Triple Gene Therapy
Currently, the main fundamental and clinical interest for stroke therapy is focused on developing a neuroprotective treatment of a penumbra region within the therapeutic window. The development of treatments for ischemic stroke in at-risk patients is of particular interest. Preventive gene therapy may significantly reduce the negative consequences of ischemia-induced brain injury. 
  • 977
  • 26 Oct 2020
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