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Topic Review
Cytokines
Cytokines are key molecules within the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can be used as biomarkers to predict the magnitude of anti-tumor immune responses. During immune monitoring, it has been customary to predict outcomes based on the abundance of a single cytokine, in particular IFN-γ or TGF-β, as a readout of ongoing anti-cancer immunity. However, individual cytokines within the TME can exhibit dual opposing roles. For example, both IFN-γ and TGF-β have been associated with pro- and anti-tumor functions. Moreover, cytokines originating from different cellular sources influence the crosstalk between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, while the array of cytokines expressed by T cells is also instrumental in defining the mechanisms of action and efficacy of treatments. Thus, it becomes increasingly clear that a reliable readout of ongoing immunity within the TME will have to include more than the measurement of a single cytokine.
  • 1.6K
  • 05 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Dialysis Patients and Creatine
Creatine is a natural nitrogenous organic acid that is integral to energy metabolism, and is crucial for proper cell functioning [8,9]. Creatine can be charged to the high-energy product phosphocreatine by creatine kinase and ATP. In the human body, the majority of creatine (>90%) is present in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, the brain, and in the nervous tissue. Furthermore, smaller amounts are present in other tissues and cell types, including the kidney, erythrocytes, and leucocytes.
  • 1.6K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Quercetin in Cancer
The term “ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)” refers to radicals and ions that contain an unpaired numbered electron in its outmost electron field which are highly reactive metabolic byproducts that can have both harmful and useful effects within the cell. Quercetin (QC), a plant-derived bioflavonoid, is known for its ROS scavenging properties and was recently discovered to have various antitumor properties in a variety of solid tumors. Adaptive stress responses may be induced by persistent ROS stress, allowing cancer cells to survive with high levels of ROS while maintaining cellular viability. Large amounts of ROS make cancer cells extremely susceptible to quercetin, one of the most available dietary flavonoids. Because of the molecular and metabolic distinctions between malignant and normal cells, targeting ROS metabolism might help overcome medication resistance and achieve therapeutic selectivity while having little or no effect on normal cells. The powerful bioactivity and modulatory role of quercetin has prompted extensive research into the chemical, which has identified a number of pathways that potentially work together to prevent cancer, alongside, QC has a great number of evidences to use as a therapeutic agent in cancer stem cells.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Genetic and Molecular Basis of Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL disease or VHL syndrome) is a familial multisystem neoplastic disorder, stemming from germline disease-associated variants of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. VHL protein is involved in oxygen sensing and adaptive response to hypoxia through the EPO-VHL-HIF signaling axis. In recent years, numerous HIF-independent pathways of VHL have been identified, expanding the role of VHL throughout several cellular processes. In addition to VHL syndrome-associated tumors, VHL variations have also been associated with the development of eythrocytosis. Research indicated that there is a distinction between erythrocytosis-causing VHL variations and VHL variations causing VHL disease with tumor development. Therefore, elucidating the molecular background of the pathogenic effects of VHL variants could help determine the best approach to VHL disease management.  
  • 1.6K
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
HPMCAS-Based Amorphous Solid Dispersions in Clinic
Therapeutic candidates with low solubility have become increasingly common in pharmaceutical research pipelines. Several techniques such as hot melt extrusion, spray drying, supercritical fluid technology, electrospinning, KinetiSol, etc., have been devised to improve either or both the solubility and dissolution to enhance the bioavailability of these active substances belonging to BCS Class II and IV.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Carrageenan
Carrageenan (CGN) is a sulfated galactose copolymer composed of alternating units of D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-galactose joined by α-1,3 and β-1,4-glycosidic linkages.
  • 1.6K
  • 23 Sep 2020
Topic Review
LoRaWAN Technology
Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption). Between all obtainable LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) technology has attracted much interest from both industry and academia due to networking autonomous architecture and an open standard specification. 
  • 1.6K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Application of Value Stream Mapping in E-Commerce
In recent years, the e-commerce market has grown significantly, and the online retail market has become very competitive. Online retailers strive to improve their supply chain operations to reduce costs and to improve customer satisfaction. Value stream mapping (VSM), a tool created by the lean production movement to identify and reduce errors, losses, and lead time and to improve value-added activities, has been proven to be effective in many manufacturing processes. In this study, we investigate the application of value stream mapping (VSM) in the supply chain of an e-commerce retailer on Amazon. By visualizing the entire supply chain with VSM, the waste that is produced during the delivery process from the retailer to the customer was identified. 
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities
In order to better facilitate ageing in place, naturally occurring retirement communities (NORCs), a concept that originated in the United States of America in the 1980s, have emerged as a model of collaborative care that can support older people, allowing them to remain in their homes as long as possible and avoid a shift to more restrictive environments.
  • 1.6K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
ESG Disclosure and Firm Performance
The information on corporate non-financial practices can be summarized through the “three modern pillars” of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which are the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) pillars representing a measure of the CSR performance of a firm.
  • 1.6K
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
List of Monarchs of Mercia
The Kingdom of Mercia was a state in the English Midlands from the 6th century to the 10th century. For some two hundred years from the mid-7th century onwards it was the dominant member of the Heptarchy and consequently the most powerful of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. During this period its rulers became the first English monarchs to assume such wide-ranging titles as King of Britain and King of the English. Spellings varied widely in this period, even within a single document, and a number of variants exist for the names given below. For example, the sound th was usually represented with the Old English letters ð or þ. For the Continental predecessors of the Mercians in Angeln, see List of kings of the Angles. For their successors see List of English monarchs.
  • 1.6K
  • 16 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Respirator
A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling hazardous atmospheres, including particulate matter such as dusts and airborne microorganisms, as well as hazardous fumes, vapours and gases. There are two main categories: the air-purifying respirator in which respirable air is obtained by filtering a contaminated atmosphere, and the air-supplied respirator in which an alternate supply of breathable air is delivered. Within each category, different techniques are employed to reduce or eliminate noxious airborne contaminants. Air-purifying respirators range from relatively inexpensive single-use, disposable face masks sometimes referred to as a dust mask to more robust reusable models with replaceable cartridges often called a gas mask.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Enhancing Plant Stress Resistance
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO nanoparticles) have gained substantial attention from researchers worldwide for their capacity to alleviate the detrimental impacts of both biotic and abiotic stress on plants, concurrently reducing dependence on environmentally harmful chemicals.
  • 1.6K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Historical Perspective of Microorganisms Involved in EBPR
The application of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has commonly been utilized worldwide. The EBPR in biological nutrient removal (BNR) systems is mainly carried out by a group of microorganisms known as polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs).
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gender Gap in Academic Self-Concept
Using a combination of creative music workshops and gaming. A Widening Participation project.  Ornette D Clennon, Hannah R Wilson, Dana Baker Cerda, Janice Brown and Yolanta Boti We worked with year 5 and year 6 children (aged 8-10yrs) from two local primary schools (N=94) and two local care homes in Crewe, in the UK. We conducted quasi experimental mixed mode research on an intergenerational Widening Participation project that used creative music sessions. We used the Attitudes to Higher Education Questionnaire (AHEQ) developed by Pam Maras and the ‘Map of Me’ graffiti chart developed by Ornette D Clennon to measure and track the children’s changed attitudes towards Higher Education as a result of the creative music interventions. We found that despite the apparent creative freedom given to our cohorts in terms of negotiating their own learning outcomes in the creative music sessions, the boys (n=43) still lagged far behind their female counterparts (n=51) when it came to their attitudes towards Higher Education and academic self-image. However, the post-intervention data did point towards the boys’ preference for gaming as a form of social and collaborative learning, which led us to write a brief Appreciative Inquiry into the intervention we could have run had we known this from the start.
  • 1.6K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis is a heterogeneous group of rare diseases defined by abnormal accumulation of clonal mast cells (MC) in the skin, bone marrow and/or other visceral organs.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Urban Land Expansion
At the county level, this entry investigated the relationship between urban land and regional economic development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in China. The interaction effects were quantitatively investigated. The spatial effects decomposition was used to analyze the influence of socioeconomic factors on the scales of urban land through direct effect, spillover effect and total effect. It is an important finding that average wages are the most prominent among the spatial spillovers.
  • 1.6K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Performance of FO/RO
Forward osmosis (FO) and pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) have gained attention recently as potential processes to solve water and energy scarcity problems with advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes. These processes can be designed to produce bioenergy and clean water at the same time (i.e., wastewater treatment with power generation). Despite having significant technological advancement, these bioenergy processes are yet to be implemented in full scale and commercialized due to its relatively low performance. Hence, massive and extensive research has been carried out to evaluate the variables in FO and PRO processes such as osmotic membrane, feed solutions, draw solutions, and operating conditions in order to maximize the outcomes, which include water flux and power density.
  • 1.6K
  • 12 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV), as a typical seed-borne virus, causes costly and devastating diseases in the vegetable trade worldwide.
  • 1.6K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Historical Ecology in Brazil
The term “Historical Ecology” has been defined by two different research scholarships: (1) as a field that draws upon diverse evidence to trace complex, long-term relationships between humanity and Earth; and (2) as a field related to evolutionary ecology and the use of phylogenetic systematics, which may or may not involve anthropogenic agency. Here we embrace and refer to the first definition. Hence, Historical Ecology is a multidisciplinary field (or research program) that investigates human-environment relationships resulting in continuous spatial, environmental, historical, and cultural interactions. Its primary focus is the physical evidence etched in the landscape. The use of landscape as an analytical framework and spatial unit is valuable and widely used in Historical Ecology.  
  • 1.6K
  • 07 May 2022
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