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Topic Review
Cytoguardin
Cytoguardin was identified in the conditioned medium of fibroblasts as a tryptophan metabolite, 5-methoxytryptophan (5-MTP). It is synthesized via two enzymatic steps: tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase (HIOMT).
  • 813
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Monitoring Cancer Patients on Home Parenteral Nutrition
Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) refers to the administration of nutritional support through a central venous access device (CVAD) at home
  • 813
  • 25 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The Dual Topoisomerase Inhibitor P8-D6 in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer constitutes the leading cause of cancer deaths among females. However, numerous shortcomings, including low bioavailability, resistance and significant side effects, are responsible for insufficient treatment. The ultimate goal, therefore, is to improve the success rates and, thus, the range available treatment options for breast cancer. Consequently, the identification, development and evaluation of potential novel drugs such as P8-D6 with seminal antitumor capacities have a high clinical need. P8-D6 effectively induces apoptosis by acting as a dual topoisomerase I/II inhibitor. 
  • 813
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis for Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most common and expensive urinary system malignancies for its high recurrence and progression rate. In recent years, immense amounts of studies have been carried out to bring a more comprehensive cognition and numerous promising clinic approaches for BCa therapy. The development of innovative enhanced cystoscopy techniques (optical techniques, imaging systems) and tumor biomarkers-based non-invasive urine screening (DNA methylation-based urine test) would dramatically improve the accuracy of tumor detection, reducing the risk of recurrence and progression of BCa. 
  • 813
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Antineoplastic Therapy Involved in Hypersensitivity Reactions
As widely accepted at present, in addition to their benefits, medicines can also be accompanied by side effects and adverse reactions, of which some can be detrimental to therapies or even life-threatening. In some cases, these effects are enabled or enhanced by certain individual-specific hypersensitivity. Among other manifestations, adverse reactions to drugs resulting from excessive sensitivity may include anaphylaxis. Given that regular toxicity studies are not relevant to point to possible delayed hypersensitivity reactions triggered by systemic products and from the perspective of mechanisms involved in the early and late stages phases of hypersensitivity events, in vitro and in vivo tests remain the means to reveal the cells activated and the mediators released in this process.
  • 813
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) is a slow-growing cancer with a good prognosis, but may show extraglandular progression involving the invasion of tumor-adjacent tissues, such as the trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal nerve. Tracheal invasion by WDTC is infrequent. Since this condition is rare, relevant high-level evidence about it is lacking. Tracheal invasion by a WDTC has a negative impact on survival, with intraluminal tumor development constituting a worse prognostic factor than superficial tracheal invasion. In WDTC, curative resection is often feasible with a small safety margin, and complete resection can ensure a good prognosis. Despite its resectability, accurate knowledge of the tracheal and peritracheal anatomy and proper selection of surgical techniques are essential for complete resection. However, there is no standard guideline on surgical indications and the recommended procedure in trachea-invading WDTC. This review discusses the indications for radical resection and the three currently available major resection methods: shaving, window resection, and sleeve resection with end-to-end anastomosis.
  • 812
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
T Cell Chemotaxis and Infiltration in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma is an immunologically ‘cold’ tumor, which are characterized by absent or minimal numbers of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). For those tumors that have been invaded by lymphocytes, they are profoundly exhausted and ineffective. While many immunotherapy approaches seek to reinvigorate immune cells at the tumor, this requires TILs to be present. 
  • 812
  • 04 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ion Transport System in Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is a significant gynecological cancer and causes cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is implicated in the etiology of cervical malignancy. However, much evidence indicates that HPV infection is a necessary but not sufficient cause in cervical carcinogenesis. Therefore, the cellular pathophysiology of cervical cancer is worthy of study. 
  • 812
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Peritumoral Zone in Diffuse Low-Grade Gliomas
Diffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGGs) are heterogeneous and poorly circumscribed neoplasms with isolated tumor cells that extend beyond the margins of the lesion depicted on MRI. Efforts to demarcate the glioma core from the surrounding healthy brain led to define an intermediate region, the so-called peritumoral zone (PTZ).
  • 812
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bone Marrow Adipocytes
Bone marrow adipocytes are scattered throughout the hematopoietic or “red” marrow, or are densely packed in the marrow cavity, creating “yellow” marrow. 
  • 811
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibodies in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common and aggressive cancer types, with a five-year survival rate of only 2–9%.
  • 811
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Role of the Immune System in IBD-Associated Cancer
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC). IBD-associated cancer follows a well-characterized sequence of intestinal epithelial changes, in which genetic mutations and molecular aberrations play a key role. IBD-associated cancer develops against a background of chronic inflammation and pro-inflammatory immune cells, and their products contribute to cancer development and progression. In recent years, the effect of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in cancer development and progression has gained more attention, mainly because of the unprecedented anti-tumor effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in selected groups of patients. Even though IBD-associated cancer develops in the background of chronic inflammation which is associated with activation of endogenous anti-inflammatory or suppressive mechanisms, the potential role of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in these cancers is largely unknown.
  • 811
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Lynch Syndrome and Gynecologic Tumors
Lynch syndrome (LS) is a genetic condition predisposing to a variety of tumors, including endometrial (EC) and ovarian cancers (OC), with cancer lifetime risk depending on the specific LS-mutation involved. Universal Screening is the standard for LS detection. Prophylactic surgery is a risk-reducing option that may be considered, and the age at hysterectomy and recommendation for bilateral oophorectomy depend on the mutated variant and offspring desire. Besides surgery, chemoprevention via contraceptives combination or progestin-alone is a viable option, and vaccination with tumor-specific antigens has shown promising results in mouse models.
  • 811
  • 18 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Stimulator of Interferon Genes in Skin Cancer Modulation
The cGAS-STING signaling pathway has gained significant attention regarding its anti-tumor properties in certain malignancies, especially skin cancer. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays a vital role in the fight against foreign pathogens, the activation of downstream inflammatory pathways, and anti-carcinogenesis via pro-apoptotic and senescence pathways. The STING pathway functions by detecting the presence of DNA, which subsequently leads to the activation of inflammatory modulators for host defense, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oncogenic effects.
  • 811
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Genome Organization in Breast and Gynecological Cancers
A promoter is a DNA region between 20 and 1000 bp upstream of the transcription start site TSS, which has particular binding sites for transcriptional factors involved in gene transcription.
  • 810
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need.
  • 810
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Phlorotannins in Cancer
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an interesting therapeutic target to help reduce cancer deaths, and the use of bioactive compounds has emerged as a novel and safe approach to solve this problem. Phlorotannins, a type of polyphenol present in brown seaweeds that reportedly functions as antioxidants/pro-oxidants and anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic agents. Specifically, available evidence indicates that dieckol and phloroglucinol promote mitochondrial membrane depolarization and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Phlorotannins also reduce pro-tumorigenic, -inflammatory, and -angiogenic signaling mechanisms involving RAS/MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and VEGF. In doing so, they inhibit pathways that favor cancer development and progression. 
  • 810
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
SERDs and Breast Cancer Therapy
New SERDs are currently under development capable of reducing ERα protein expression and blocking estrogen-dependent and independent ER signaling. SERDs are therefore considered a significant therapeutic approach to treat ER+ BC in both early stage and more advanced drug-resistant cases.
  • 809
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
ICIs in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) represents the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women. In the advanced disease setting, OC recurrence after chemotherapy is over 70% in the first 2 years, with few therapeutic options. Immunotherapy with the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) showed high efficacy and changed the therapeutic scenario of many tumors in the last 10 years.
  • 809
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Precision Medicine of Colorectal Cancer Heterogeneity
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major global health issue, being the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy with an estimated number of more than 1.9 million new cases and about 935,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. For twenty percent, the disease occurs at an advanced stage at diagnosis, while up to 50% of patients with early-stage disease relapse, despite curative surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. Advances in multidisciplinary treatment and care have led to significant improvements in survival, but a cure is not possible for most of these patients.
  • 809
  • 13 May 2022
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