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Topic Review
MYCN Impact on High-Risk Neuroblastoma
Among childhood cancers, neuroblastoma is the most diffuse solid tumor and the deadliest in children. While to date, the pathology has become progressively manageable with a significant increase in 5-year survival for its less aggressive form, high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) remains a major issue with poor outcome and little survivability of patients. The staging system has also been improved to better fit patient needs and to administer therapies in a more focused manner in consideration of pathology features. New and improved therapies have been developed; nevertheless, low efficacy and high toxicity remain a staple feature of current high-risk neuroblastoma treatment. For this reason, more specific procedures are required, and new therapeutic targets are also needed for a precise medicine approach. In this scenario, MYCN is certainly one of the most interesting targets. Indeed, MYCN is one of the most relevant hallmarks of HR-NB, and many studies has been carried out in recent years to discover potent and specific inhibitors to block its activities and any related oncogenic function. N-Myc protein has been considered an undruggable target for a long time. 
  • 798
  • 25 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Mismatch Repair Deficiency in Endometrial Cancer
Among the four endometrial cancer (EC) TCGA molecular groups, the MSI/hypermutated group represents an important percentage of tumors (30%), including different histotypes, and generally confers an intermediate prognosis for affected women, also providing new immunotherapeutic strategies. Immunohistochemistry for MMR proteins (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2) has become the optimal diagnostic MSI surrogate worldwide. 
  • 797
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Targeting Mononuclear Phagocyte Receptors
Inflammatory cells are major players in the onset of cancer. The degree of inflammation and type of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are responsible for tilting the balance between tumor progression and regression. Cancer-related inflammation has also been shown to influence the efficacy of conventional therapy. Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) represent a major component of the inflammatory circuit that promotes tumor progression. Despite their potential to activate immunosurveillance and exert anti-tumor responses, MPs are subverted by the tumor to support its growth, immune evasion, and spread. MP responses in the TME are dictated by a network of stimuli integrated through the cross-talk between activatory and inhibitory receptors. Alterations in receptor expression/signaling can create excessive inflammation and, when chronic, promote tumorigenesis. Research advances have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at receptor targeting to induce a tumor-infiltrating MP switch from a cancer-supportive toward an anti-tumor phenotype, demonstrating efficacy in different human cancers.
  • 796
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Factors Modulate Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the earliest infiltrating cells in PanIN lesions and continue to rise throughout cancer progression. TAMs are the most abundant immune cells in the stroma and are the key drivers shaping the immunosuppressive landscape. There are various mechanisms employed to polarize macrophages to tumor-supporting subtypes which subsequently unleash the plethora of neoplastic characteristics, including promoting malignant cell proliferation, augmenting angiogenesis, metastasis, acquiring pleiotropic pancreatic cancer stem-like cells, supporting chemoresistance.
  • 796
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cancer–Neuronal Crosstalk in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the most aggressive solid tumors with a dismal prognosis and an increasing incidence. At the time of diagnosis, more than 85% of patients are in an unresectable stage. 
  • 796
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Genome Organization in Breast and Gynecological Cancers
A promoter is a DNA region between 20 and 1000 bp upstream of the transcription start site TSS, which has particular binding sites for transcriptional factors involved in gene transcription.
  • 795
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Stem and Cancer Stem Cell_Markers
The conversion of healthy stem cells into cancer stem cells (CSCs) is believed to underlie tumor relapse after surgical removal and fuel tumor growth and invasiveness. CSCs often arise from the malignant transformation of resident multipotent stem cells, which are present in most human tissues. Some organs, such as the gut and the brain, can give rise to very aggressive types of cancers, contrary to the dental pulp, which is a tissue with a very remarkable resistance to oncogenesis.
  • 794
  • 23 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers NSCLC Patients on Immunotherapy
Currently, the only validated companion diagnostic test for first-line immunotherapy in metastatic NSCLC patients is testing for programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissues. However, obtaining tumor tissue can be challenging and it puts the patient at risk. Liquid biopsy offers an alternative, less invasive approach to select NSCLC patients who would benefit from immunotherapy and to monitor patients during their disease course. Liquid biopsy allows repetitive sampling, which makes it a useful tool in clinical practice.
  • 794
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumour Cell Enrichment Technologies
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are the precursor cells for the formation of metastatic disease.
  • 793
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Safety of Anti-COVID-19 Nutraceuticals for Patients with Cancer
Dietary supplement use has increased more than 35% globally since the COVID-19 outbreak. While some nutraceuticals are potentially efficacious against severe disease from COVID-19, their indiscriminate use by patients with cancer without medical supervision is concerning. The use of vitamin C, vitamin D, and selenium supplements is likely safe and even potentially beneficial at typically recommended doses. However, caution is advised regarding the use of omega-3 fatty acids and zinc, as risks from their use may outweigh the benefits.
  • 793
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microsphere Carrier Systems
The targeted delivery of anti-cancer drugs and isotopes is one of the most pursued goals in anti-cancer therapy. One of the prime examples of such an application is the intra-arterial injection of microspheres containing cytostatic drugs or radioisotopes during hepatic embolization procedures. Therapy based on the application of microspheres revolves around vascular occlusion, complemented with local therapy in the form of trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) or radioembolization (TARE).
  • 793
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Technology and Implications for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with a climbing incidence. The majority of cases are detected late, with incurable locally advanced or metastatic disease. Even in individuals who undergo resection, recurrence is unfortunately very common. There is no universally accepted screening modality for the general population and diagnosis, evaluation of treatment response, and detection of recurrence relies primarily on the use of imaging. Identification of minimally invasive techniques to help diagnose, prognosticate, predict response or resistance to therapy, and detect recurrence are desperately needed. Liquid biopsies represent an emerging group of technologies which allow for non-invasive serial sampling of tumor material. 
  • 793
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Negative Emotions on Breast Cancer Prognosis
Negative emotions (NEs) are unpleasant moods regularly disruptive, intended to express a negative effect that can be anger, depression, envy, fear, frustration, and sadness. Emotions are multifaceted reactions involving several biochemical and physiological processes within the body. The brain often responds to our feelings by releasing chemicals and hormones, which direct us into a state of whether positive or negative. NEs are a complex process and don't have the capacity to deal with negative feelings, thus often experiencing them. NEs and their impacts have greatly influenced the higher incidence and risk of breast cancer (BC). They were also significantly associated with other high-risk factors including, geographical distribution, emotion types, standard diagnosis of NEs, and follow-up duration. NEs significantly increase the risk for the incidence of BC, which can be supportive of the prognosis of the disease. 
  • 792
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC) is an advanced stage of Prostate cancer disease. Its evolution is consequent upon androgen withdrawal therapy: which is the first line of therapy for metastatic phenotype. Combination of cytotoxic drugs and hormonal therapy/or genotherapy is a recognized modality for treating CRPC. However, this strategy is limited by poor bio-accessibility  and poor efficacy  of the cytotoxic drugs. Further increase in dose rather  results to an increased rate of collateral toxicity and incidence of multidrug resistance (MDR). Nanovectorization of these strategies has evolved to a promising approach to achieve a more efficacious therapeutic outcomes. It offers the possibility to consolidate their antitumor activity through enhanced specific and less toxic active or passive targeting mechanisms, as well as enabling diagnostic imaging through theranostics. While studies on nanomedicine are common in other cancer types, only a few have focused on prostate cancer. The idea in this article is to reveal possibilities for homig nanomedicine -based formulations  into prostate treatment.
  • 791
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Biomarkers
Oral cancers are among the most common malignant tumors worldwide. More than 90% of all oral malignancies are oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). While in Western countries, OSCC accounts for about 4% of all cancers; in India and Southeast Asia, it reaches up to 40%. The interaction between oral dysplastic/neoplastic cells and saliva makes this fluid a source of biomarkers, such as cytokines.
  • 791
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in urothelial cancer
The prognosis and responsiveness to chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors differs substantially among patients with bladder cancer (BC). There is an unmet need for biomarkers that can accurately predict prognosis and treatment outcome. Here, we describe the available literature on the prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in BC. Current evidence indicates that a high density of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells is a favorable prognostic factor, whereas PD-L1 expression and tumor-associated macrophages are unfavorable prognostic features. While PD-L1 expression appears unsuccessful as biomarker for response to checkpoint inhibitors, there are some indications that high CD8+ T cell infiltration, low transforming growth factor-beta signaling and low densities of myeloid-derived suppressor cells are associated with response. Future studies should focus on combinations of biomarkers to accurately predict survival and response to treatment.
  • 791
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Genetics of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a significant public health concern, with more than 3 million cases occurring each year in the United States, and with an increasing incidence. The molecular basis of BCC is complex, involving an interplay of inherited genetic susceptibility, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic syndromes, and sporadic somatic mutations, often induced by carcinogenic exposure to UV radiation. 
  • 790
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids as Modulators of Dysregulated Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
The Wnt pathway has been recognized for its crucial role in human development and homeostasis, but its dysregulation has also been linked to several disorders, including cancer. Wnt signaling is crucial for the development and metastasis of several kinds of cancer. Moreover, members of the Wnt pathway have been proven to be effective biomarkers and promising cancer therapeutic targets. Abnormal stimulation of the Wnt signaling pathway has been linked to the initiation and advancement of cancer in both clinical research and in vitro investigations. A reduction in cancer incidence rate and an improvement in survival may result from targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
  • 790
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Management of the Older Patients with Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is one of the commonest malignancies with high rates of mortality worldwide. Older gastric cancer patients who are fit for trial inclusion may benefit from surgical intervention and peri-operative systemic chemotherapy strategies. For patients with metastatic disease, management has been revolutionized by the use of anti-HER2 directed therapies as well as immune checkpoint inhibitors with or without chemotherapy. Early data suggest that fit older patients may also benefit from these therapeutic interventions. However, once again there may be limitations in extrapolating these data to everyday clinical practice with older patients being less likely to have a good performance status and an intact immune system. Therefore, determining the functional age and not just the chronological age of a patient prior to initiating therapy becomes very important. The functional decline including reduced organ function that may occur in older patients makes the integration of some form of geriatric assessment in routine clinical practice very relevant.
  • 789
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin C in Treatment of Patients with Cancer
Vitamin C is an essential micronutrient, that plays an important role in numerous physiological processes in the human body. Vitamin C stimulates the production and activation of immune cells, so perhaps supplementation could be used to improve the immunity in cancer patients .
  • 789
  • 04 Aug 2022
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