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Topic Review
Anthocyanins and Hepatoprotection
Anthocyanins are water-soluble, colored compounds of the flavonoid class, abundantly found in the fruits, leaves, roots, and other parts of the plants. The fruit berries are prime sources and exhibit different colors. The anthocyanins utility as traditional medicament for liver protection and cure, and importance as strongest plants-based anti-oxidants have conferred these plants products different biological activities. These activities include anti-inflammation, liver protective, analgesic, and anti-cancers, which have provided the anthocyanins an immense commercial value, and has impelled their chemistry, biological activity, isolation, and quality investigations as prime focus. 
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bilirubin Glucuronide
Bilirubin glucuronide is a water-soluble reaction intermediate over the process of conjugation of indirect bilirubin. Bilirubin glucuronide itself belongs to the category of conjugated bilirubin along with bilirubin di-glucuronide. However, only the latter one is primarily excreted into the bile in the normal setting. Upon macrophages spot and phagocytize the effete Red Blood Corpuscles containing hemoglobin, unconjugated bilirubin is discharged from macrophages into the blood plasma. Most often, the free and water-insoluble unconjugated bilirubin which has an internal hydrodren bonding will bind to albumin and, to a much lesser extent, high density lipoprotein in order to decrease its hydrophobicity and to limit the probability of unnecessary contact with other tissues and keep bilirubin in the vascular space from traversing to extravascular space including brain, and from ending up increasing glomerular filtration. Nevertheless, there is still a little portion of indirect bilirubins stays free-of-bound. Free unconjugated bilirubin can poison the cerebrum. Finally, albumin leads the indirect bilirubin to the liver. In the liver sinusoid, albumin disassociates with the indirect bilirubin and returns to the circulation while the hepatocyte transfers the indirect bilirubin to ligandin and glucuronide conjugates the indirect bilirubin in the endoplasmic reticulum by disrupting unconjugated bilirubin's internal hydrogen bonding, which is the thing that makes indirect bilirubin having the property of eternal half-elimination life and insoluble in water, and by attaching two molecules of glucuronic acid to it in a two step process. The reaction is a transfer of two glucuronic acid groups including UDP glucuronic acid sequentially to the propionic acid groups of the bilirubin, primarily catalyzed by UGT1A1. In greater detail about this reaction, a glucuronosyl moiety is conjugated to one of the propionic acid side chains, located on the C8 and C12 carbons of the two central pyrrole rings of bilirubin. When the first step is completely done, the substrate bilirubin glucuronide (also known as mono-glucuronide) is born at this stage and is water-soluble and readily excreted in bile. Thereafter, so long as the second step of attachment of the other glucuronic acid to it succeeds (officially called "re-glucuronidated"), the substrate bilirubin glucuronide will turn into bilirubin di-glucuronide (8,12-diglucuronide) and be excreted into bile canaliculi by way of C-MOAT[note 1] and MRP2 as normal human bile along with a little amount of unconjugated bilirubin as much as only 1 to 4 percent of total pigments in normal bile. That means up to 96%-99% of bilirubin in the bile are conjugated. Normally, there is just a little conjugated bilirubin escapes into the general circulation. Nonetheless, in the setting of severe liver disease, a significantly greater number of conjugated bilirubin will leak into circulation and then dissolve into the blood[note 2] and thereby filtered by the kidney, and only a part of the leaked conjugated bilirubin will be re-absorbed in the renal tubules, the remainder will be present in the urine making it dark-colored.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Taoist Music
Taoist music is the ceremonial music of Taoism. The importance of music in Taoist ceremony is demonstrated by revealing how central beliefs are reflected through elements of music such as instrumentation and rhythm. Expression of spiritual beliefs through music enables followers of Taoism to enhance their path to enlightenment.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Matal V. Tam
Matal v. Tam, 582 U.S. ___ (2017) (previously known as Lee v. Tam), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court affirmed unanimously the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit that the provisions of the Lanham Act's prohibiting the registration of trademarks that may "disparage" persons, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols with the United States Patent and Trademark Office violated the First Amendment.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Tackling Pandemics through Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Approaches
Since its outbreak in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused the death of more than 6.5 million people around the world. The high transmissibility of its causative agent, the SARS-CoV-2 virus, coupled with its potentially lethal outcome, provoked a profound global economic and social crisis. The urgency of finding suitable pharmacological tools to tame the pandemic shed light on the ever-increasing importance of computer simulations in rationalizing and speeding up the design of new drugs, further stressing the need for developing quick and reliable methods to identify novel active molecules and characterize their mechanism of action. 
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Classification of Fraudulent Bank Transactions
The modern financial sector requires high security standards due to rapid technological progress. Banks utilize many security measures for transactions, including artificial intelligence (AI), neural networks, and machine learning. The use of these techniques allows advanced technological problems to be solved. The most common types of financial frauds are money laundering, identity fraud, and credit and debit card frauds.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Olive Orchard Mosaic
The olive tree is an evergreen plant with a remarkable water control process under water stress conditions. The production of olive oil in Portugal and other countries of the Mediterranean region has greatly increased. Intensification efforts have focused on the growth of the planted area, but also on the increase of the orchards density and the implementation of irrigation systems. Concerns about possible negative impacts of modern olive orchard production have arisen, questioning the trade-offs between the production benefits and the environmental costs. Therefore, it is of great importance to review the research progress made regarding agronomic options that preserve ecosystem services in high-density irrigated olive orchards. To better understand these technical options, it is equaly important to define the different types of olive orchards that can be found in olive-growing countries, such as Portugal, where the olive orchards mosaic includes Traditional (TD: 50–200 trees ha−1), Medium-Density (MD: 201–400 trees ha−1), High-Density (HD: 401–1500 trees ha−1), and Super-High-Density (SHD: 1501–2500 trees ha−1) systems.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Energy Management and Control Techniques for Electric Vehicle
Electric vehicles (EVs) are universally recognized as an incredibly effective method of lowering gas emissions and dependence on oil for transportation. Electricity, rather than more traditional fuels like gasoline or diesel, is used as the main source of energy to recharge the batteries in EVs. Future oil demand should decline as a result of the predicted rise in the number of EVs on the road. The charging infrastructure is considered as a key element of EV technology where the recent research is mostly focused. A strong charging infrastructure that serves both urban and rural areas, especially those with an unstable or nonexistent electrical supply, is essential in promoting the global adoption of EVs.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Water and Energy Supply
This entry aims to reveal the economic, technical, and environmental impacts of different system configurations (centralized or decentralized, components, and technologies) on transition plans to achieve a higher share of renewable energy and desalination supplies for regions facing water scarcity. The main contribution of this research is the comparative evaluation of on-grid decentralized or distributed renewable-powered desalination systems for sustainable water and energy supply planning. Applying a novel nexus approach, an interactive multi-period planning model is developed to highlight synergies and to identify conflicts of planning both energy and water sectors at the same time as endogenous subsystems of one overall system. For studying these synergies in this study, the pace of technology deployment and the path of decline in overall costs are assumed to be a function of experience and knowledge as two-factor learning curves. Using data from 81 projects, the levelized cost and capacity factor of utility-scale photovoltaic and wind supplies in the Middle East were calculated. The results indicate that a scenario with a decentralized water sector and renewable-powered multiple-effect distillation technology has the best overall performance among the proposed scenarios. The authors consider that the current study provides novel insights: (1) Designing and planning both the water and energy sectors at the same time, (2) detailed representation of short-term operational aspects in long-run planning of the water and energy sectors to capture the inherent variability of renewable energy resources, (3) modeling the water sector with centralized and decentralized on-grid renewable-powered desalination systems, (4) proposing a new methodology to study the synergies and conflicts of designing the water and energy sectors as an integrated system/separated system, and (5) estimating the two-factor learning curves for wind, photovoltaic, reverse osmosis desalination, and multi-effect distillation desalination industries in the Middle East.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Chitosan and its Derivatives
Chitosan (CS) is a hemi-synthetic cationic linear polysaccharide produced by the deacetylation of chitin. CS is non-toxic, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable, and it has a low immunogenicity. Additionally, CS has inherent antibacterial properties and a mucoadhesive character and can disrupt epithelial tight junctions, thus acting as a permeability enhancer. As such, CS and its derivatives are well-suited for the challenging field of ocular drug delivery. In the present review article, we will discuss the properties of CS that contribute to its successful application in ocular delivery before reviewing the latest advances in the use of CS for the development of novel ophthalmic delivery systems. Colloidal nanocarriers (nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes) will be presented, followed by CS gels and lenses and ocular inserts. Finally, instances of CS coatings, aiming at conferring mucoadhesiveness to other matrixes, will be presented.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Jul 2020
Topic Review
MiRNA-Mediated Epigenetic Mechanisms
This entry discuss the role of ncRNAs as mediators of epigenetic pathways associated with carcinogenesis, and provides an overview on how deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) alter the expression of cancer-promoting genes.  Overall, miss regulated expression of ncRNAs alter cell cycle progression and apoptosis to increase proliferation, thereby facilitating cellular transformation into malignancies. The potential for using ncRNAs as targets for early prognosis and for developing cancer therapies is discussed.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
EDA-ID
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immune deficiency (EDA-ID) is a form of ectodermal dysplasia, which is a group of conditions characterized by abnormal development of ectodermal tissues including the skin, hair, teeth, and sweat glands. In addition, immune system function is reduced in people with EDA-ID. The signs and symptoms of EDA-ID are evident soon after birth, and due to the severity of the immune system problems, most people with this condition survive only into childhood.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Nanostructures
Carbon is a unique element of the periodic table possessing the extraordinary capability to organize its four valence electrons in different hybridization states, namely sp, sp2, sp3 leading to both strong covalent and weak π-π bonds
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Invasive Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis Poir)
Senecio madagascariensis originates from southern Africa but it has been introduced to several other countries including Australia. Climatic suitability suggests that there are large areas around the world suitable for the weed’s growth where it is currently not present. The weed poses a major threat to livestock industries in these countries through its ability to reduce pasture production and poison animals. A range of control techniques has been used to try and manage S. madagascariensis. Besides using traditional approaches, the use of competitive pastures and more tolerant livestock (such as sheep and goats) are some of the other options recommended as part of an integrated approach. 
  • 1.7K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Flavonoids for Health and Longevity
Flavonoids are a diverse family of natural phenolic compounds commonly found in fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, and Chinese herbal medicine. Flavonoids have a basic C6–C3–C6 15 carbon skeleton composed of two aromatic rings and one pyran ring. Flavonoid compounds are divided into six subclasses based on their carbon structure and level of oxidation, which are flavones, flavonols, flavanones, isoflavones, flavanol, and anthocyanins.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Detection of Viruses Using Electrochemical Biosensors
Electrochemical biosensors have tremendous potential for point-of-care virus detection due to their portability and simple detection methods. The main limitation of this method is its sensitivity. Numerous studies have been conducted in an attempt to enhance the key elements of electrochemical-based biosensing systems.
  • 1.7K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Stellar Constellations in Fiction
Some stellar constellations have been featured in fictional works.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Samba
Samba is a free software re-implementation of the SMB networking protocol, and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell. Samba provides file and print services for various Microsoft Windows clients and can integrate with a Microsoft Windows Server domain, either as a Domain Controller (DC) or as a domain member. As of version 4, it supports Active Directory and Microsoft Windows NT domains. Samba runs on most Unix-like systems, such as Linux, Solaris, AIX and the BSD variants, including Apple's macOS Server, and macOS client (Mac OS X 10.2 and greater). Samba also runs on a number of other operating systems such as OpenVMS and IBM i. Samba is standard on nearly all distributions of Linux and is commonly included as a basic system service on other Unix-based operating systems as well. Samba is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License. The name Samba comes from SMB (Server Message Block), the name of the proprietary protocol used by the Microsoft Windows network file system.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
HP QuickTest Professional
HPE Unified Functional Testing (UFT) software, formerly known as HP QuickTest Professional (QTP), provides functional and regression test automation for software applications and environments. HPE Unified Functional Testing can be used for enterprise quality assurance. HPE Unified Functional Testing supports keyword and scripting interfaces and features a graphical user interface. It uses the Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) scripting language to specify a test procedure, and to manipulate the objects and controls of the application under test. HPE Unified Functional Testing was originally written by Mercury Interactive and called QuickTest Professional. Mercury Interactive was subsequently acquired by Hewlett Packard(HP) in 2006. HP Unified Functional Testing 11.5 combined HP QuickTest Professional and HP Service Test into a single software package, which was available from the HP Software Division until 2016, when whole division was sold to Micro Focus. The integrated HPE Unified Functional Testing software allows developers to test from a single console all three layers of a program's operations: the interface, the service layer and the database layer.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biology and Ecology of Armeria maritima
Tolerance to heavy metals in plants is a model process used to study adaptations to extremely unfavorable environments. One species capable of colonizing areas with high contents of heavy metals is Armeria maritima (Mill.) Wild. A. maritima plants growing in metalliferous areas differ in their morphological features and tolerance levels to heavy metals compared to individuals of the same species growing in non-metalliferous areas. The Armeria maritima (A. maritima) adaptations to heavy metals occur at the organismal, tissue, and cellular levels (e.g., the retention of metals in roots, enrichment of the oldest leaves with metals, accumulation of metals in trichomes, and excretion of metals by salt glands of leaf epidermis). This species also undergoes physiological and biochemical adaptations (e.g., the accumulation of metals in vacuoles of the root’s tannic cells and secretion of such compounds as glutathione, organic acids, or HSP17). 
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Mar 2023
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