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Topic Review
Neurosurgical Clinical Trials for Glioblastoma
Standard neurosurgery for cerebral glioma requires maximal safe tumor resection. For low-grade tumors (WHO Grade II–III), maximal safe resection of the tumor confers an improved outcome without compromising functional outcomes. In the case of glioblastoma, the location of the bulk of the tumor relative to eloquent brain areas dictates the safest and most effective surgical approach.
  • 836
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Role of Radioembolization in Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases Treatment
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) consist of a very heterogenous group of tumors, contributing to large differences in patients’ disease burden, symptomatology, clinical and objective responses to different treatments, and prognosis. Liver-directed treatments for NELM can be divided into two categories: ablative localized treatments, e.g., radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or microwave ablation (MWA); or trans-arterial treatments, e.g., trans-arterial (bland) embolization (TAE), trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and trans-arterial radioembolization (TARE). The latter technique is also known as selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT). Radioembolization is a more commonly used and simplified term but also a misnomer. Contrary to TAE and TACE, the primary effect is not to embolize vasculature and induce ischemia but to deliver high doses of radiation to tumor tissue via trans-arterial implantation. 
  • 836
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Isolated Limb Infusion
Isolated limb infusion (ILI) and hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) are used to treat melanoma in-transit metastases and unresectable sarcoma confined to the limb utilizing the effect of high-dose loco-regional chemotherapy, normally melphalan +/- actinomycin-D. Both procedures are able to provide high response rates in patients with numerous or bulky lesions in whom other loco-regional treatments are less effective. In comparison to systemic therapies, on the other hand, ILI and HILP result less in severe systemic side-effects. Although in principle ILI and HILP are similar procedures, ILI is technically simpler to perform and takes advantage of the hypoxic and acidotic environment in the isolated limb, potentiating anti-tumour activity of the cytotoxic agents.
  • 836
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation
Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) has been the standard of care in eligible newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Outcomes of patients with MM have improved significantly due to the advent of several novel drugs. Upfront use of these drugs in induction therapy has significantly increased the rate and depth of responses that have translated into longer remission and survival. In addition, post-SCT maintenance have even further improved the PFS and OS in patients. Patients with renal insufficiency and older patients are now able to safely undergo auto-SCT. Evolving role of minimal residual disease together with emerging role of bispecific antibodies provide patients with more effective choices and better outcomes.
  • 835
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Precision Medicine in Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), or biliary tract cancer, has a poor prognosis. The median survival time among patients with CCA is under 2 years from diagnosis, and the global 5-year survival rate is only 10%. First-line therapy with chemotherapeutic agents, gemcitabine plus cisplatin, has traditionally been used to treat unresectable advanced CCA. Precision medicine has become a mainstream cancer treatment due to innovative next-generation sequencing technology. 
  • 835
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Antineoplastic Therapy Involved in Hypersensitivity Reactions
As widely accepted at present, in addition to their benefits, medicines can also be accompanied by side effects and adverse reactions, of which some can be detrimental to therapies or even life-threatening. In some cases, these effects are enabled or enhanced by certain individual-specific hypersensitivity. Among other manifestations, adverse reactions to drugs resulting from excessive sensitivity may include anaphylaxis. Given that regular toxicity studies are not relevant to point to possible delayed hypersensitivity reactions triggered by systemic products and from the perspective of mechanisms involved in the early and late stages phases of hypersensitivity events, in vitro and in vivo tests remain the means to reveal the cells activated and the mediators released in this process.
  • 835
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Liquid Biopsy Technology and Implications for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy with a climbing incidence. The majority of cases are detected late, with incurable locally advanced or metastatic disease. Even in individuals who undergo resection, recurrence is unfortunately very common. There is no universally accepted screening modality for the general population and diagnosis, evaluation of treatment response, and detection of recurrence relies primarily on the use of imaging. Identification of minimally invasive techniques to help diagnose, prognosticate, predict response or resistance to therapy, and detect recurrence are desperately needed. Liquid biopsies represent an emerging group of technologies which allow for non-invasive serial sampling of tumor material. 
  • 835
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Cancer–Neuronal Crosstalk in the Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the most aggressive solid tumors with a dismal prognosis and an increasing incidence. At the time of diagnosis, more than 85% of patients are in an unresectable stage. 
  • 835
  • 24 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Circulating MiRNAs and SnoRNAs in Bone Metastasis
Bone is a frequent site of metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are two classes of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression in cells. While miRNAs have been largely investigated in the context of bone metastasis, snoRNAs have been poorly studied. However, there is evidence that snoRNAs can give rise to a specific class of miRNAs (called sno-miRNAs), thus sharing features with miRNAs. Another common ground between miRNAs and snoRNAs is the fact that both can circulate in biological fluids, such as blood and lymph. Compared to other RNAs, their small size as well as their interaction with core proteins protect them from a massive degradation both as free and embedded forms, making sncRNAs stable, secreted, circulating molecules. As an embedded form, they are usually within extracellular vesicles (EVs) that derive from cells. EV-embedded and/or circulating microRNAs, mainly, and snoRNAs have been pointed out as important players in bone metastasis by preparing the pre-metastatic niche, directly and indirectly affecting the activities of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, and acting as mediators within cells to support cancer cell growth in bone.
  • 835
  • 06 Jan 2023
Topic Review
HGG in Patients with LFS
Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare high-penetrance and autosomal-dominant pathological condition caused by the germline mutation of the TP53 gene, predisposing to the development of tumors from pediatric age. High-grade glioma (HGG) is a common tumor in children.
  • 834
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Incidence of Diabetes in Cancer Patients
Diabetes increases the risk of certain types of cancer. Meanwhile, new-onset diabetes is positively associated with cancer, but this association varies according to cancer type. 
  • 834
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibitors in Advanced Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in the female population and despite significant efforts made in diagnostic approaches and treatment strategies adopted for advanced breast cancer, the disease still remains incurable. Therefore, development of more effective systemic treatments constitutes a crucial need. Recently, several clinical trials were performed to find innovative predictive biomarkers and to improve the outcome of metastatic breast cancer through innovative therapeutic algorithms. In the pathogenesis of breast cancer, the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB/AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) axis is a key regulator of cell proliferation, growth, survival, metabolism, and motility, making it an interest and therapeutic target. Nevertheless, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR cascade includes a complex network of biological events, needing more sophisticated approaches for their use in cancer treatment.
  • 834
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Pathophysiology and Molecular Characteristics of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most detrimental toxicity to a patient’s quality of life. Pathophysiological mechanisms involved in CIPN pathogenesis are complex, multifactorial, and only partially examined. They are suspected to be associated with oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS-induced apoptosis, myelin sheath and DNA damage, and immunological and inflammatory processes.
  • 834
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Prostate cancer and its Immunotherapy
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second-most common cancer in men worldwide. Treatment options for patients with advanced or aggressive prostate cancer or recurrent disease continue to be of limited success and are rarely curative. Despite the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in some melanoma, lung, kidney and breast cancers, this approach has been remarkably unsuccessful in PCa. One potentially explanation for this lack of efficacy is the generation of a distinctly immunosuppressive prostate tumor microenvironment (TME) by regulatory T (Treg) cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and type 2 macrophages, all of which have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions including solid cancers. In PCa, Treg cells and MDSCs are recruited into TME by low-grade chronic inflammatory signals, whereas tissue-resident type 2 macrophages are induced by cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by Th2 cells. These then drive tumor progression, therapy resistance and the generation of castration (hormone) resistant disease, ultimately conferring a poor prognosis. The biology of MDSCs and Treg cells is highly complex and the development, proliferation, maturation or function can each be pharmacologically mediated to counteract the immunosuppressive effects of these cells.
  • 833
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Hematopoiesis
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the production of blood cells throughout the human lifespan. Single HSCs can give rise to at least eight distinct blood-cell lineages. Together, hematopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis coordinate several biological processes, i.e., cellular interactions during development and proliferation, guided migration, lineage programming, and reprogramming by transcription factors. Any dysregulation of these processes can result in hematological disorders and/or malignancies. Several studies of the molecular mechanisms governing HSC maintenance have demonstrated that protein regulation by the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway is crucial for normal HSC function. Recent studies have shown that reversal of ubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) plays an equally important role in hematopoiesis; however, information regarding the biological function of DUBs is limited.
  • 833
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Gastrointestinal-Neuroendocrine Tumors
The impact of race and ethnicity on survival characteristics in non-pancreatic gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors is understudied. We evaluated the survival outcomes and racial/ethnic disparities in the gastrointestinal tract neuroendocrine tumors, including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and appendix. Survival trends were determined among three groups: Hispanic, non-Hispanic White, and non-Hispanic Black. We analyzed a large national database and found that race/ethnicity is an independent prognostic factor in patients with gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Hispanic patients had better overall survival than non-Hispanic White patients, whereas non-Hispanic Black patients had favorable cause-specific survival compared to non-Hispanic White patients. This survival disparity can be attributed to differences in the site of origin, age, and stage at presentation between various race/ethnicity. Understanding these differences between race and ethnicity is needed to reduce disparities in cancer outcomes.
  • 832
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Metabolism in Carcinogenesis
Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that refers to transformation of a normal cell into a tumoral neoplastic cell. The mechanisms that promote tumor initiation, promotion and progression are varied, complex and remain to be understood. Studies have highlighted the involvement of oncogenic mutations, genomic instability and epigenetic alterations as well as metabolic reprogramming, in different processes of oncogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms still have to be clarified. Mitochondria are central organelles at the crossroad of various energetic metabolisms. In addition to their pivotal roles in bioenergetic metabolism, they control redox homeostasis, biosynthesis of macromolecules and apoptotic signals, all of which are linked to carcinogenesis.
  • 832
  • 16 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Mature T-Cell and Natural Killer-Cell Neoplasms
Mature T- and Natural Killer (NK)-cell neoplasms are derived from mature, post-thymic T-cells and NK-cells and comprise a diverse group of rare neoplasms with a wide range of clinical behavior, including highly aggressive lymphomas. 
  • 832
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Potential Inhibitor of Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive brain malignancies with high incidences of developing treatment resistance, resulting in poor prognoses. Glioma stem cell (GSC)-derived exosomes are important players that contribute to GBM tumorigenesis and aggressive properties.
  • 831
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Hyperthermia to Treat Cancer in Low-Middle-Income Group Countries
Loco-regional hyperthermia at 40–44 °C is a multifaceted therapeutic modality with the distinct triple advantage of being a potent radiosensitizer, a chemosensitizer and an immunomodulator. Risk difference estimates from pairwise meta-analysis have shown that the local tumour control could be improved by 22.3% (p < 0.001), 22.1% (p < 0.001) and 25.5% (p < 0.001) in recurrent breast cancers, locally advanced cervix cancer (LACC) and locally advanced head and neck cancers, respectively by adding hyperthermia to radiotherapy over radiotherapy alone. 
  • 831
  • 06 May 2023
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