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Topic Review
Inflammation Leads to Skeletal Muscle Wasting in COPD
Inflammation is one of the primary drivers of skeletal muscle wasting in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), through its catabolic effects.
  • 602
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
MiRNAs in Comparative Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a high-grade malignant tumor of bone composed of mesenchymal cells (malignant osteoblasts) that is able to produce an immature woven bone and osteoid matrix. 
  • 599
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease marked by relapsing, transmural intestinal inflammation driven by innate and adaptive immune responses. Autophagy is a multi-step process that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by degrading intracellular components, such as damaged organelles and invading bacteria. Dysregulation of autophagy in CD is revealed by the identification of several susceptibility genes, including ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2, LRRK2, ULK1, ATG4, and TCF4, that are involved in autophagy.
  • 599
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Racial Disparity in Quadruple Negative Breast Cancer
Black/African-American (AA) women, relative to their White/European-American (EA) counterparts, experience disproportionately high breast cancer mortality. Central to this survival disparity, Black/AA women have an unequal burden of aggressive breast cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer (ER/PR-, HER2-wild type; TNBC). Quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC), a subgroup of triple negative breast cancer, has emerged as a highly aggressive breast cancer subtype that disproportionately afflicts and impacts Black/African-American (AA) women.
  • 599
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cervical Cancer
Both clinicopathological and experimental studies have suggested that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key role in cervical cancer progression and are associated with poor prognosis in the respects of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. Therefore, having a clear understanding of TAMs is essential in treating this disease. In this entry, the concept and categories of TAMs, the molecules educating TAMs in cervical cancer, the therapy development targeting TAMs, and the expectation for future study in cervical cancer research  will be discussed.
  • 598
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Localisation of the Ca2+ Signal for Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is one of the most polarised of all cellular activities. Both the stimulus (the target for phagocytosis) and the response (its internalisation) are focussed at just one part of the cell. At the locus, and this locus alone, pseudopodia form a phagocytic cup around the particle, the cytoskeleton is rearranged, the plasma membrane is reorganised, and a new internal organelle, the phagosome, is formed. The effect of signals from the stimulus must, thus, both be complex and yet be restricted in space and time to enable an effective focussed response. While many aspects of phagocytosis are being uncovered, the mechanism for the restriction of signalling or the effects of signalling remains obscure.
  • 598
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Parietal Epithelial Cell Behavior
Glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) have been increasingly recognized to have crucial functions. Lineage tracking in animal models showed the expression of a podocyte phenotype by PECs during normal glomerular growth and after acute podocyte injury, suggesting a reparative role of PECs. Conversely, activated PECs are speculated to be pathogenic and comprise extracapillary proliferation in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and crescentic glomerulonephritis (CrescGN). The reparative and pathogenic roles of PECs seem to represent two sides of PEC behavior directed by the local milieu and mediators. 
  • 598
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Paraoxonases in Neurological Disorders
Paraoxonase enzymes serve as an important physiological redox system that participates in the protection against cellular injury caused by oxidative stress. The PON enzyme family consists of three members (PON-1, PON-2, and PON-3) that share a similar structure and location as a cluster on human chromosome 7. These enzymes exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with well-described roles in preventing cardiovascular disease. Perturbations in PON enzyme levels and their activity have also been linked with the development and progression of many neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 598
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
MiRNAs Predicting Response to Oesophageal Cancer Treatment
Oesophageal cancer (OC) is the ninth most common cancer worldwide. Patients receive neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) as standard of care, but less than 20% of patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) or a third of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, obtain a clinically meaningful response. Developing a method of determining a patient’s response to NAT before treatment will allow rational treatment decisions to be made, thus improving patient outcome and quality of life. MicroRNAs are valuable biomarkers of response to NAT in OC. Research is needed to understand the effects different types of chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy have on the predictive value of microRNAs; studies also require greater standardization in how response is defined. 
  • 597
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Myocardial Fibrosis
Chronic inflammation is a characteristic feature of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and considered a contributor to diastolic dysfunction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. This can trigger downstream effects that result in the increased release of pro-coagulant, pro-fibrotic, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, this can lead to an enhanced thrombotic state (by platelet activation), endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial fibrosis. Of note, Studies have revealed that myocardial fibrosis is emerging as a mediator of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related CVD. Together, such factors can eventually result in systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and an increased risk for CVD.
  • 596
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Let-7e Differentiates Stress-Resilient from Susceptible
Three strains of mice with various susceptibilities to restraint stress (RS), i.e., mice with a knocked out norepinephrine transporter gene (NET-KO), SWR/J and C57BL/6J (WT) mice were shown to serve as a good model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying different stress-coping strategies. We identified 14 miRNAs that were altered by RS in the PFC of these mice in a genotype-dependent manner, where the most interesting was let-7e. Further in silico analysis of its potential targets allowed us to identify five mRNAs (Bcl2l11, Foxo1, Pik3r1, Gab1 and Map2k4), and their level alterations were experimentally confirmed. A next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach, which was employed to find transcripts differentially expressed in the PFC of NET-KO and WT mice, showed that, among others, two additional mRNAs were regulated by mmu-let-7e, i.e., mRNAs that encode Kmt2d and Inf2. Since an increase in Bcl2l11 and Pik3r1 mRNAs upon RS in the PFC of WT mice resulted from the decrease in mmu-let-7e and mmu-miR-484 regulations, we postulated that MAPK, FoxO and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways were associated with stress resilience, although via different, genotype-dependent regulation of various mRNAs by let-7e and miR-484. However, a higher level of Kmt2d mRNA (regulated by let-7e) that was found with NGS analysis in the PFC of NET-KO mice indicated that histone methylation was also important for stress resilience. 
  • 594
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SWI/SNF Complex in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) exhibit a remarkable degree of plasticity, a characteristic that has intrigued cardiovascular researchers for decades. It has become increasingly evident that the chromatin remodeler SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex plays a pivotal role in orchestrating chromatin conformation, which is critical for gene regulation.
  • 594
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
SMIFH2 Targets
The discovery of small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) has provided a unique tool to explore formins’ functions from the molecular to the organismal scales. Due to the important pathophysiological roles of formins in eukaryotes, SMIFH2 has been widely used.
  • 594
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
BRCA1 and Metastasis: Outcome of Defective DNA Repair
BRCA1 has critical functions in accurately repairing double stand breaks in the DNA through a process known as homologous recombination. BRCA1 also has various functions in other cellular processes that safeguard the genome. Thus, mutations or silencing of this tumor suppressor significantly increases the risk of developing breast, ovarian, and other cancers. The objective of this review is to provide significant insights into the mechanisms by which BRCA1 mutations contribute to the metastatic and aggressive nature of the tumor cells. 
  • 592
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles and the Breast Cancer Microenvironment
Extracellular vesicles are an important mediator of BC-TME signalling. EVs are non-replicative, lipid bilayer-delimited particles that are naturally released from cells. They have been identified in virtually every physiological fluid and are released by nearly all cell types. EV cargo consists of a number of bioactive molecules, including nucleic acids, lipids and membrane-bound and cytosolic proteins. The uptake of EVs is able to influence cell behaviour and as such, EVs are known to be important signalling particles, as well as diagnostic, predictive and prognostic biomarkers in diseases. Although EVs can be categorised in a number of ways (e.g., based on size, cargo and biological role), they are most often classified based on their biogenesis, with exosomes and microvesicles being the most commonly discussed EV subtypes. Many other subtypes of EVs have been identified, including apoptotic bodies and oncosomes, however, knowledge of their specific roles in cell–cell communication is limited. Due to the lack of consensus on biomarkers for specific subtypes of EVs, this review will use the collective term EV where the biogenesis pathway has not been demonstrated directly, in accordance with the guidelines set by the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. 
  • 592
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
LncRNAs in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
lncRNAs are a novel class of functional RNA; the landscape of their mutations and variations is small as compared with other ncRNAs, not to mention mRNAs. However, the variability of lncRNA-encoding genes in the pathogenesis of human diseases, especially in cancer, is emerging (reviewed in the work of), but we have not found any association of lncRNA we described in this review with AMD. On the other hand, AMD is reported to associate with mutations in hundreds of genes, often in the form of polymorphisms, which should be considered in experimental studies and projection of therapeutic interventions (reviewed in the work of).
  • 589
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
p38γ MAPK in Physiology and Disease
p38γ MAPK (also called ERK6 or SAPK3) is a family member of stress-activated MAPKs and has common and specific roles as compared to other p38 proteins in signal transduction. In addition to inflammation, p38γ metabolic signaling is involved in physiological exercise and in pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. p38γphosphorylates at least 19 substrates through which p38γ activity is further modified to regulate life-important cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and transformation, thereby impacting biological outcomes of p38γ-driven pathogenesis. P38γ signaling is characterized by its unique reciprocal regulation with its specific phosphatase PTPH1 and by its direct binding to promoter DNAs, leading to transcriptional activation of targets including cancer-like stem cell drivers.
  • 587
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CGF Biomolecules
Concentrated Growth Factors (CGF) represent new autologous (blood-derived biomaterial), attracting growing interest in the field of regenerative medicine. 
  • 586
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of Angiogenesis by Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer
Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been identified as crucial regulators of various biological processes through epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional regulation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation and activation of non-coding RNAs are closely associated with tumor angiogenesis, a process essential for tumor growth and metastasis and a major contributor to cancer-related mortality. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor angiogenesis is of utmost importance. Numerous studies have documented the involvement of different types of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of angiogenesis. 
  • 583
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Non-Cellular Molecular Interactome in the Blood Circulation
Much like artificial nanoparticles, relatively more complex biological entities with nanometric dimensions such as pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms) may also acquire a biomolecular corona upon entering the blood circulation of an organism. 
  • 582
  • 28 Jun 2023
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