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Topic Review
Collagen Type I/III Turnover
The unique balance between the degradation activity of collagen specific MMPs and their natural tissue inhibitors indicates that TIMPs plays an important role in normal structural uterine changes during healthy pregnancy. Dysregulation of balance between MMPs and their TIMPs occurs in preeclampisa, leading to impaired fibrillar collagen type I and III turnover. This results in pathological changes in uterine structure and abnormal uterine ECM remodeling. MMP-1, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 are biomolecules, tightly involved in these processes. MMP-1, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 potential as preeclampsia biomarkers is very promising and possible clinical applications can hopefully be introduced soon.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
VBS1
VBS1 (Virtual Battlefield Systems 1) is a military simulator which relies heavily on modern game technology and is therefore generally referred to as a serious game. The platform is derived from the first-person entertainment game Operation Flashpoint and is developed by Bohemia Interactive Australia. The system enables the practice of small unit military tactics in an interactive multiplayer 3D environment. The platform provides real-time scenario management facilities, customized vehicles and equipment, user-definable mission scenarios, and variable environmental conditions. This combination of military simulator functionality and modern gaming technology proved to be a success and resulted in a broad military customer base. VBS2 is the successor of this platform.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dimethyltryptamine
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an indole alkaloid and a derivative of tryptamine (a metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan), which exists in many biological systems (endogenous substance) including plants and animals. DMT produces intense but short-lived (up to 30–60 min) psychedelic and hallucinogenic experiences. There is also increasing evidence that endogenous DMT plays a role in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), and it may act as a neurotransmitter by acting as a non-selective serotonin agonist principally on the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1A and 5-HT2A) receptors.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Biochar as Alternative Material for Heavy Metal Adsorption
Biochar is a specific carbon obtained by a pyrolysis process from different feedstocks, as an alternative material for heavy metal adsorption from groundwater. Many studies have been conducted regarding the application of innovative materials to water decontamination to develop a more sustainable approach to remediation processes. 
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
GNSS Time-Based Clustering Of Mobile Laser Scanning Data From Forest
Mobile laser scanning (MLS) is a progressive technology that has already demonstrated its ability to provide highly accurate measurements of road networks. Mobile innovation of the laser scanning has also found its use in forest mapping over the last decade. In most cases, existing methods for forest data acquisition using MLS result in misaligned scenes of the forest, scanned from different views appearing in one point cloud. These difficulties are caused mainly by forest canopy blocking the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal and limited access to the forest. We propose an approach to the processing of MLS data of forest scanned from different views with two mobile laser scanners under heavy canopy. Misaligned scenes of the forest acquired from different views were successfully extracted from the raw MLS point cloud using GNSS time-based point clustering. In order to align extracted MLS data acquired from different views under heavy forest canopy, the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm was used. An average misalignment of 7.2 mm was achieved for the point clouds aligned using ICP algorithm. DBH was estimated from the aligned MLS data using a simple circle-fitting method with a root-mean-square error of 3.06 cm.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive solid malignancies. The complex mechanism underlying the development and progression of PDAC includes interactions between genomic, epigenomic, and signaling pathway alterations. PDAC remains a devastating disease, despite extensive research efforts focused on the discovery of early diagnostic biomarkers and efficient therapeutic approaches, showing a high resistance to treatment that significantly contributes to poor survival. The success of epi-drugs in hematological malignancies and the robust body of evidence supporting the hypothesis about their ability to synergize with other anti-cancer drugs, sensitizing resistant tumor cells in preclinical models, have encouraged the search for these agents suitable for the future clinical management of PDAC.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas9
CRISPR-Cas9 is a simple two-component system that allows researchers to accurately edit any sequence in the genome of an organism. This is achieved by the guide RNA, which recognizes the target sequence, and the CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas) that cuts the targeted sequence.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cyclodextrins
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides artificially obtained from the union of glucose monomers linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. They are shaped as truncated cones due to the constitutional asymmetry of the glucopyranose rings. Their central cavity of the cone is lined with the skeletal carbons and ethereal oxygen of the glucose residues, which produce a hydrophobic zone that is capable of forming inclusion complexes with a variety of molecules. For this reason, a number of CDs have become everyday commodities in separation sciences, and so chemical aspects such as their structures or their intercalation mode have been more profoundly studied. The structural aspects of CDs can enable the improvement of different chromatographic separations, the enhancement of sensitivity, and the accuracy of analytical methods. 
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Organic winemaking and its subsets
The wine industry has evolved over time, and more so recently, to encompass many different subsets, one of which is the organic wine market. The organic wine industry has grown in recent years, especially in California. This rapid gain in interest has resulted in the evolution of several subsets, including biodynamic, natural, and clean wine. While biody-namic and natural wine, function more as a fulfillment of niche markets, clean wine may provide benefits for consumers that otherwise suffer from side effects of wine consumption. Low sulfite levels and lack of histamines in clean wine plausibly decrease headaches and adverse effects some consumers experience when drinking wine.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Manufacturing Practices
Sustainable manufacturing was defined as "the creation of manufactured products that use processes that minimize negative environmental impacts, conserve energy and natural resources, are safe for employees, communities, and consumers and are economically sound".
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Acoustic Emission Spectroscopy
Acoustic emission (AE) spectroscopy has become the method of choice in many fieldsbecause it is highly sensitive. For example, the AE system constructed by the Vallen company, Germany, has a sampling rate that can reach up to 10 MHz, an arrival time resolution of 100 ns, and an energy resolution of 1.8 × 10−18V2s (i.e., in the attojoule regime, aJ) referred to sensor signal at 34 dB preamplifier gain.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Millet-Based Diet Improves the Growth of Children
Millets (defined broadly to include sorghum) are traditional staple foods, and climate smart nutritious crops, which are grown across Africa and Asia, they have not been mainstreamed globally like rice, wheat, and maize. Diversifying staples with millets can potentially provide more macro and micro nutrients, compared to the mainstream staples that are also often refined. However, there had been little known scientific evidence to prove millets’ efficacy on growth. 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Uncoupling Proteins in Obesity Mice Models
Obesity and accompanying type 2 diabetes are among major and increasing worldwide problems that occur fundamentally due to excessive energy intake during its expenditure. Endotherms continuously consume a certain amount of energy to maintain core body temperature via thermogenic processes, mainly in brown adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle glucose utilization and heat production are significant and directly linked to body glucose homeostasis at rest, and especially during physical activity. However, this glucose balance is impaired in diabetic and obese states in humans and mice, and manifests as glucose resistance and altered muscle cell metabolism. Uncoupling proteins have a significant role in converting electrochemical energy into thermal energy without ATP generation. Different homologs of uncoupling proteins were identified, and their roles were linked to antioxidative activity and boosting glucose and lipid metabolism. From this perspective, uncoupling proteins were studied in correlation to the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity and their possible treatments. Mice were extensively used as model organisms to study the physiology and pathophysiology of energy homeostasis. However, researchers should be aware of interstrain differences in mice models of obesity regarding thermogenesis and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles. 
  • 1.7K
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Flying Disc Games
Flying disc games are games played with discs, often called by the trademarked name Frisbees. Ultimate and disc golf are sports with substantial international followings.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fundamental Principles in Electromotive Enhanced Drug Administration
Local-regional administration of cytotoxic drugs is an important adjunct to systemic chemotherapy amongst cancer patients. It allows for targeted delivery of agents at high concentration to target sites while minimizing systemic side effects. Despite the pharmacokinetic advantages of the local–regional approach, drug transport into tumor nodules remains limited due to the biophysical properties of these tissues. Electromotive enhanced drug administration (EMDA) represents a potential solution to overcome challenges in local drug transport by applying electric currents. Through electrokinetic phenomena of electromigration, electroosmosis and electroporation, electric currents have been shown to improve drug penetration and distribution in a wide variety of clinical applications.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biological and Hydrobiological Background of Pond Carp Breeding
In the Central European region, there is a long tradition of breeding fish in artificially constructed ponds. As the area belongs to the temperate zone, farmed fish need to survive cold winter periods. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which is an omnivorous, bioturbating species, is well adapted to warm and cold periods and the alluvial water environment. Since the Middle Ages, a large scale, efficient carp farming methodology has been developed in the region, where production is based on natural resources (protein and fatty acid sources) of renewable water ecosystems.
  • 1.7K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Embraer Legacy 500
The Embraer Legacy 500/450 (EMB-550/EMB-545) are Brazilian mid-size business jets launched by Embraer in April 2008, the first of their size with a flat-floor stand-up cabin and fly-by-wire. The longer 500, which typically carries 4 passengers over 3,125 nmi (5,790 km) with room for up to 12, first flew on November 27, 2012, and was certified on August 12, 2014. The shorter 450 first flew on December 28, 2013, was certified on August 11, 2015, carries 4 passengers over 2,900 nmi (5,370 km) and can accommodate up to 9.
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Phosphorus Dendrimers as Physical Hydrogels and Their Properties
Hydrogels are hydrophilic, three-dimensional networks able to imprison large amounts of water and are largely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Hydrogels are frequently obtained from hydrophilic polymers, either natural, biohybrid, or synthetic. Phosphorus dendrimers possessing high multivalency provide the favorable positioning of functional groups at the surface, as well as cavities, in the three-dimensional organization of the scaffold and, therefore, can be considered potential gelators. The internal structure of phosphorus dendrimers is hydrophobic, whereas their terminal functions can be positively or negatively charged; thus, the whole structure becomes amphiphilic. 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics to Control Biofilm Formation in Food Industries
Microorganisms tend to adhere to food contact surfaces and form biofilms, which serve as reservoirs for bacteria that can contaminate food. As part of a biofilm, bacteria are protected from the stressful conditions found during food processing and become tolerant to antimicrobials, including traditional chemical sanitisers and disinfectants. Several studies in the food industry have shown that probiotics can prevent attachment and the consequent biofilm formation by spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. It shows that the use of probiotics is a promising approach to disrupt biofilms formed by a large spectrum of foodborne microorganisms, with Lactiplantibacillus and Lacticaseibacillus being the most tested genera, both in the form of probiotic cells and as sources of cell-free supernatant.
  • 1.7K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
The Role of TNF-α in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that represents the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine, has attracted attention due to its multifaceted and still not fully characterized role in AD and the fact that it could potentially represent a future therapeutic target. Indeed, TNF-α has many roles, not only in inflammation, but also in cell death and proliferation, and is crucial in maintaining CNS homeostasis. TNF-α is primarily produced by microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in response to various stimuli. Although TNF-α has a fundamental role in modulating excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier permeability, regulation of oligodendrocyte survival, myelin formation and repair, its excessive or dysregulated production can have detrimental effects on neuronal health, contributing to the development of neurodegeneration.
  • 1.7K
  • 04 Jan 2024
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