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Topic Review
CHD8 and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) encompasses a spectrum of early-onset neurodevelopmental disorders with an estimated prevalence of ~1.5% in developed countries. Patients present early deficits in social interaction and communication, repetitive patterns of behavior, and restricted interests and activities.Chromodomain helicase domain 8 (CHD8) is one of the most frequently mutated and most penetrant genes in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Individuals with CHD8 mutations show leading symptoms of autism, macrocephaly, and facial dysmorphisms. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning the early onset and development of these symptoms are still poorly understood and prevent timely and more efficient therapies of patients.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Evolution of Innovation Ecosystems
Despite the rising interest in smart city initiatives worldwide, governmental theories along with the managerial perspectives of city planning are greatly lacking in the literature. It is definitely understandable that the adoption of configurational pathways toward the ‘smart’ ‘governance’ models is required as a key factor and smartness’ facilitator in modern cities.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Exercise Strategies of Athletes during COVID-19
Elite athletes use high-intensity training to maintain their fitness level. However, intense training can harm the immune system, making athletes suspectable to COVID-19 and negatively affecting their performance. Although high-intensity exercise can suppress the immune system, elite athletes should not stop training in the time of infection but use low- and moderate-intensity training. Moderate-intensity exercise can improve immune function and maintain physical fitness. In addition, it is also better for athletes not to undertake high-intensity training at the time of vaccination, but instead perform moderate to low-intensity training.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hormones for Superovulation in Sheep
Superovulation is typically achieved using gonadotropic hormone preparations that promote the development of subordinate follicles in order to ovulate, or through inhibin immunization to eliminate the inhibitory mechanism of the dominant follicle. Various gonadotropic preparations (FSH and eCG) are widely applied to induce superovulation in sheep. Other hormones, such as horse anterior pituitary (HAP) extracts, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) have also been applied, although less frequently, during sheep superovulation.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Conventional Roller Compaction Method
As an empirical control method, the conventional compaction has the characteristics of manual driving, construction site supervision, manual recording, and sampling point detection. Currently, conventional compaction methods can be divided into four types: sampling point detection, prediction and simulation analysis, construction site supervision, and influencing factor analysis. In actual engineering, conventional compaction methods mainly rely on the manual control of compaction parameters (such as the number of compaction times, compaction trajectory, vibration frequency, lift thickness, and driving speed) during construction, as well as the sampling point detection (such as compactness or dry density) of specified locations after construction to ensure compaction quality of earthwork.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Burt’s Solar Compass
Burt's solar compass is a surveying instrument that makes use of the sun's direction instead of magnetism. William Austin Burt invented his solar compass in 1835. It is a device which allows a person to find the north direction from the position of a shadow. The reason for this instrument was to get away from the erratic readings of a normal magnetized compass when in a local land territory of high iron ore content. The instrument was found to be so accurate that it was the choice of the United States government when surveying public lands, state boundaries, and railroad routes. It won awards from various organizations for its technology. It was used by surveyors from the nineteenth century into the twentieth century.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Slender Glass Lizard
The slender glass lizard (Ophisaurus attenuatus) is a legless lizard in the Glass Lizard subfamily (Anguinae) The species is endemic to the United States. Two subspecies are recognized. The lizard was originally believed to be a subspecies of the eastern glass lizard (Ophisaurus ventralis). Their name comes from their easily broken tail which they can break off themselves without ever being touched. It is difficult to find a specimen with an undamaged tail. The lizard eats a variety of insects and small animals, including smaller lizards. Snakes and other animals are known to prey on the species. Humans have a part in destroying their environment and killing their food supply with insecticides. The lizard is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), though it is vulnerable in Iowa and endangered in Wisconsin. It is important to note that the streamlined, legless species is often confused with snakes. Glass Lizards, however, differ from snakes as they possess a moveable eyelid, which is absent in snakes. Another way to distinguish glass lizards from snakes is the presence of an external ear opening, which are absent in snakes.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Influence of Web Holes on Cold-Formed Steel Members
The use of cold-formed steel (CFS) members in structural engineering has been on the increase recently due to a wide range of benefits. The placement of electrical and/or plumbing installations within the floor or wall thickness requires that members are being manufactured with holes along the web, inevitably affecting their resistance.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Major High-Voltage Insulator Contamination Level Classification Techniques
Insulators are considered one of the most significant parts of power systems which can affect the overall performance of high-voltage (HV) transmission lines and substations. High-voltage insulators are critical for the successful operation of HV overhead transmission lines, and a failure in any insulator due to contamination can lead to flashover voltage, which will cause a power outage. The electrical performance of HV insulators is highly environment sensitive. The main cause of these flashovers in the industrial, agricultural, desert, and coastal areas, is the insulator contamination caused by unfavorable climatic conditions such as dew, fog, or rain. The different methods adopted to identify the contamination level on high-voltage insulators are discussed.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coating
Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) is an effective surface modification method for producing ceramic oxide layers on metals and their alloys. Although inorganic electrolytes are widely used in PEO, the organic additives have received considerable interest in the last decade due to their roles in improving the final voltage and controlling spark discharging, which lead to significant improvements in the performance of the obtained coatings. 
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Plasmin/Plasminogen System in Tumor Microenvironment
Plasmin is an enzyme which is responsible for digesting several proteins that hold the tissues surrounding solid tumors together.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Platelet Factor 4
Antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), a protein released from alpha-granules of activated platelets, may cause a number of pathophysiological conditions. The most commonly known is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), which develops in a small proportion of people treated with the anticoagulant drug heparin.
  • 1.7K
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis
Aphthous stomatitis, or recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS), is a common condition characterized by the repeated formation of benign and non-contagious mouth ulcers (aphthae) in otherwise healthy individuals. The informal term canker sore is also used, mainly in North America, although it may also refer to other types of mouth ulcers. The cause is not completely understood but involves a T cell-mediated immune response triggered by a variety of factors which may include nutritional deficiencies, local trauma, stress, hormonal influences, allergies, genetic predisposition, certain foods, dehydration, or some food additives. These ulcers occur periodically and heal completely between attacks. In the majority of cases, the individual ulcers last about 7–10 days, and ulceration episodes occur 3–6 times per year. Most appear on the non-keratinizing epithelial surfaces in the mouth – i.e. anywhere except the attached gingiva, the hard palate and the dorsum of the tongue – although the more severe forms, which are less common, may also involve keratinizing epithelial surfaces. Symptoms range from a minor nuisance to interfering with eating and drinking. The severe forms may be debilitating, even causing weight loss due to malnutrition. The condition is very common, affecting about 20% of the general population to some degree. The onset is often during childhood or adolescence, and the condition usually lasts for several years before gradually disappearing. There is no cure, and treatments such as corticosteroids aim to manage pain, reduce healing time and reduce the frequency of episodes of ulceration.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mobile Robot Path Planning
One of the most significant processes in the autonomous navigation is path planning. Path planning involves the determination of a possible path for a mobile robot to move from a start to a target location in a particular environment while considering optimization parameters like path distance, time and path smoothness. Mobile robot path planning is a subcategory of trajectory planning.
  • 1.7K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vallis (Planetary Geology)
Vallis or valles /ˈvælɪs/ (plural valles /ˈvæliːz/) is the Latin word for valley. It is used in planetary geology to name landform features on other planets. Scientists used vallis for old river valleys they discovered when they sent the first probes to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; finding huge river valleys in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas, called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
  • 1.7K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Lonicera japonica Polysaccharides
Lonicera japonica Thunb. is a widely distributed plant with ornamental, economic, edible, and medicinal values. L. japonica is a phytoantibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and a potent therapeutic effect on various infectious diseases. The anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer’s disease, anti-depression, antioxidative, immunoregulatory, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-gout, and anti-alcohol-addiction effects of L. japonica can also be explained by bioactive polysaccharides isolated from this plant.
  • 1.7K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Sociology of Hope
This paper attempts to clarify some of the aspects and dynamics that appear particularly significant when embarking on a path that can lay the foundation for a broader reflection on the “sociology of hope”. This path will be outlined starting from the development of the concept of hope in the social sciences through an analysis of the existing literature within a specific field of study. It will continue with a systematic synthesis of those sociological studies that have led to a “dialogue” with the concept of hope and that, most often directly or indirectly, have considered hope as a force that mobilizes individuals and social groups to action. The final stage of this path will be reserved for presenting the debate that has opened in recent years around the sociology of hope, both critically and constructively, to provide recommendations for future research that, in line with this perspective, aims to study how to improve the world.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-ZnO Nanocomposites for Fruits Preservation
Safe coating and film are produced from layer-forming material such as gelling agents. They are favored to be used in food packaging applications as they are made from edible material and can act as gases barrier for prolonging the shelf life of food. Even though both safe coating and film have those similarities, they have differences with respect to their application to food products. The edible film is wrapping materials that are applied to food products separately. Meanwhile, the safe coating is a thin material that is used directly on the food products. Hence, despite both safe coating and film may be produced from the same gelling agent, their characteristics may differ significantly which adjust to the food properties that need to be protected. For applying to fruit, the safe coating becomes one of the prime concerns because of its ability to slow down the ripening process, reduce microbial growth, and maintain the physicochemical properties of fruits.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Hyperbaric Oxygenation
Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) denotes breathing of 100% oxygen under elevated ambient pressure.It may be used in the therapy of burns. 
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Carotenoids from Fungi and Yeasts
Carotenoids are an essential group of compounds that may be obtained by microbiological synthesis. They are instrumental in various areas of industry, medicine, agriculture, and ecology.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Mar 2021
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