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Topic Review
Parental Influences on Children’s Eating Behaviours
Children's eating behaviours are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Parents appear to play a pivotal role in their development as the main responsible for shaping their children’s feeding environment and eating experiences. This influence begins even before birth, with exposure in utero, and continues throughout childhood, as parents provide the foods offered and interact with their children during mealtimes. However, the parent-child relationship is likely reciprocal as children's behaviours can also influence parental choices.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
HIV–Host Cell Interactions
The development of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) was a great milestone in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. ARVs suppress viral activity in the host cell, thus minimizing injury to the cells and prolonging life. However, an effective treatment has remained elusive for four decades due to the successful immune evasion mechanisms of the virus.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 May 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of Green Roofs on Runoff Quantity
Green roofs are becoming popular in urban areas due to their potential benefits, including energy efficiency, urban heat island mitigation, and stormwater management. However, their water consumption can negatively impact water resources. Therefore, carefully managing the water consumption of green roofs is crucial to ensure they do not exacerbate existing water scarcity issues. Using integrated technologies and sensing systems can increase water management efficiency and sustainability.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders
Vitamin D is a secosteroid with a pleiotropic role in multiple physiological processes. Besides the well-known activity on bone homeostasis, recent studies suggested a peculiar role of vitamin D in different non-skeletal pathways, including a key role in the modulation of immune responses. Recent evidences demonstrated that vitamin D acts on innate and adaptative immunity and seems to exert an immunomodulating action on autoimmune diseases. Several studies demonstrated a relationship between vitamin D deficiency and autoimmune thyroid disorders. This topic review aims to summarize the evidences on the immunomodulatory effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Oils in Feed and Egg Quality
Eggs are a valuable source of protein and fat in the human diet. Due to continuous improvement in the production performance of laying hens, the requirements regarding the feed energy of laying hens are increasing. Oils, which are the main energy sources in feed, exert a substantial effect on the production performance and egg quality of laying hens.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Electrode Array Design
Cochlear implants are neural implant devices that aim to restore hearing in patients with severe sensorineural hearing impairment.
  • 1.7K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Free-Carrier-Depletion-Based Phase Shifter
Free-carrier-dispersion-based phase shifters are favored in the field of telecommunications and data centers due to their high modulation speed and low power consumption. Based on the working mechanism, free-carrier-dispersion-based phase shifters fall into three categories: carrier injection, carrier depletion, and carrier accumulation.
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Alginate-Based Hydrogels and Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications
Alginate is a natural polymer of marine origin and, due to its exceptional properties, has great importance as an essential component for the preparation of hydrogels and scaffolds for biomedical applications. The design of biologically interactive hydrogels and scaffolds with advanced, expected and required properties are one of the key issues for successful outcomes in the healing of injured tissues. This review paper presents the multifunctional biomedical applications of alginate-based hydrogels and scaffolds in selected areas, highlighting the key effect of alginate and its influence on the essential properties of the selected biomedical applications. 
  • 1.7K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gallium Nitride Power Devices
Gallium nitride (GaN) possesses remarkable characteristics such as a wide bandgap, high critical electric field, robust antiradiation properties, and a high saturation velocity for high-power devices. These attributes position GaN as a pivotal material for the development of power devices.
  • 1.7K
  • 30 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrases
Carbonic anhydrases are of fundamental importance for dynamics of both intracellular and extracellular pH in tumors.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Biomass-Derived 2,3-Butanediol and Its Application in Biofuels Production
2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) is an important biomass-derived platform chemical with various applications. The biological conversion of renewable carbon sources with bacteria or yeasts is a sustainable way to produce 2,3-BDO. Various carbon sources including glucose, glycerol, molasses and lignocellulose hydrolysate have been used for 2,3-BDO production, and the 2,3-BDO concentration in the fermentation broth can be higher than 150 g/L by optimizing the operating parameters with fed-batch operations. Various derivatives can be produced from 2,3-BDO, including isobutyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), diacetyl, etc.; among these, there is a large market demand for MEK and 1,3-butadiene each year. Some of the derivatives can be used as fuel additives or to produce biofuels. Generally, there are three ways to produce hydrocarbon fuels from 2,3-BDO, which are via the steps of dehydration, carbon chain extension, and hydrogenation (or hydrodeoxygenation), with MEK or 1,3-butadiene as the intermediates. C8–C16 alkanes can be produced by these routes, which can be potentially used as bio-jet fuels.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Nanotechnology is defined as a new technology for making applicable matters, systems and devices using nanosized materials, as well as new phenomena and properties at the nanoscale (1–100 nanometers) [1]. Adding certain Nanoparticles (NPs) to injection solutions can significantly benefit enhanced oil recovery (EOR), with advantages such as wettability alternation, changes in fluid properties, improving the trapped oil mobility, enhancing the consolidation of sands and decreasing the interfacial tension (IFT) 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Sep 2020
Topic Review
EGFR Signaling Pathways in Glioma
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification is a characteristic of the classical subtype of glioma.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Proteins (RBPs)
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are multi-faceted proteins in the regulation of RNA or its RNA splicing, localisation, stability, and translation.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Malnutrition
Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake and/or use of energy and/or nutrients. Malnutrition in the form of undernutrition affects millions of people across the world, especially children living in developing countries. The major cause of malnutrition is inadequate access to food combined with infections causing diarrhoea. Recent advances in our understanding of the gut microbiota have shown a link between dietary intake and gut microbiota that may affect nutritional status; this suggests a potential link between the gut microbiota and malnutrition. Thus, intervention strategies that target the gut microbiota may offer an enhanced approach for combating malnutrition with respect to those traditionally employed (such as treatment with ready-to-use therapeutic food only). 
  • 1.7K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials Application in Endodontics
The medical procedures in endodontics are time-consuming and mostly require several visits to be able to achieve the proper result. In this field of dentistry, there are still major issues about the removal of the mostly bacterial infection from the dental root canals. It has been confirmed that nanoparticles are much more efficient than traditional materials and appear to have superior properties when it comes to surface chemistry and bonding. Their unique antibacterial properties are also promising features in every medical procedure, especially in endodontics. High versatility of use of nanomaterials makes them a powerful tool in dental clinics, in a plethora of endodontic procedures, including pulp regeneration, drug delivery, root repair, disinfection, obturation and canal filling. 
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Food Delivery Couriers and Urban Public Space
Food delivery couriers are a new type of worker created in modern cities within the background of a sharing economy. As a form of gig worker, they shuttle through the streets and take charge of order distribution for digital labor platforms. Food delivery couriers use the atriums and streets of their community neighborhood as their places of work and rest, occupying the public spaces that belonged to the original residents. Additionally, this phenomenon sets off a chain reaction which not only creates conflicts with the activities and passage of residents, creating time–space interlinkages, but also exerts profound influence on the economic and population structure of the region. 
  • 1.7K
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Social Proof
Social proof is a psychological and social phenomenon wherein people copy the actions of others in an attempt to undertake behavior in a given situation. The term was coined by Robert Cialdini in his 1984 book Influence: Science and Practice, and the concept is also known as informational social influence. Social proof is considered prominent in ambiguous social situations where people are unable to determine the appropriate mode of behavior, and is driven by the assumption that the surrounding people possess more knowledge about the current situation. The effects of social influence can be seen in the tendency of large groups to conform. This is referred to in some publications as the herd behavior. Although social proof reflects a rational motive to take into account the information possessed by others, formal analysis shows that it can cause people to converge too quickly upon a single distinct choice, so that decisions of even larger groups of individuals may be grounded in very little information (see information cascades). Social proof is one type of conformity. When a person is in a situation where they are unsure of the correct way to behave, they will often look to others for clues concerning the correct behavior. When "we conform because we believe that others' interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more accurate than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action", it is informational social influence. This is contrasted with normative social influence wherein a person conforms to be liked or accepted by others. Social proof often leads not only to public compliance (conforming to the behavior of others publicly without necessarily believing it is correct) but also private acceptance (conforming out of a genuine belief that others are correct). Social proof is more powerful when being accurate is more important and when others are perceived as especially knowledgeable. In 2020, a young scientist from Poland , Michal Klichowski, proved that this phenomenon also applies to interactions with artificial intelligence. His results show a new AI proof mechanism: AI that people have more and more contact with is becoming a new source of information about how to behave and what decisions to take.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thrombosis
Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting") is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a blood vessel (a vein or an artery) is injured, the body uses platelets (thrombocytes) and fibrin to form a blood clot to prevent blood loss. Even when a blood vessel is not injured, blood clots may form in the body under certain conditions. A clot, or a piece of the clot, that breaks free and begins to travel around the body is known as an embolus. Thrombosis may occur in veins (venous thrombosis) or in arteries (arterial thrombosis). Venous thrombosis (sometimes called DVT) leads to a blood clot in the affected part of the body, while arterial thrombosis (and, rarely, severe venous thrombosis) affects the blood supply and leads to damage of the tissue supplied by that artery (ischemia and necrosis). A piece of either an arterial or a venous thrombus can break off as an embolus, which could then travel through the circulation and lodge somewhere else as an embolism. This type of embolism is known as a thromboembolism. Complications can arise when a venous thromboembolism (commonly called a VTE) lodges in the lung as a pulmonary embolism. An arterial embolus may travel further down the affected blood vessel, where it can lodge as an embolism.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
International Space Station Program
The International Space Station program is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. These agreements tie together the five space agencies and their respective International Space Station programs and govern how they interact with each other on a daily basis to maintain station operations, from traffic control of spacecraft to and from the station, to utilization of space and crew time. In March 2010, the International Space Station Program Managers from each of the five partner agencies were presented with Aviation Week's Laureate Award in the Space category, and NASA's International Space Station Program was awarded the 2009 Collier Trophy.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 Nov 2022
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