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Topic Review
Avian Sex Reversal
Sex determination and differentiation are processes by which a bipotential gonad adopts either a testicular or ovarian cell fate, and secondary sexual characteristics adopt either male or female developmental patterns. In birds, although genetic factors control the sex determination program, sex differentiation is sensitive to hormones, which can induce sex reversal when disturbed. Although these sex-reversed birds can form phenotypes opposite to their genotypes, none can experience complete sex reversal or produce offspring under natural conditions. Promising evidence indicates that the incomplete sex reversal is associated with cell autonomous sex identity (CASI) of avian cells, which is controlled by genetic factors. 
  • 1.7K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Digital Economy and Sustainability
The digital economy is defined as the global network of economic activities, professional interactions, and commercial exchanges facilitated by information and communication technologies (ICT). It indicates the world’s transition to the fourth industrial revolution. Technologies such as big data and analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, cloud computing, and virtual reality are changing the business landscape. The technologies that characterize the digital economy contribute to sustainable development, providing innovations that help improve people’s standard of living and providing advanced techniques to protect the planet, ensuring organizational profitability.
  • 1.7K
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Norma
Norma, Latin for "the square," is a small southern constellation located in the Milky Way. Despite its diminutive size and lack of bright stars, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Auxin Response Factors
Auxin response factors (ARFs) are an important family of transcription factors in the auxin signaling pathway that are involved in the exertion of auxin in plants and play a key role in regulating plant growth and development.
  • 1.7K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Carinthian Plebiscite, 1920
The Carinthian plebiscite (German: Kärntner Volksabstimmung, Slovene: Koroški plebiscit) was held on 10 October 1920 in the area predominantly settled by Carinthian Slovenes. It determined the final southern border between the Republic of Austria and the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia) after World War I.
  • 1.7K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
cGAS–Sting Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease
There is mounting evidence that the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) interacts extensively with immunological processes in the brain and extends beyond the neuronal compartment. Accumulation of misfolded proteins can activate an innate immune response that releases inflammatory mediators and increases the severity and course of the disease. It is widely known that type-I interferon-driven neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) accelerates the development of numerous acute and chronic CNS diseases. It is becoming better understood how the cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) and its adaptor protein Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) triggers type-I IFN-mediated neuroinflammation.
  • 1.7K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
InN SAs for Ultrafast Lasers
New fabrication methods are strongly demanded for the development of thin-film saturable absorbers with improved optical properties (absorption band, modulation depth, nonlinear optical response). In this sense, we investigate the performance of indium nitride (InN) epitaxial layers with low residual carrier concentration (<1018 cm^-3), which results in improved performance at telecom wavelengths (1560 nm). These materials have demonstrated a huge modulation depth of 23% and a saturation fluence of 830 uJ/cm2, and a large saturable absorption around -3 x10^4 cm/GW has been observed, attaining an enhanced, nonlinear change in transmittance. We have studied the use of such InN layers as semiconductor saturable absorber mirrors (SESAMs) for an erbium (Er)-doped fiber laser to perform mode-locking generation at 1560 nm. We demonstrate highly stable, ultrashort (134 fs) pulses with an energy of up to 5.6 nJ.a
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Dec 2020
Topic Review
FBLN5 Gene
Fibulin 5: The FBLN5 gene provides instructions for making a protein called fibulin-5. 
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts, the most abundant cells in the connective tissue, are key modulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition.
  • 1.7K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Riboswitches
Riboswitches reside in the 5'- untranslated region of RNA and regulate genes involved in the homeostasis of molecules or Ions they bind to. Since their discovery at the beginning of this century, some of the riboswitches have been regarded as potential antibacterial targets due to their role in the regulation of the homeostasis of the essential metabolites. The pharmacological potential of such riboswitches is being explored u various approaches which include fragment screening, high-throughput screening and rational ligand design guided by X-ray crystallography.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogenases in Plants
Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible oxidation of H2, and are found in many organisms, including plants. One of the cellular effects of H2 is the selective removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), specifically hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. Therefore, the function of hydrogenases and the action of H2 needs to be reviewed in the context of the signalling roles of a range of redox active compounds. Enzymes can be controlled by the covalent modification of thiol groups, and although motifs targeted by nitric oxide (NO) can be predicted in hydrogenases sequences it is likely that the metal prosthetic groups are the target of inhibition.
  • 1.7K
  • 25 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Composite Films
The healing of wounds is still one of the challenging clinical problems for which an efficient and fast treatment is needed. Therefore, recent studies have created a new generation of wound dressings which can accelerate the wound healing process with minimum side effects. Chitosan, a natural biopolymer, is an attractive candidate for preparing biocompatible dressings. The biodegradability, non-toxicity and antibacterial activity of chitosan have made it a promising biopolymer for treating wounds. Graphene oxide has also been considered by researchers as a non-toxic, inexpensive, and biocompatible material for wound healing applications. This review discusses the potential use of chitosan/graphene oxide composite films and their application in wound dressing and drug delivery systems. 
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Camelids' Milk
Camel milk has always represented an important food for nomadic people in the arid parts of the world; recently, camel milk attracted great attention as a possible replacer to dairy cow’s milk because of its therapeutic effects. The use of alternative milk for feeding children can be effective in reducing the development of gastrointestinal disorders.
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biomimetic Implant Surfaces
The increased use of dental implants in oral rehabilitation has been followed by the development of new biomaterials as well as improvements in the performance of biomaterials already in use inspired by the properties of the tissues to be replaced. An implant is considered osseointegrated when there is no relative movement between the implant and the bone and no symptoms under a loading force. It is now known that surface topography is one of the key biomimetic factors that can directly affect the proliferation, structure, and alignment of human cells and their function and is also considered to be a critical determinant of cell adhesion.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
List of Minerals Approved by IMA (G)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter G. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Risks of Mobile Phones for Children and Teenagers
Mobile phones have become ubiquitous in modern society, with many children and teenagers using them on a daily basis. However, there are growing concerns about the potential health risks associated with mobile phone use, particularly among young people. The risks of mobile phones for children and teenagers, including the potential for radiation exposure, impact on mental health, and effects on sleep were described. The strategies for reducing these risks and promoting safe mobile phone use among young people, as well as the countries and governments that are taking action to address this issue were discussed.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Application of Atomic Force Microscopy in Membrane Fouling
Membrane separation technology has emerged as the preferred method for producing clean water during wastewater treatment and desalination. This preference is attributed to the high separation accuracy, energy efficiency, lack of secondary pollution, and ease of operation of the technology. Membrane fouling is a key obstacle in membrane applications, including ultrafiltration (UF), microfiltration (MF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). Membrane fouling is a particularly serious problem in the pre-treatment processes of industrial wastewater, leading to poor water quality and increased operating costs. A thorough understanding of fouling formation and properties is required in wastewater treatment using membranes and contributes to slowing down membrane fouling and implementing appropriate control measures. In response, extensive foundational investigations of membrane fouling have been conducted, with researchers seeking to clarify primary foulants, membrane–foulant interactions, and potential fouling mitigation techniques.
  • 1.7K
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
NHRE Deployment
Despite globally progressing energy transition, the deployment of non-hydropower renewable energy (NHRE) in developing countries varies by country and overall is moderate. This entry aims to explain why developing economies with significant challenges in the energy sector are not actively engaged in NHRE diffusion. In doing so, the entry reviews scholarly work on renewable energy (RE) deployment in developing countries and presents a two-stage analytical framework for assessing the NHRE development status. The procedure helps assess the current situation in the national energy sectors in connection to their economic growth and development, environmental sustainability and energy security. At the next stage, the framework lets analyse the preparedness of the national energy sectors for NHRE diffusion. The analysis spans six dimensions: structure of energy sector, RE regulation, institutions and governance, capital and investment, infrastructure and business environment, and human capital. The two-stage analytical framework assists in checking the hypothesis that more advanced economically and institutionally countries are more likely to commence NHRE development.
  • 1.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Baraitser-Winter Syndrome
Baraitser-Winter syndrome is a condition that affects the development of many parts of the body, particularly the face and the brain.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Hydrogels in Hand Sanitizers
Hand hygiene can be considered a strategic key useful in the containment of infections such as COVID-19 both at home and in communities because it can dramatically reduce the widespread outbreak of infections. 
  • 1.7K
  • 08 May 2021
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