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Topic Review
Clinical Applications of CT Body Composition
CT body composition analysis has been shown to play an important role in predicting health and has the potential to improve patient outcomes if implemented clinically. 
  • 784
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), especially deep learning (DL), have facilitated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data analysis, enabling AI-assisted medical image diagnoses and prognoses. However, most of the DL models are considered as “black boxes”. There is an unmet need to demystify DL models so domain experts can trust these high-performance DL models. This has resulted in a sub-domain of AI research called explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). 
  • 778
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Imaging Features of Plantar Vein Thrombosis
Plantar vein thrombosis is a venous disorder affecting deep plantar veins that can manifest with non-specific localized pain, plantar foot pain, swelling, and sensation of fullness. Plantar veins are not routinely assessed during sonographic scans for deep venous thrombosis, which makes plantar venous thrombosis a commonly missed diagnosis. 
  • 775
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence for Liver Transplant with Hepatocarcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary malignant hepatic tumor and occurs most often in the setting of chronic liver disease. Liver transplantation is a curative treatment option and is an ideal solution because it solves the chronic underlying liver disorder while removing the malignant lesion. Artificial intelligence is an emerging technology with multiple applications in medicine with a predilection for domains that work with medical imaging, like radiology. With the help of these technologies, laborious tasks can be automated, and new lesion imaging criteria can be developed based on pixel-level analysis.
  • 768
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Multidetector CT Imaging Biomarkers in Shock
A severe mismatch between the supply and demand of oxygen is the common sequela of all types of shock, which present a mortality of up to 80%. Various organs play a protective role in shock and contribute to whole-body homeostasis. The ever-increasing number of multidetector CT examinations in severely ill and sometimes unstable patients leads to more frequently encountered findings leading to imminent death, together called “hypovolemic shock complex”. Features on CT include dense opacification of the right heart and major systemic veins, venous layering of contrast material and blood, densely opacified parenchyma in the right hepatic lobe, decreased enhancement of the abdominal organ, a dense pulmonary artery, contrast pooling in dependent lungs, and contrast stasis in pulmonary veins. These findings are biomarkers and prognostic indicators of paramount importance which stratify risk and improve patient outcomes.
  • 768
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
FLASH Radiotherapy
FLASH radiotherapy (RT) is considered one of the most promising revolutions in radiation oncology, placing itself at the intersection of technology, physics, and biology. The unique healthy tissue-sparing effect and, at the same time, the equivalent tumor response have already been identified in vivo for multiple organ systems, such as the lung, brain, skin, intestine, and blood, and even in the first human patient.
  • 761
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Post-Translational Modifications in DNA Damage Response
DNA damage in astronauts induced by cosmic radiation poses a major barrier to human space exploration. Cellular responses and repair of the most lethal DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are crucial for genomic integrity and cell survival. Post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and SUMOylation, are among the regulatory factors modulating a delicate balance and choice between predominant DSB repair pathways, such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Researchers focused on the engagement of proteins in the DNA damage response (DDR) modulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation, including ATM, DNA-PKcs, CtIP, MDM2, and ubiquitin ligases. The involvement and function of acetylation, methylation, PARylation, and their essential proteins were also investigated, providing a repository of candidate targets for DDR regulators. However, there is a lack of radioprotectors in spite of their consideration in the discovery of radiosensitizers. 
  • 755
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Tissue Section-Based Immune Profiling
Technologies based on tissue sections are amongst the most common tools used for both morphologic and molecular characterization of cancers. These tools provide several unique advantages, most notably the preservation of spatial information. Furthermore, many of these assays can be performed on archival tissue, allowing for the post hoc analysis of preserved paraffin embedded samples in tissue banks. 
  • 754
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Imaging of Skull Base Tumors
The skull base provides a platform for supporting the brain while serving as a conduit for major neurovascular structures. In addition to malignant lesions originating in the skull base, there are many benign entities and developmental variants that may simulate disease. Therefore, a basic understanding of the relevant embryology is essential. Lesions centered in the skull base can extend to the adjacent intracranial and extracranial compartments; conversely, the skull base can be secondarily involved by primary extracranial and intracranial disease. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the mainstay imaging methods and are complementary in the evaluation of skull base lesions. 
  • 747
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CEUS-Detected Spleen Abnormalities in Dogs and Cats
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a noninvasive imaging technique that utilizes contrast agents consisting of microbubbles/nanobubbles of gas to enhance ultrasound imaging, allowing for assessment of the size, shape, texture, and vascularity of several organs. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an emerging technology in veterinary medicine involving the administration of intravenous contrast agents, and it is increasingly recognized for its high potential as a diagnostic imaging tool for small animals. 
  • 745
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Breast Imaging Physics in Mammography (Part II)
Mammography is the gold standard for breast cancer diagnosis, as it is low cost, low administered radiation dose, and high sensitivity.
  • 744
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Italian Imaging Innovations
Many modern therapeutic approaches are based on precise diagnostic evidence, where imaging procedures play an essential role. To date, in the diagnostic field, a plethora of agents have been investigated to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of diagnosis. However, the most common drawbacks of conventional imaging agents reside in their non-specificity, short imaging time, instability, and toxicity. Moreover, routinely used diagnostic agents have low molecular weights and consequently a rapid clearance and renal excretion, and this represents a limitation if long-lasting imaging analyses are to be conducted. Thus, the development of new agents for in vivo diagnostics requires not only a deep knowledge of the physical principles of the imaging techniques and of the physiopathological aspects of the disease but also of the relative pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical requirements. In this scenario, skills in pharmaceutical technology have become highly indispensable in order to respond to these needs.
  • 742
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
PET/MRI in Axillary Staging
Axillary surgery in breast cancer (BC) is no longer a therapeutic procedure but has become a purely staging procedure. The progressive improvement in imaging techniques has paved the way to the hypothesis that prognostic information on nodal status deriving from surgery could be obtained with an accurate diagnostic exam. Positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) is a relatively new imaging tool and its role in breast cancer patients is still under investigation.
  • 722
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Multifunctional Cyanine-Based Theranostic Probe
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. A cancer-targeted multifunctional probe labeled with the radionuclide has been developed to provide multi-modalities for NIR fluorescence and nuclear imaging (PET, SPECT), for photothermal therapy (PTT), and targeted radionuclide therapy of cancer.  In this entry, researchers synthetized a cancer-targeted multimodal probe (DOTA-NIR790 as shown in Figure 1) for cancer imaging and therapy by the mitochondrial potential difference between cancers and the surrounding normal tissues.
  • 719
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysms
Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm (PSA) is a contained vascular wall lesion associated with a high mortality rate, generally related to pancreatitis, trauma, malignancy, iatrogenic injury, and segmental arterial mediolysis. Computed tomography angiography allows us to visualize the vascular anatomy, differentiate a PSA from an aneurysm, and provide adequate information for endovascular/surgical treatment.  Pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) are vascular lesions generally due to a tear of the vessel wall contained in the adventitia of the artery or by the local hematoma surrounding PSA; unlike aneurysms, they are contained in all layers of the arterial wall. Splenic artery PSAs could be due to pancreatitis, trauma, malignancy, or iatrogenic injury. Another cause of PSAs formation—even if rarer—is segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM); SAM is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory vascular disease of unknown origin that could involve the visceral arteries of the abdomen, as well as the splenic artery.
  • 711
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Two Analytical Approaches of Quantitative Imaging
As the most lethal major cancer, pancreatic cancer is a global healthcare challenge. Personalized medicine utilizing cutting-edge multi-omics data holds potential for major breakthroughs in tackling this critical problem. Radiomics and deep learning, two trendy quantitative imaging methods that take advantage of data science and modern medical imaging, have shown increasing promise in advancing the precision management of pancreatic cancer via diagnosing of precursor diseases, early detection, accurate diagnosis, and treatment personalization and optimization. Radiomics employs manually-crafted features, while deep learning applies computer-generated automatic features. These two methods aim to mine hidden information in medical images that is missed by conventional radiology and gain insights by systematically comparing the quantitative image information across different patients in order to characterize unique imaging phenotypes. Both methods have been studied and applied in various pancreatic cancer clinical applications. 
  • 709
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Approach in Renal Tumors
Ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) have been the mainstay of renal mass screening and diagnosis but advances in magnetic resonance (MR) technology have made this the optimal choice when diagnosing and staging renal tumors. 
  • 709
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Radiomics Applications in Spleen Imaging
The spleen plays numerous important roles in various diseases. There has been a growing interest in developing radiomic models for implementation in clinical practice, and spleen imaging has not been exempted from this trend. 
  • 708
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Protective Role of Natural Compounds under Radiation-Induced Injury
Evidence has shown the potential therapeutic effects of different natural compounds for the prevention and treatment of radiotherapy-induced mucositis (RIOM). RIOM represents one of the most frequent side effects associated with anti-neoplastic treatments affecting patients’ quality of life and treatment response due to radiation therapy discontinuation. The innate radio-protective ability of natural products obtained from plants is in part due to the numerous antioxidants possessed as a part of their normal secondary metabolic processes. However, oxygen presence is a key point for radiation efficacy on cancer cells. Here, it is to describe the most recent evidence on radiation-induced injury and the emerging protective role of natural compounds in preventing and treating this specific damage without compromising treatment efficacy.
  • 706
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Radiotracers in Infection Imaging
Several developments in the molecular imaging of infections target microorganism-specific metabolism and activity. By targeting substances that are presented by or released from the pathogenic microorganism or microorganism-specific metabolic pathways, more radiotracers can be developed whose localization mechanism is independent of the host immune response.
  • 702
  • 28 Dec 2021
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