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Topic Review
Two Analytical Approaches of Quantitative Imaging
As the most lethal major cancer, pancreatic cancer is a global healthcare challenge. Personalized medicine utilizing cutting-edge multi-omics data holds potential for major breakthroughs in tackling this critical problem. Radiomics and deep learning, two trendy quantitative imaging methods that take advantage of data science and modern medical imaging, have shown increasing promise in advancing the precision management of pancreatic cancer via diagnosing of precursor diseases, early detection, accurate diagnosis, and treatment personalization and optimization. Radiomics employs manually-crafted features, while deep learning applies computer-generated automatic features. These two methods aim to mine hidden information in medical images that is missed by conventional radiology and gain insights by systematically comparing the quantitative image information across different patients in order to characterize unique imaging phenotypes. Both methods have been studied and applied in various pancreatic cancer clinical applications. 
  • 459
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Radial/Femoral Access in Coronary Angiography
In patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), the benefits associated with radial access compared with the femoral access approach remain controversial. Radial access in patients undergoing CA with or without PCI is associated with lower mortality, MACE, major bleeding and vascular complications, irrespective of clinical presentation, ACS or STEMI, compared with femoral access. 
  • 454
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted Fluorescence and Nuclear Imaging Agents
Nuclear imaging is a powerful tool for the non-invasive diagnosis of primary and metastatic Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-positive tumors and for the assessment of responses to antineoplastic treatment. Intraoperative optical fluorescence imaging provides improved visualization for surgeons to increase the discrimination of tumor lesions, allowing for safer surgical treatment. Many CAIX-targeted molecular imaging probes, based on monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments, peptides, and small molecules, have been reported.
  • 446
  • 21 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Individualization of Radionuclide Therapies
Nuclear medicine uses radiopharmaceuticals, which are various molecules labeled with radioactive isotopes, for diagnosis and therapy. Evidence shows that better and more predictable outcomes can be achieved with patient-individualized dose assessment. Therefore, the incorporation of individual planning into radionuclide therapies is a high priority for nuclear medicine physicians and medical physicists alike. Internal dosimetry is used in tumor therapy to optimize the absorbed dose to the target tissue.  For a nuclear medicine therapy to be considered personalized, treatment planning is essential, including the activity chosen individually for a given patient. The first step in individual planning of radioisotope therapy is to perform a series of diagnostic images, which allows visualizing the distribution and measuring how the activity decreased in time in different organs. The next step is to perform dosimetric measurements. It provides information on the degree of uptake of an administered radiopharmaceutical in pathological tissues and critical organs. The obtained dosimetric report is the foundation for planning the maximum activity on tumors, with a safe level of irradiation of critical organs in a given patient. The last step is to obtain a series of images of the patient recorded after the administration of the therapeutic radiopharmaceutical. 
  • 444
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Radionuclide Delivery Strategies in Tumor Treatment
Radiolabeled liposomes have attracted new interest as probes to identify the most suitable patients for treatment with liposomal formulations of common chemotherapeutics. The use of ligands for the delivery of radiotherapeutics to a specific target is still the most appealing strategy for treating tumors. The most appropriate ligand can be identified by virtually simulating its interaction with the receptor. All strategies showed great potential for use in targeted radionuclide therapy.
  • 442
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Differentiating Bone Malignancy on Imaging
Distinguishing between benign vs. malignant bone lesions is often difficult on imaging. Many bone lesions are infrequent or rarely seen, and often only specialist radiologists have sufficient expertise to provide an accurate diagnosis. In addition, some benign bone tumours may exhibit potentially aggressive features that mimic malignant bone tumours, making the diagnosis even more difficult. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques has led to remarkable progress in image-recognition tasks, including the classification and characterization of various tumours. The use of AI to discriminate bone lesions on imaging has achieved a relatively good performance in various imaging modalities, with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for distinguishing between benign vs. malignant lesions in several cohort studies. However, further research is necessary to test the clinical performance of these algorithms before they can be facilitated and integrated into routine clinical practice.
  • 442
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Image-Guided Locoregional Therapies (LRTs)
Image-guided locoregional therapies (LRTs) are a crucial asset in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has proven to be characterized by an impaired antitumor immune status. LRTs not only directly destroy tumor cells but also have an immunomodulating role, altering the tumor microenvironment with potential systemic effects. 
  • 439
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Splenic Artery Pseudoaneurysms
Splenic artery pseudoaneurysm (PSA) is a contained vascular wall lesion associated with a high mortality rate, generally related to pancreatitis, trauma, malignancy, iatrogenic injury, and segmental arterial mediolysis. Computed tomography angiography allows us to visualize the vascular anatomy, differentiate a PSA from an aneurysm, and provide adequate information for endovascular/surgical treatment.  Pseudoaneurysms (PSAs) are vascular lesions generally due to a tear of the vessel wall contained in the adventitia of the artery or by the local hematoma surrounding PSA; unlike aneurysms, they are contained in all layers of the arterial wall. Splenic artery PSAs could be due to pancreatitis, trauma, malignancy, or iatrogenic injury. Another cause of PSAs formation—even if rarer—is segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM); SAM is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory vascular disease of unknown origin that could involve the visceral arteries of the abdomen, as well as the splenic artery.
  • 439
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Imaging of Neuroendocrine Prostatic Carcinoma
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive subtype of prostate cancer that typically has a high metastatic potential and poor prognosis in comparison to the adenocarcinoma subtype. 
  • 438
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), especially deep learning (DL), have facilitated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data analysis, enabling AI-assisted medical image diagnoses and prognoses. However, most of the DL models are considered as “black boxes”. There is an unmet need to demystify DL models so domain experts can trust these high-performance DL models. This has resulted in a sub-domain of AI research called explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). 
  • 432
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Imaging in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer represents one of the most common oncological causes of death worldwide. In order to treat patients in the best possible way, the staging of gastric cancer should be accurate. In this regard, endoscopy ultrasound (EUS) has been considered the reference standard for tumor (T) and nodal (N) statuses. However, thanks to technological improvements, computed tomography (CT) has gained an important role, not only in the assessment of distant metastases (M status) but also in T and N staging.
  • 426
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 ARDS in ICU Patients and Its Complications
A significant proportion of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia could develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), thus requiring mechanical ventilation and resulting in a high rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Several complications can arise during ICU stay, from both COVID-19 infection and respiratory supporting system, including barotraumas (pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum), superimposed pneumonia, coagulation disorders (pulmonary embolism, venous thromboembolism, hemorrhages, and acute ischemic stroke), abdominal involvement (acute mesenteric ischemia, pancreatitis, and acute kidney injury) and sarcopenia. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the detection and monitoring of ICU complications and is expanding even to prognosis prediction. 
  • 424
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sex, Hormonal Status and Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Available data on cancer secondary to ionizing radiation consistently show an excess (2-fold amount) of radiation-attributable solid tumors in women relative to men. This excess risk varies by organ and age, with the largest sex differences (6- to more than 10-fold) found in female thyroid and breasts exposed between birth until menopause (~50 years old) relative to age-matched males. Recent advances in cancer therapy with radioactive substances involve parenteral administration of a radiopharmaceutical or radiolabeled antibody which is designed to preferentially accumulate in neoplasms, termed Targeted Radionuclide Therapy (TRT) and Radioimmunotherapy, respectively. Development of new TRT agents is increasingly accompanied by the use of companion diagnostics and individual dosimetry since, systemic radiopharmaceutical therapy with associated companion diagnostics “is the embodiment of precision medicine” and dosimetry is the optimal tool to predict individual safety and efficacy of TRT.
  • 423
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Diagnostic Performances of Nuclear Imaging in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease with stable prevalence despite prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic advances. While echocardiography remains the first line imaging technique, especially in native valve endocarditis, the incremental value of two nuclear imaging techniques, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) and white blood cells single photon emission tomography with computed tomography (WBC-SPECT), has emerged for the management of prosthetic valve and CIED IE.
  • 422
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Imaging in Sjögren Syndrome
Sjögren syndrome (SS) belongs to the family of rheumatic autoimmune diseases characterized by systemic compromise with exocrine glands as target organs that are affected by chronic inflammation and immune-mediated destruction of the tissue, leading to severe dryness of the mouth and eyes. Extra-glandular symptoms are frequent and include fatigue, polyarthralgias, myositis, polyneuropathy, and gammaglobulinopathies, among others.
  • 414
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Multidetector CT Imaging Biomarkers in Shock
A severe mismatch between the supply and demand of oxygen is the common sequela of all types of shock, which present a mortality of up to 80%. Various organs play a protective role in shock and contribute to whole-body homeostasis. The ever-increasing number of multidetector CT examinations in severely ill and sometimes unstable patients leads to more frequently encountered findings leading to imminent death, together called “hypovolemic shock complex”. Features on CT include dense opacification of the right heart and major systemic veins, venous layering of contrast material and blood, densely opacified parenchyma in the right hepatic lobe, decreased enhancement of the abdominal organ, a dense pulmonary artery, contrast pooling in dependent lungs, and contrast stasis in pulmonary veins. These findings are biomarkers and prognostic indicators of paramount importance which stratify risk and improve patient outcomes.
  • 413
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Image-Guided Percutaneous Ablation
Image-guided percutaneous ablation is defined as the process of percutaneously introducing needlelike applicators to destroy or shrink tumors in a controlled and targeted fashion under image guidance. 
  • 410
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Carotid Artery Disease
Carotid artery disease is one of the main global causes of disability and premature mortality in the spectrum of cardiovascular diseases. One of its main consequences, stroke, is the second biggest global contributor to disability and burden via Disability Adjusted Life Years after ischemic heart disease.
  • 408
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Radiology and Imaging Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurological illness common in young adults. The prevalence and incidence of MS are regionally and globally increasing. MRI scans are important for diagnosis and regular follow-up to monitor treatment response and disease progression. Interpretation of MRI scans should be performed by experienced radiologists who are familiar with the patient’s clinical and laboratory data, and who are able to detect evidence supporting or refuting a diagnosis of MS.
  • 406
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MRI in Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Paediatric Population
The most common acute infection and leading cause of death in children worldwide is pneumonia. Clinical and laboratory tests essentially diagnose community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). CAP can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or atypical microorganisms. Imaging is usually reserved for children who do not respond to treatment, need hospitalisation, or have hospital-acquired pneumonia. Advances in MRI protocols make it a viable alternative for diagnosing CAP and its complications.
  • 400
  • 01 Feb 2024
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