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Topic Review
Thiazolidinedione Derivatives
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a kind of DMII drug. The data revealed that compounds (4–6) have higher potency than the reference drugs. Compounds (4–7) were able to regulate hyperlipidemia levels (cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoproteins and low- and very-low-density lipoproteins) to nearly normal value at the 30th day.
  • 715
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
ATT Triplex and DNA
Due to the involvement of DNA:RNA hybrids and triplex helices in many essential functions in cells, this entry’s main aim is to detect benzothiazole based moieties with selective binding or spectroscopic response to these nucleic structures compared to regular (non-hybrid) DNA and RNA duplexes and single-stranded forms.
  • 713
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
MALDI MS-Based Investigations Targeting SARS-CoV-2
The urgent need to fight the COVID-19 pandemic has impressively stimulated the efforts of the international scientific community, providing an extraordinary wealth of studies. Improving the current laboratory testing methods and developing new rapid and reliable diagnostic approaches might be useful in managing contact tracing in the fight against both the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and the new, potentially fast-spreading CoV-2 variants. Mass Spectrometry (MS)-based testing methods and more specifically MALDI-MS have demonstrated without any doubt the great potential to overcome many unresolved analytical challenges arising from currently used laboratory testing assays, becoming an effective proteomic tool in several applications, including pathogen identification. With the aim of highlighting the challenges and opportunities that derive from MALDI-based approaches for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, we extensively examined the most promising proofs of concept for MALDI studies related to the COVID-19 outbreak.
  • 710
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Arabinogalactan (AG) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
The properties of mixtures of two polysaccharides, arabinogalactan (AG) and hyaluronic acid (HA), were investigated in solution by the measurement of diffusion coefficients D of water protons by DOSY (Diffusion Ordered SpectroscopY), by the determination of viscosity and by the investigation of the affinity of a small molecule molecular probe versus AG/HA mixtures in the presence of bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) by 1HNMR spectroscopy.
  • 708
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Antioxidants in Knee Osteoarthritis
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic multifactorial pathology and a current and essential challenge for public health, with a negative impact on the geriatric patient’s quality of life.
  • 707
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Chrysoeriol7 against Brown Planthopper in Rice
Brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stal.) is the most damaging rice pest affecting stable rice yields worldwide. Currently, methods for controlling BPH include breeding a BPH‐resistant cultivar and using synthetic pesticides. Nevertheless, the continuous cultivation of resistant cultivars allows for the emergence of various resistant races, and the use of synthetic pesticides can induce environmental pollution as well as the emergence of unpredictable new pest species. As plants cannot migrate to other locations on their own to combat various stresses, the production of secondary metabolites allows plants to protect themselves from stress and tolerate their reproduction. Pesticides using natural products are currently being developed to prevent environmental pollution and ecosystem disturbance caused by synthetic pesticides. In this study, after BPH infection in rice, chrysoeriol7 (C7), a secondary metabolite that induces resistance against BPH, was assessed. After C7 treatment and BPH infection, relative expression levels of the flavonoid‐related genes were elevated, suggesting that in plants subjected to BPH, compounds related to flavonoids, among the secondary metabolites, play an important role in inducing resistance. The plant‐derived natural compound chrysoeriol7 can potentially thus be used to develop environmentally friendly pesticides. The suggested control of BPH can be effectively used to alleviate concerns regarding environmental pollution and to construct a relatively safe rice breeding environment.
  • 694
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Direct Type Electrochemical Glycated Hemoglobin Sensors
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard for measuring glucose levels in the diagnosis of diabetes due to the excellent stability and reliability of this biomarker. HbA1c is a stable glycated protein formed by the reaction of glucose with hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells, which reflects average glucose levels over a period of two to three months without suffering from the disturbance of the outside environment. A number of simple, high-efficiency, and sensitive electrochemical sensors have been developed for the detection of HbA1c. Direct type sensors determine HbA1c by detecting the changes in electrical signals including current, potential, and impedance before and after HbA1c is bound to biological affinity molecules pre-fixed on the electrode surface. Direct sensors are divided into amperometric sensors, potentiometric sensors, and impedimetric sensors.
  • 694
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Properties of Multi-Dimensional Biological Models with Cross-Scale Features
The rise in structural performance requirements in engineering is driving the research and development of stronger, stiffer, and lighter materials. However, most traditional artificial materials are unable to meet the needs of modern industrial and technological development. In fact, multifarious creatures in nature are further ahead in their use of structural materials. There is a fairly limited selection of natural structural materials at ambient temperatures. They usually consist of hard and soft phases arranged in a complex hierarchy with characteristic dimensions ranging from nanoscale to macroscale. The resulting materials usually show a nearly perfect combination of strength and toughness integrated with lightweight characteristics. This is exactly what is required of engineering materials.
  • 692
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carbonic Anhydrase in Cerebral Ischemia
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The only pharmacological treatment available to date for cerebral ischemia is tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and the search for successful therapeutic strategies still remains a major challenge. The loss of cerebral blood flow leads to reduced oxygen supply and a subsequent switch to the glycolytic pathway, which leads to tissue acidification. Carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) is the enzyme responsible for converting carbon dioxide into a protons and bicarbonate, thus contributing to pH regulation and metabolism, with many CA isoforms present in the brain. Recently, numerous studies have shed light on several classes of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) as possible new pharmacological agents for the management of brain ischemia. 
  • 690
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Terpene Mini-Path for Terpenoids Bio-Production
Terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural compounds and are extremely valuable from an economic point of view due to their extended physicochemical properties and biological activities. An alternative to produce terpenoids is the use of biotechnological tools involving, for example, the construction of enzymatic cascades (cell-free synthesis) or a microbial bio-production thanks to metabolic engineering techniques. 
  • 690
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Brewing By-Products
Beer is one of the most widely consumed and popular beverages in the world, and is in first place when it comes to the most-consumed alcoholic beverages. The malting and brewing industries are characterized by the generation of large amounts of residues, which account for 85% of their total by-products. In general, these by-products are used as fertilizers, drained into the sewage as waste, or get incinerated. In line with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the food industry is becoming more aware of environmental changes and the negative environmental impacts of their processes and outputs. Sustainable initiatives and enthusiasm for the circular economy have led the brewing industry to reduce its environmental impact through the valorization of its by-products, either by their reduction or their re-incorporation into production processes. These materials are still nutritious, so they can be successfully utilized in various sectors (pharmaceutical, food, biotechnological, etc.).
  • 672
  • 08 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic Biomass as a Renewable Source
Lignocellulosic biomass is the primary structural component of plant matter and is mostly inedible, generally referring to organic materials such as wood, grass, and agricultural crop residues. Biomass is a plentiful and carbon-neutral renewable energy source that may be used to create platform chemicals and fuels, especially considering that up to 75% of initial energy can be converted into biofuels.
  • 666
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biomaterials for Drugs Nose–Brain Transport
Recently, the intranasal route has emerged as a promising administration site for central nervous system therapeutics since it provides a direct connection to the central nervous system, avoiding the passage through the blood–brain barrier, consequently increasing drug cerebral bioavailability.
  • 665
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pressure-Induced Polymerization
Under pressure of 1–100 GPa, unsaturated organic molecules tend to form covalent bond to each other for a negative enthalpy change, which often produces polymeric materials with extended carbon skeleton. The polymerization reactions typically happen in crystal, which promotes the topochemical process. 
  • 661
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds from Cardoon and Metabolic Disorders
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a Mediterranean plant and member of the Asteraceae family that includes three botanical taxa, the wild perennial cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori), globe artichoke (C. cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Fiori), and domesticated cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.). Cardoon has been widely used in the Mediterranean diet and folk medicine since ancient times. Today, cardoon is recognized as a plant with great industrial potential and is considered as a functional food, with important nutritional value, being an interesting source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, minerals, inulin, fiber, and sesquiterpene lactones. 
  • 652
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
Cancer is a disease that has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. The current conventional therapies utilized for the treatment of cancer have detrimental side effects. This led scientific researchers to explore new therapeutic avenues with an improved benefit to risk profile. 
  • 647
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hop Phenolic Compounds on Dry Hopping Beer Quality
The study considers the phenolic hop compounds’ effect on the quality indicators of finished beer. The topic under consideration is relevant since it touches on the beer matrix colloidal stability when compounds with potential destabilizing activity are introduced into it from the outside.
  • 644
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Polyethyleneimine-Based Lipopolyplexes
Lipopolyplexes based on poliethylenimine are an interesting platform for future anti-cancer gene therapies. The carrier consists of nucleic acids condensed with poliethylenimine chains and enclosed in lipid vesicles. Lipopolyplexes could be very versatile, what enables tailoring the carrier for specific thereapeutic needs, however the preparation process is a multistage and fairly sensitive one, which additionally requires a specific balance to be maintained between its stability in the body, which would allow the appropriate dose of the preparation to reach the target site, and the ability to release nucleic acid at the right place and time.
  • 640
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Polymeric Nanostructures Containing Proteins
Over the last three decades, proteins and peptides have attracted great interest as drugs of choice for combating a broad spectrum of diseases, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and infectious and neurological diseases. However, the delivery of therapeutic proteins to target sites should take into account the obstacles and limitations related to their intrinsic sensitivity to different environmental conditions, fragile tertiary structures, and short half-life. Polymeric nanostructures have emerged as competent vehicles for protein delivery, as they are multifunctional and can be tailored according to their peculiarities.
  • 640
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Characterization of Berry Pomace Powders
The processing of berry juice, wine, or other beverages results in a considerable amount of pomace, including skins, seeds, and, occasionally, stalks. Pomace has been estimated at 30% of the total grape use in winemaking or 60% of the total cranberry use in juice production. However, berry pomace is no longer seen as a by-product and is further processed as a value-added food ingredient.
  • 640
  • 09 Mar 2022
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