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Topic Review
Potential Benefit of Hydroxychloroquine in Chronic Placental Inflammation
Chronic placental inflammatory (CPI) lesions include chronic villitis of unknow etiology (CVUE), chronic intervillositis of unknown etiology, CIUE (also described as chronic histiocytic intervillositis, CHI), and chronic deciduits. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been prescribed with good results during pregnancy to prevent adverse perinatal outcomes in maternal autoimmune conditions. Its success has paved the way to its use in CPI as CIUE/CHI.
  • 1.0K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The EPH/Ephrin System in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies and the fifth most common cause of tumor-related deaths in women in the United States. For 2021, the American Cancer Society estimates the incidence of OC at 21,410 cases and the OC-related deaths at 13,770 in the US. OC includes several histological types. Epithelial carcinomas comprise the vast majority of OCs, with high-grade serous OC representing the most common morphological subtype. Lack of specific symptoms of the disease at its early stages is a significant factor contributing to the typical advanced stage of the tumor at diagnosis, after metastasis has already occurred. Consequently, the 5-year survival rate for women diagnosed with invasive epithelial OC in a distant Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) stage amounts to 31%. In spite of the substantial research efforts, the molecular mechanisms of OC’s origin, initiation and progression still remain largely unclear. Given the lack of effective diagnostic tools and treatment strategies, it is hence of utmost importance to identify new molecular markers involved in the pathogenesis of OC with a view to offering novel, targeted, biological therapeutic approaches.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Spontaneous Heterotopic Pregnancy
Spontaneous heterotopic pregnancy (SHP) is a rare condition represented by the synchronous coexistence of an intrauterine and an ectopic pregnancy. It rarely occurs with natural conception and is usually a consequence of assisted reproductive techniques. Diagnosis of SHP can be a challenge for the clinician. The evolution of the intrauterine pregnancy is dependent on many factors, such as the location of the heterotopic pregnancy, gestational age at the time of diagnosis, the surgical procedure, the presence of other risk factors, early or delayed management. 
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Primary Hemostasis Disorders in Women of Reproductive Age
Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a common clinical condition affecting adolescent and adult women and compromising their quality of life. Primary hemostasis disorders, affecting platelet plug formation, can be the underlying cause of HMB. They comprise a heterogeneous group of diseases with Von Willebrand disease (VWD) being the most commonly diagnosed; other disorders in this group that have been linked to HMB include (a) Glanzmann thrombasthenia, (b) Bernard–Soulier syndrome, (c) Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, (d) immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and (e) Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). Diagnosing these diseases can be challenging, as the basic laboratory investigations can be within the normal range.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Classifying Adenomyosis
Many challenges remain towards realizing a satisfactory classification of adenomyosis. A major issue is the disagreement on the definition of adenomyosis when using histology as a gold standard. A uniformly agreed reporting system may be the first step towards a classification that takes symptoms into account. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Placenta Accreta
Placenta accreta occurs when all or part of the placenta attaches abnormally to the myometrium (the muscular layer of the uterine wall). Three grades of abnormal placental attachment are defined according to the depth of attachment and invasion into the muscular layers of the uterus: Because of abnormal attachment to the myometrium, placenta accreta is associated with an increased risk of heavy bleeding at the time of attempted vaginal delivery. The need for transfusion of blood products is frequent, and surgical removal of the uterus (hysterectomy) is sometimes required to control life-threatening bleeding. Rates of placenta accreta are increasing. As of 2016, placenta accreta affects an estimated 1 in 272 pregnancies.
  • 999
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Vulvodynia
Vulvodynia is one the most common causes of pain during sexual intercourse in premenopausal women. The burden of vulvodynia in a woman’s life can be devastating due to its consequences in the couple’s sexuality and intimacy, in activities of daily living, and psychological well-being.
  • 994
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Angiogenic Factors in Endometrial Cancer
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most frequent gynecological malignancy in developed countries and requires a relatively invasive diagnostic evaluation and operative therapy as the primary therapeutic approach. Angiogenesis is one of the main processes needed for cancer growth and spread. The production of angiogenic factors (AFs) appears early in the process of carcinogenesis. The detection of AFs in plasma and tissue and a better understanding of the angiogenic properties of EC may contribute not only to earlier but also more specific diagnosis and consequently tailored and individual therapeutic approaches. AFs and their receptors also have high potential as binding sites for targeted cancer therapy.
  • 994
  • 02 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Animal Models of Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is a disorder associated with pregnancy and entails a high risk of maternal and foetal mortality and morbidity. In vivo studies on the pathology of gestation, including preeclampsia, often use small mammals such as rabbits or rodents, i.e., mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs. The key advantage of these animals is their short reproductive cycle; in addition, similar to humans, they also develop a haemochorial placenta and present a similar transformation of maternal spiral arteries.
  • 988
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Estrogen Deficiency-Related Osteoporosis (EDOP)
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are highly expressed in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes, offering protective effects in bone. Osteoporosis is a serious health issue among aging postmenopausal women. The majority of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis have bone loss related to estrogen deficiency. The rapid bone loss results from an increase in bone turnover with an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Osteoporosis can also result from excessive glucocorticoid usage, which induces bone demineralization with significant changes of spatial heterogeneities of bone at microscale, indicating potential risk of fracture. 
  • 985
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Evolution of Fetal Cardiac Imaging
The evaluation of a variety of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound with different software, such as Cristal Vue, Realistic Vue, LumiFlow, and Spatiotemporal Image Correlation (STIC), with HDlive and HDlive Flow Silhouette modes. These technologies provide realistic images of the fetal heart and cardiac vessels using a fixed virtual light source that allows the operator to freely select a better light source position to enhance the cardiovascular anatomical details. In addition, Fetal Intelligent Navigation Echocardiography (FINE) technology, also known as “5D Heart” or “5D”, is a technology that enables the automatic reconstruction of the nine standard fetal echocardiographic views and can alert non-specialists to suspected CHD. Through the use of artificial intelligence, an ultrasound machine is able to perform automatic anatomical and functional measurements. In addition, these technologies enable the reconstruction of fetal cardiac structures in realistic images, improving the depth perception and resolution of anatomic cardiac details and blood vessels compared to those of standard two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound.
  • 985
  • 08 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Omental Bursa in Ovarian Cancer
The omental bursa (OB), also referred to as the lesser peritoneal sac, is a natural space situated between the stomach and the pancreas.
  • 975
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Nutrition during Pregnancy and Lactation
A woman’s nutritional status during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not only critical for her health, but also for that of future generations. Nutritional requirements during pregnancy differ considerably from those of non-pregnant women. Thus, a personalized approach to nutritional advice is recommended. Currently, some countries recommend routine supplementation for all pregnant women, while others recommend supplements only when necessary. Maternal physiological adaptations, as well as nutritional requirements during pregnancy and lactation, will be reviewed in the literature examining the impacts of dietary changes. All of these data have been studied deeply to facilitate a discussion on dietary supplement use and the recommended doses of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation. 
  • 974
  • 09 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mesothelin Expression in Serous Ovarian Carcinoma
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a glycoprotein located in the mesothelial lining of the body’s cavities and in many neoplasms. It is anchored to the cell membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage. The mesothelin gene was first cloned by Chang and Pastan, and it encodes a precursor protein that is processed to yield a 40 kDa mesothelin protein and a 31 kDa soluble fragment. The human soluble fragment, named the megakaryocyte-potentiating factor (MPF), has been reported to have megakaryocyte-potentiating activity in mouse bone marrow. In normal tissue, the physiological and biological functions of MSLN are still uncertain. Molecular biology studies demonstrated that a lack of MSLN in an MSLN knockout mouse model did not affect development, growth, or reproduction. Conversely, MSLN is considered to be involved in several mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis. In ovarian carcinomas, it has been demonstrated that the binding of MSLN with its partner MUC16 (CA125) may play a role in cell adhesion, facilitating intra-peritoneal ovarian cancer metastasis.
  • 973
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is defined as an invasion of the endometrium into the uterine myometrium, which results in an enlargement of the uterus, formation of adenomyotic tumours, profuse menstrual and inter-menstrual bleeding and recurrent pain. Microscopically ectopic nonneoplastic, endometrial glands and stroma surrounded by the hypertrophic and hyperplastic myometrium are noted. It is estrogens' dependent disease so that the hormonal treatment is the first line treatment in adenomyotic patients.
  • 970
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Alcohol Use in Pregnancy
Understanding the factors that contribute to women’s alcohol use in pregnancy is of critical importance to women's health and prevention of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Alcohol use in pregnancy is influenced by a range of contextual and structural factors, including poverty, histories of trauma and violence, physical and mental health concerns, normalization of alcohol in social networks, sociocultural and economic vulnerabilities and disadvantage, and child welfare involvement. Therefore, beyond supporting individual change, it is necessary to address a range of structural and systemic issues through the adoption of emerging gender-, trauma-, cultural, and equity-informed interventions. 
  • 963
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pre-Eclampsia in SARS-CoV-2 pregnant woman
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (>140/90 mmHg), occurring after 20th week of gestation associated to proteinuria and/or other complications. PE is a multifactorial disease whose pathogenes. COVID-19 has the same pathological characteristics. Whereas PE and COVID-19 have overlapping clinical features, a role for SARS-CoV-2 as a leading cause of pre-eclampsia in COVID-19 positive pregnant women has not been clarified yet but there is the possibility to existence of such a link.
  • 962
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rare, Unexpected Condition of MRKH
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome is one of the most common causes of primary amenorrhea, second only to gonadic dysgenesis, having a frequency of 1:4000–5000 women . This syndrome manifests as an aplasia or hypoplasia of the uterus and the upper two-thirds of the vagina, regular ovaries and tubes and a normal development of secondary sexual characteristics . The karyotype is generally normal (46, XX) and the manifestation is secondary to an abnormal development of the müllerian ducts.
  • 962
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pressing Pause on Fertility
Social egg freezing (SEF) allows women to preserve their fertility in anticipation of age-related fertility decline and ineffective fertility treatments at older ages. Social freezing is the term used when eggs or ovarian tissue are frozen for professional, personal, financial, and/or psychological reasons and used later in life. 
  • 957
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) encompass a variety of symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and impair daily life activities and relationships. Depending on the type and severity of physical, emotional or behavioral symptoms, women of reproductive age followed for at least two prospective menstrual cycles may receive one of the two diagnoses. PMDD is the most severe form of PMS, predominantly characterized by emotional and behavioral symptoms not due to another psychiatric disorder. PMS and PMDD are common neuro-hormonal gynecological disorders with a multifaceted etiology. Gonadal steroid hormones and their metabolites influence a plethora of biological systems involved in the occurrence of specific symptoms, but there is no doubt that PMS/PMDD are centrally based disorders. A more sensitive neuroendocrine threshold to cyclical variations of estrogens and progesterone under physiological and hormonal therapies is present. Moreover, altered brain sensitivity to allopregnanolone, a metabolite of progesterone produced after ovulation potentiating GABA activity, along with an impairment of opioid and serotoninergic systems, may justify the occurrence of emotional and behavioral symptoms. Even neuro-inflammation expressed via the GABAergic system is under investigation as an etiological factor of PMS/PMDD.
  • 951
  • 02 Apr 2022
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