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Topic Review
Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Resident macrophage populations within tumors are termed tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and can comprise up to half of the tumor mass. In established solid malignancies, the anti-tumor functions of TAMs such as phagocytosis and cytotoxic activity are suppressed, and TAMs are subverted to facilitate tumor growth.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
DDoS Attacks against Cloud-Computing Environment
 Cloud computing (CC) plays a significant role in revolutionizing the information and communication technology (ICT) industry, allowing flexible delivery of new services and  computing resources at a fraction of the costs for end-users than traditional computing. Unfortunately, many potential cyber threats impact CC-deployed services due to the exploitation of CC’s characteristics, such as resource sharing, elasticity, and multi-tenancy. Researchers provides a comprehensive discussion on security issues and challenges facing CC for cloud service providers and their users. Furthermore, a new taxonomy for classifying CC attacks is proposed, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, and DDoS attack detection approaches on CC. Researchers also provides a qualitative comparison with the existing surveys. Finally, they aims to serve as a guide and reference for other researchers working on new DDoS attack detection approaches within the CC environment. 
  • 1.8K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nutrients’ Role in Epigenetic Modifications
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by an aberrant immune response and persistent inflammation. Epigenetic changes are dynamic and susceptible to modification in response to environmental stimuli, which provides a feasible intervention to influence epigenetic homeostasis through an “epigenetic diet.” The term epigenetic diet was previously described by Daniel et al., referring to the consumption of certain foods, such as soy, grapes, vegetables, and green tea, which exert mechanisms against aging and cancer. 
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Application Fields of Silver Nanoparticles
New antiviral drugs and new preventive antiviral strategies are a target of intense scientific interest. Thanks to their peculiar properties, nanomaterials play an important role in this field, and, in particular, among metallic materials, silver nanoparticles were demonstrated to be effective against a wide range of viruses, in addition to having a strong antibacterial effect. Although the mechanism of antiviral action is not completely clarified, silver nanoparticles can directly act on viruses, and on their first steps of interaction with the host cell, depending on several factors, such as size, shape, functionalization and concentration. 
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Engineering Approach for Next-Generation of Bt-Based Agents
Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) and B. cereus sensu stricto Frankland and Frankland are closely related species of aerobic, spore-forming bacteria included in the B. cereus sensu lato group. This group is one of the most studied, but it remains also the most mysterious species of bacteria. Despite more than a century of research on the features of these ubiquitous bacteria, there are a lot of questionable issues related to their taxonomy, resistance to external influences, endophytic existence, their place in multidimensional relationships in the ecosystem, and many others.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Abiotic Stress in Rice
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a species of Poaceae, is a ubiquitous staple food worldwide, offering vital nutrients, including carbohydrates, thiamin, folate, calcium, iron, pantothenic acid, and energy.
  • 1.8K
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy
Germline mutations in Breast cancer susceptibility genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) cause breast, ovarian, and other cancers, and the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin (Dox) is widely used to treat these cancers. Dox use is limited by the latent induction of severe cardiotoxicity known as Dox-induced cardiomyopathy, for which there are no specific treatments currently available. Dox is administered into the systemic circulation, where it readily translocates into sub-cellular compartments and disrupts the integrity of DNA.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MDCs for Next-generation Optical Coatings
In Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (DMD) type multilayer coating applications, it is very important to achieve simultaneously highly stable and durable optical properties together with accurate control over the apparent color properties of coated glass, in both reflection and transmission. In this encyclopedia entry, we report on the properties of RF magnetron co-sputtered metal-dielectric composite (MDC) material systems of interest for forward-looking applications in the areas of thin-film nanomaterials and optical coatings.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
COVID-19 Detection with Non-Contact Sensing
COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a global pandemic recently. With no approved vaccination or treatment, governments around the world have issued guidance to their citizens to remain at home in efforts to control the spread of the disease. The goal of controlling the spread of the virus is to prevent strain on hospitals.  Non-invasive methods can be used to detect the COVID-19 and assist healthcare workers in caring for COVID-19 patients. Early detection of the COVID-19 virus can allow for early isolation to prevent further spread.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Dryland Food Security in Ethiopia
Global drylands are expanding due to climate change, threatening global food security (FS), especially in Africa. Eastern Africa has 328 million hectares of drylands, 6% of which is covered by crops; most crops are rained on, and irrigated land accounts for only 5 million hectares (22%). In Ethiopia, 75% of the landmass is categorized as dryland, the majority of which experiences high risks of land degradation, natural hazards, and water and food shortages.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Natural-Drugs-Based Low-Molecular-Weight Supramolecular Gels
The utilization of paclitaxel, camptothecin, rhein, curcumin, and other natural small molecular drugs with unique rigid backbone structures and modifiable multiple sites as building blocks to form gels by self-assembly has attracted widespread attention. The obtained low-molecular-weight supramolecular gel not only retains the general characteristics of the gel but also overcomes the shortcomings of natural drugs, such as poor water solubility and low bioavailability.
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Toll-Like Receptor 4
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane glycoproteins belonging to the complex pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed in immune and non-immune cells, including neurons and glia, which are involved in the regulation of innate immune and inflammatory responses. The TLR family comprises 11 members (TLR1–TLR11) in human and 12 (TLR1–TLR9, TLR11–TLR13) in mouse. TLR4 is one of the best characterized TLRs that surveys for the presence of structural motifs in a wide array of invading microorganisms, named pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and endogenous damage or danger molecular patterns (DAMPs), also known as alarmins, released by damaged cells and injured tissues or derived from apoptotic and necrotic cells. Activation of TLR4 induces the downstream start of inflammasome pathways which results in the release of a plethora of pro-inflammatory cytokines, Type I interferons (IFNs) and other inflammatory mediators.
  • 1.8K
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of G-quadruplex Structural Junctions
We analyze further extension of G-quadruplexes by additional structural elements and investigate whether junction of G-quadruplex with duplex, hairpin, triplex or second G-quadruplex motif is favorable for aptamers stability and biological activity. Furthermore, we indicate the specific and pivotal role of G-quadruplex domain and the additional structural elements in the interactions with target molecules. Finally, we consider the potency of G-quadruplex junctions in the future applications and indicate the emerging research area that is still waiting for development to obtain highly specific and effective nucleic acid-based molecular tools.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Pneumonia and Lung Cancer
Oncological patients are more prone to present severe forms of COVID-19 pneumonia and are subject to worse complications. Radiologists have the challenging role of suggesting a differential diagnosis with lung cancer and treatment-induced lung diseases or suggesting an overlap between these pathologies. Despite similarities or overlapping findings, the combination of clinics and some specific radiological findings, which are also identified by comparison with previous and follow-up CT scans, may guide differential diagnosis.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fibrous Concretes Produced by Using Wollastonite
Production of cement and aggregate used in cement-based composites causes many environmental and energy problems. Decreasing the usage of cement and aggregate is a crucial and currently relevant challenge to provide sustainability. Inert materials can also be used instead of cement and aggregates, similar to pozzolanic materials, and they have positive effects on cement-based composites. One of the inert materials used in cement-based composites is wollastonite (calcium metasilicate-CaSiO3), which has been investigated and attracted attention of many researchers.
  • 1.8K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eco-Industrial Park
The concept of an eco-industrial park (EIP) that promotes resource sharing, reutilization of waste, and exchange of materials among industries and communities brings significant benefits in terms of environmental, social, and economic aspects.
  • 1.8K
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twin Applications for Microgrids Components
The concept of the digital twin (DT) has been adopted as an important aspect in digital transformation of power systems. Microgrids (MG) can be seen as scaled-down versions of a centralised power system. A microgrid is a local power network that acts as a dependable island within bigger regional and national electricity networks, providing power without interruption even when the main grid is down. Microgrids are essential components of smart cities that are both resilient and sustainable, providing smart cities the opportunity to develop sustainable energy delivery systems.
  • 1.8K
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biomechanics Applied in Ergonomic Furniture Design
Furniture as a functional object must satisfy both artistic and scientific requirements. In particular, ergonomic factors are very important in furniture design in terms of human health and productivity. To make furniture designs at the ideal intersection of science and art, it is necessary to approach furniture design with a scientific systematic.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Musca
Musca, Latin for "the fly," is a small constellation located in the southern celestial hemisphere. Representing a common household insect, Musca is one of the 12 constellations introduced by the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius in the late 16th century. 
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic structures that are part of the cell cytoskeleton. They play important roles in various cellular functions, such as intracellular organization and transport, cell division, and cell migration. MTs are made up of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that display diversity due to the existence of different tubilin isotypes and post-translational modifications (PTMs). One specific PTM, tubulin-acetylation, occurs inside the MT lumen and has been pointed out as a hallmark of stable old MTs. However, the question if it is a cause or a consequence of long-lived MTs has never been clarified. The view on tubulin acetylation is that this modification alters the mechanical properties of MTs allowing MTs to bend and to resist age-related lattice damage caused by multiple interactions with different factors during their existence. However, how this ability of MTs to survive structural damage is translated into specific cellular functions is still controversial, and it is far from being elucidated. This PTM is also associated with cellular responses to stress and various human pathologies.The regulation of enzymes involved in tubulin acetylation and deacetylation is important for maintaining proper cell physiology. 
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Apr 2023
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