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Topic Review
Cytoskeleton as a Potential Therapeutic Target against Glioblastoma
Glioblastomas are considered the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, with an average of 15 months’ survival rate. The treatment is surgery resection, followed by chemotherapy with temozolomide, and/or radiotherapy. Glioblastoma must have wild-type IDH gene and some characteristics, such as TERT promoter mutation, EGFR gene amplification, microvascular proliferation, among others. Glioblastomas have great heterogeneity at cellular and molecular levels, presenting distinct phenotypes and diversified molecular signatures in each tumor mass, making it difficult to define a specific therapeutic target. It is believed that the main responsibility for the emerge of these distinct patterns lies in subcellular populations of tumor stem cells, capable of tumor initiation and asymmetric division. 
  • 868
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema
Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) represents a global healthcare issue affecting the emotional and life quality of breast cancer survivors significantly. The clinical presentation is characterized by swelling of the affected upper limb, that may be accompanied by atrophic skin findings, pain and recurrent cellulitis. Cardinal principles of lymphedema management are the use of complex decongestive therapy and patient education. Recently, new microsurgery procedures have been reported with interesting results, bringing in a new opportunity to care postmastectomy lymphedema. However, many aspects of the disease are still debated in the medical community, including clinical examination, imaging techniques, patient selection and proper treatment.
  • 867
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are an uncommon and biologically heterogeneous group of tumors arising from mesenchymal cells. The incidence is estimated at five cases per 100,000 people per year. Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) account for 10–15% of all STS, and their management depends on their anatomical characteristics and histotype. Due to their very low incidence, it is recommended that RPS be treated in reference centers and evaluated by an experienced multidisciplinary team (MDT). In Spain, the Spanish Group for Research in Sarcomas (GEIS) brings together experts from various specialties to promote research on sarcomas and improve treatment results.
  • 867
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Chromosomal Instability in AML
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an increased rate where chromosome acquire alterations due to errors in cell division. CIN creates genetic and cytogenetic diversity and is a common feature in hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Low to moderate levels of CIN seems to be well tolerated and can promote cancer proliferation, genetic diversity, and tumor evolution. However, high levels of CIN seems to be lethal, where enhancing CIN could improve AML treatment. However, little is known about CIN in AML.
  • 866
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Enhancer RNAs in Cancer
Enhancers are critical genomic elements that can cooperate with promoters to regulate gene transcription in both normal and cancer cells.
  • 866
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ruthenium Complexes against Lung Cancer
Lung cancer can be classified into central and peripheral lung cancer depending on the anatomical part affected, as well as into two main pathological entities: non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC can be further subdivided into three histological subtypes: lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. NSCLC, which accounts for about approximately 85% of lung cancer cases, has shown an increased mortality rate in recent years. Radical surgery is the most common treatment applied to early-stage NSCLC patients, while chemotherapy is mainly used for NSCLC patients in advanced or recurrent stages.
  • 866
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Cancer
Autophagy is a well-known intracellular elimination process, which provides degradation of damaged and dysfunctional organelles and proteins under highly-stressed conditions. This term came from the Greek word which represents ‘self-eating’. 
  • 866
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Thyroid Diseases and Breast Cancer
Multiple lines of evidence indicated a significant relationship between thyroid carcinomas and other primary extra-thyroidal malignancies (EM), especially breast cancer. For the latter, a prominent association was also found with benign thyroid diseases. Factors other than oncologic treatments may play a role in the initiation and progression of a second primary malignancy. The molecular links between thyroid autoimmunity and breast cancer remain, however, unidentified, and different hypotheses have been proposed.
  • 866
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Cell Surface GRP78 in Cancer
The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone that plays a crucial role in protein folding homeostasis by regulating the unfolded protein response (UPR). In tumour cells, GRP78 is present at the cell surface, where it functions as a signalling receptor involved in numerous proapoptotic and apoptotic pathways that contribute to cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. As such, novel therapeutic strategies that target cell surface GRP78 in the treatment of several human cancers is highlighted.
  • 866
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Alliance AMBUSH Trial
Medulloblastoma, the most common embryonal tumor in children, can also arise in older patients. The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is altered in a significant proportion of older patients with medulloblastoma. The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology cooperative group is developing the AMBUSH trial: Comprehensive Management of Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) and Adult Patients with Medulloblastoma or Pineal Embryonal Tumors With A Randomized Placebo Controlled Phase II Focusing on Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition in SHH Subgroup Patients (Adult & Adolescent MedulloBlastoma Using Sonic Hedgehog Trial). The trial gives treatment directions for all patients and randomizes patients with average risk SHH-activated medulloblastoma to maintenance sonidegib, a hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, or placebo.
  • 865
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Signaling in Tumor Microenvironment
Protein tyrosine kinase Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) is essential for B cell maturation and proliferation. Dysregulation of BTK signaling in B cells leads to B cell lymphoma. In addition to B cells, BTK is also expressed in other types of immune cells including myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC), dendritic cells, mast cells and macrophages, all of which comprise the tumor microenvironment in solid cancers.
  • 865
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Neuroendocrine and Aggressive-Variant Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer may in some cases exhibit microscopic and molecular characteristics of a distinct subtype of disease which is referred to as neuroendocrine differentiation. This entity is rarely found in patients initially diagnosed with metastatic disease and most commonly occurs after treatment of prostate cancer in advanced stages with hormonal agents. This specific presentation of the disease is not effectively targeted by the hormonal therapies used in prostate cancer and exhibits an aggressive clinical course. Interestingly, some tumors may have molecular and clinical characteristics of a neuroendocrine tumor subtype, without however exhibiting the respective histomorphologic features. This aggressive-variant prostate cancer (AVPC) subtype is sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy, without, however, an impressive long-term response. 
  • 864
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Management of Localized Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. Nearly 70% of new bladder cancer diagnoses are early stage, and have not yet invaded the muscle layer, whereas the remaining 30% of patients have muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), including cancer involving the muscularis propria (T2), perivesical tissue (T3) or adjacent pelvic organs/structures (T4). The treatment of MIBC is complex and is based on a multidisciplinary collaboration between surgery, radiotherapy and medical oncology teams.
  • 864
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Gastrointestinal Tumors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now incorporated into the management of GI tumors. The heterogenous nature of these tumors, however, reveals a lack of ICI consistency in effectiveness. Certain biomarkers have emerged as being potentially predictive for ICI effectiveness.
  • 864
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
New Frontier of Targeted Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma
The approval of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against CD38 (daratumumab) and SLAMF7 (elotuzumab) in relapsed and refractory MM (RRMM) represents an important milestone in the development of targeted immunotherapy in MM. These MoAb-based agents significantly induce cytotoxicity of MM cells via multiple effector-dependent mechanisms and can further induce immunomodulation to repair a dysfunctional tumor immune microenvironment. 
  • 863
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Treatment of Elderly Patients Suffering from Hodgkin Lymphoma
Elderly patients make up a significant number of cases of newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma. However, unlike in young patients, the outcomes of elderly patients are poor, and they are under-represented in phase III trials. Prior to treatment initiation, geriatric assessment should ideally be performed to address the patient’s fitness and decide whether to pursue a curative or palliative approach. The ABVD regimen is poorly tolerated in unfit patients, with high treatment-related mortality. Alternative chemotherapy approaches have been explored, with mixed results obtained concerning their feasibility and toxicity in phase II trials. The introduction of brentuximab vedotin-based regimens led to a paradigm shift in first- and further-line treatment of elderly Hodgkin lymphoma patients, providing adequate disease control within a broader patient population. As far as checkpoint inhibitors are concerned, researchers are only just beginning to understand the role in the treatment of this population. In relapsed/refractory settings there are few options, ranging from autologous stem cell transplantation in selected patients to pembrolizumab, but unfortunately, palliative care is the most common modality. Importantly, published studies are frequently burdened with numerous biases (such as low numbers of patients, selection bias and lack of geriatric assessment), leading to low level of evidence.
  • 863
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Management in Pre-Cancer
Chronic viral hepatitis B and C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been widely acknowledged to be the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As anti-viral treatment progresses, the impact of NAFLD is increasing. NAFLD can coexist with chronic viral hepatitis and exacerbate its progression. Oxidative stress has been recognized as a chronic liver disease progression-related and cancer-initiating stress response. However, there are still many unresolved issues concerning oxidative stress, such as the correlation between the natural history of the disease and promising treatment protocols. Recent findings indicate that oxidative stress is also an anti-cancer response that is necessary to kill cancer cells. Oxidative stress might therefore be a cancer-initiating response that should be down regulated in the pre-cancerous stage in patients with risk factors for cancer, while it is an anti-cancer cell response that should not be down regulated in the post-cancerous stage, especially in patients using anti-cancer agents. Antioxidant nutrients should be administered carefully according to the patients’ disease status.
  • 862
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance-Guided Radiotherapy
Magnetic resonance-guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) is an emerging radiotherapy technology combining real-time magnetic resonance imaging and radiation delivery. By administering radiation with a linear accelerator with built in low-field or high-field MRI, practitioners have a greater ability to align to the target for daily set-up, precisely track the motion of and thereby target or avoid tissues and adapt to inter-treatment daily changes. This decreased uncertainty has implications for facilitating smaller, less-toxic treatment margins, potentially allowing delivery of higher dose radiotherapy that will lead to better control of tumors. The technology has already found success in treating breast, prostate, pancreatic, liver, lung, and limited metastatic cancers, in addition to non-oncologic indications such as cardiac ablation. 
  • 862
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Radiogenomics in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal carcinoma is characterized by intratumoral heterogeneity that can be assessed by radiogenomics. Radiomics, high-throughput quantitative data extracted from medical imaging, combined with molecular analysis, through genomic and transcriptomic data, is expected to lead to significant advances in personalized medicine.
  • 861
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Therapeutic Targets of KRAS in Colorectal Cancer
Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have a 5-year overall survival of less than 10%. Approximately 45% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer harbor KRAS mutations. These mutations not only carry a predictive role for the absence of response to anti-EGFR therapy, but also have a negative prognostic impact on the overall survival.
  • 861
  • 29 Mar 2022
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