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Topic Review
Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Bone
Solitary fibrous tumors arising from the bone are an extremely rare event and only few cases have been previously described in the literature.
  • 846
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Integrin αvβ3 Receptors
Integrin αvβ3 receptors are overexpressed in different tumors and their associated neovascularization and hence, represent a potential cancer target.
  • 846
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cell Therapy
Cell therapy is a rapidly evolving field involving a wide spectrum of therapeutic cells for personalised medicine in cancer. In vivo imaging and tracking of cells can provide useful information for improving the accuracy, efficacy, and safety of cell therapies. 
  • 846
  • 27 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Radiosensitizing Hypoxic Tumour Cells
One of the most difficult barriers encountered when treating the majority of solid tumours is attributed to the scattered microregions within the tumour characterized by the lack of oxygen. This is known as tumour hypoxia. The lack of oxygen supply results in hypoxic microregions scattered throughout the tumour relative to normal tissue. The hypoxic environments within tumours create several cancer treatment barriers. Most notably, all hypoxic cells are resistant to ionizing radiation (IR). The mechanism by which radiation is able to eradicate tumour cells by damaging DNA, resulting in apoptosis and cell death, occurs through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, due to the limited oxygen availability within hypoxic tumour microenvironments, this impedes the efficacy of radiotherapy. Furthermore, normal tissues are unable to withstand increased doses of radiation that compensate for tumour hypoxia. Methods targeting tumour hypoxia through radiosensitizing hypoxic cells include hyperbaric oxygen, hypoxic cell radiosensitizers, hypoxic cytotoxins, and tumour metabolism. As research continues to elucidate the relationship between tumour hypoxia and radiotherapy, novel approaches have been developed.
  • 846
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Female Oncofertility
Female oncofertility is recently implemented conception in the female fertility treatment. It includes the therapeutic approaches to preserve the fertility competence in cancer patients.
  • 846
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mechanisms to Combat Resistance in PD-(L)1 Blockade
Prolonged survival and durable responses in several late-stage cancers such as melanoma and lung cancer have been made possible with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1. While it is prudent to focus on the unprecedented and durable clinical responses, there are subsets of cancer patients that do not respond to immunotherapies or respond early and then relapse later. Many pathways of resistance have been characterized, and more continue to be uncovered. To overcome the development of resistance, an in-depth investigation is necessary to identify alternative immune receptors and signals with the overarching goal of expanding treatment options for those with demonstrated resistance to PD1 checkpoint immunotherapy.
  • 846
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Angiogenesis in Adrenocortical Tumors
Angiogenesis plays an important role in several physiological and pathological processes. Pharmacological angiogenesis modulation has been robustly demonstrated to achieve clinical benefits in several cancers. Adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are rare tumors that often have a poor prognosis. In addition, therapeutic options for ACC are limited. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate adrenocortical angiogenesis along the embryonic development and in ACC could provide important clues on how these processes could be pharmacologically modulated for ACC treatment. In this report, we performed an integrative review on adrenal cortex angiogenesis regulation in physiological conditions and ACC. During embryonic development, adrenal angiogenesis is regulated by both VEGF and Ang-Tie signaling pathways. In ACC, early research efforts were focused on VEGF signaling and this pathway was identified as a good prognostic factor and thus a promising therapeutic target.
  • 845
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
CAR-T in Cancer Treatment
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has exhibited good application prospects in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, there are still many unsolved problems, such as the limited antitumor effect of CAR-T on solid tumors and the potential risk of CAR-T therapy in clinical applications. In order to meet these challenges, more and more solutions are proposed.
  • 845
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Ruthenium Complexes against Lung Cancer
Lung cancer can be classified into central and peripheral lung cancer depending on the anatomical part affected, as well as into two main pathological entities: non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). NSCLC can be further subdivided into three histological subtypes: lung squamous cell carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. NSCLC, which accounts for about approximately 85% of lung cancer cases, has shown an increased mortality rate in recent years. Radical surgery is the most common treatment applied to early-stage NSCLC patients, while chemotherapy is mainly used for NSCLC patients in advanced or recurrent stages.
  • 845
  • 03 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Brain Tumor Imaging
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the paradigm shift towards patient-tailored brain tumor management, achieving optimal onco-functional balance for each individual. AI-based models can positively impact different stages of the diagnostic and therapeutic process. Although the histological investigation will remain difficult to replace, in the near future the radiomic approach will allow a complementary, repeatable and non-invasive characterization of the lesion, assisting oncologists and neurosurgeons in selecting the best therapeutic option and the correct molecular target in chemotherapy. AI-driven tools are already playing an important role in surgical planning, delimiting the extent of the lesion (segmentation) and its relationships with the brain structures, thus allowing precision brain surgery as radical as reasonably acceptable to preserve the quality of life. AI-assisted models allow the prediction of complications, recurrences and therapeutic response, suggesting the most appropriate follow-up.
  • 845
  • 20 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Hepatitis C Virus-Ribonucleic Acid
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is potentially associated with liver cancer, and advances in various drugs have led to progress in the treatment of hepatitis C and attempts to prevent its transition to liver cancer. Furthermore, reactivation of HCV has been observed in the treatment of lymphoma, during which the immortalization and proliferation of lymphocytes occur, which leads to the possibility of further stimulating cytokines and the like and possibly to the development of lymphoid malignancy.
  • 845
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancer
The involvement of cardiovascular disease in cancer onset and development represents a contemporary interest in basic science. It has been recognized, from the most recent research, that metabolic syndrome-related conditions, ranging from atherosclerosis to diabetes, elicit many pathways regulating lipid metabolism and lipid signaling that are also linked to the same framework of multiple potential mechanisms for inducing cancer.
  • 845
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
New Biomarkers for Clinical Practice in Colorectal Cancer
Advances in genomic technologies have significantly improved the management of colorectal cancer (CRC). Several biomarkers have been identified in CRC that enable personalization in the use of biologic agents that have shown to enhance the clinical outcomes of patients.
  • 845
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Melanoma
Cutaneous melanoma is one of the deadliest forms of skin cancer. While advancements in systemic targeted therapies and immunotherapies have greatly improved melanoma survival, tumor resistance can limit the efficacy of these therapies. Targeting redox homeostasis in melanoma progression is a promising therapeutic approach, especially in cases of melanoma drug resistance. The role of oxidative stress in melanoma is paradoxical in that it promotes tumor initiation but prevents vertical growth and metastasis. As the disease progresses, melanoma employs adaptive mechanisms to decrease oxidative stress in the tumor environment. Thus, agents with antioxidant properties may have the greatest utility in chemoprevention whereas those with pro-oxidant properties may be better suited for treatment.
  • 844
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Targeting MDM2 for Neuroblastoma Therapy
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric solid tumor with an overall survival rate of <50% for patients with high-risk disease. There is a highly unmet medical need for identifying and developing more effective and safer therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma. We and others have proposed that mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) represents novel molecular target for the treatment of cancer, including neuroblastoma. In the present study, we found that SP141, a unique MDM2 inhibitor, has significant in vitro activity, in vivo efficacy, and minimal host toxicity in neuroblastoma tumor models. These results provide the proof-of-principle data for targeting MDM2 to treat high-risk neuroblastoma.
  • 842
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive neoplasia with an increasing incidence and mortality. It is characterized by a strong desmoplastic stroma surrounding cancer cells. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the main cell type of CCA stroma and they have an important role in modulating cancer microenvironments. CAFs originate from multiple lines of cells and mainly consist of fibroblasts and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive myofibroblast-like cells. The continuous cross-talking between CCA cells and desmoplastic stroma is permitted by CAF biochemical signals, which modulate a number of pathways. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 expression increases CAF recruitment to the tumor reactive stroma and influences apoptotic pathways. The Bcl-2 family protein enhances susceptibility to CAF apoptosis and PDGFRβ induces fibroblast migration and stimulates tumor lymphangiogenesis. Many factors related to CAFs may influence CCA prognosis.
  • 842
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma
Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. 
  • 841
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
miRNA/ADAM Protein Axes in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are some of the most common cancers in the world and their number is increasing. Their etiology and pathogenesis are still unclear. ADAM proteins are a family of transmembrane and secreted metalloproteinases that play a role in cancerogenesis, metastasis and neoangiogenesis. MicroRNAs are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that take part in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Some ADAM proteins can be targets for microRNAs.
  • 841
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Malignant Sinonasal Tumors
Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB), also known as esthesioneuroblastoma, is a rare malignant tumor arising from the olfactory neuroepithelium of the superior nasal cavity. First described by Berger in 1924, it accounts for approximately 2–3% of tumors of the nasal cavity, without any race or gender predilection. It is divided by the Hyams’ histologic grading system in low-grade (Hyams I-II) and high-grade (Hyams III-IV) tumors, the first characterized by a lobular architecture with a minimal or absent mitotic activity and the presence of pseudorosettes, the second by the gradual loss of the lobular architecture, a more represented mitotic activity, and the emergence of necrosis.
  • 840
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells of Liquid Biopsies
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a population of cancer cells that manage to detach from either the primary tumor or metastatic deposits in the periphery of patients, and they seem to have a short half-life of approximately 1h to 2.4 h.
  • 840
  • 17 Mar 2023
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