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Topic Review
Oxi-Inflamm-Aging Related Cardiorenal Syndrome
Kidney failure is also a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Indeed, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant risk for cardiovascular events independently of classical risk. 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Solid Platelet-Rich Fibrin
Solid platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), consisting of coagulated plasma from fractionated blood, has been proposed to be a suitable carrier for recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to target mesenchymal cells during bone regeneration.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
DNA Elements That Impact Xist Expression
Compensation for the gene dosage disequilibrium between sex chromosomes in mammals is achieved in female cells by repressing one of its X chromosomes through a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI), exemplifying the control of gene expression by epigenetic mechanisms. A critical player in this mechanism is Xist, a long, non-coding RNA upregulated from a single X chromosome during early embryonic development in female cells. Xist is regulated at different levels in cis and trans, such as DNA elements, transcription factors, other regulatory proteins, long non-coding RNAs and the chromatin and topological landscape surrounding Xist. This entry focuses on DNA elements that govern Xist expression.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
MicroRNA Modulation
The prevalence of obesity has dramatically increased over the last decades. Weight loss obtained through diet and exercise leads to a  significant decrease in morbidity and mortality. Recently, there has been growing interest in the possible beneficial effects of dietary supplements (DSs), including polyphenols, fatty acids, and other plant-derived substances, as adjuvants in the management of obesity and metabolic diseases. Specifically, polyphenols, widely spread in vegetables and fruits, significantly modulate adipose tissue activities,  contrasting inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity in preclinical and clinical studies. Remarkably, polyphenols are involved in complex microRNA networks, which play crucial roles in metabolic processes. The administration of different polyphenols and other plant-derived compounds led to significant changes in the microRNA expression profile in peripheral tissues in a growing number of preclinical studies. In particular, these compounds were able to revert obesity-induced microRNA dysregulation, leading to the inhibition of adipogenesis and the induction of weight loss. Furthermore, through microRNA modulation, they attenuated key metabolic alterations, including insulin resistance and lipid anomalies, in animal models of obesity. Some of them were also able to reduce proinflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence about the effect of plant-derived DSs on microRNA expression in obesity.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Impact of the Renin-Angiotensin System on Neurodegenerative Diseases
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAS) is an endocrine axis which has important peripheral physiological functions (blood pressure and cardiovascular homeostasis, water and sodium balance, and systemic vascular resistance). In addition to the systemic action of RAS, recent research highlights its paracrine and autocrine actions in many tissues, including the central nervous system. The complex is located intracellularly and is involved in various intracellular processes.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gap-Juntions in the Oocyte
Connexins are proteins that form membrane channels and gap-junctions, and more precisely, these proteins enable the exchange of some ions and molecules, and therefore they do play a fundamental role in the communication between the oocyte and accompanying cells.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Mutant p53 Secretome
p53 suppresses tumorigenesis by activating a plethora of effector pathways. While most of these operate primarily inside of cells to limit proliferation and survival of incipient cancer cells, many extend to the extracellular space. In particular, p53 controls expression and secretion of numerous extracellular factors that are either soluble or contained within extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. As part of the cellular secretome, they execute key roles in cell-cell communication and extracellular matrix remodeling. Mutations in the p53-encoding TP53 gene are the most frequent genetic alterations in cancer cells, and therefore, have profound impact on the composition of the tumor cell secretome.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Plants Salt Stress
Soil salinization inhibits plant growth and seriously restricts food security and agricultural development. Excessive salt can cause ionic stress, osmotic stress, and ultimately oxidative stress in plants. Plants exclude excess salt from their cells to help maintain ionic homeostasis and stimulate phytohormone signaling pathways, thereby balancing growth and stress tolerance to enhance their survival.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent form of malignancy and second only to lung cancer as cause of deaths in women. Notwithstanding many progresses made in the field, metastatic BC has a very poor prognosis. As therapies are becoming more personalized to meet the needs of patients, a better knowledge of the molecular biology leading to the disease unfolds the possibility to project more precise compounds or antibodies targeting definite alteration at the molecular level and functioning on such cancer-causing molecules expressed in cancer cells of patients, or present as antigens on the surface of cancer cell membranes. Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) is one of such druggable targets, activated by its own ligands -namely the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs). This pathway provides a vast range of interesting molecular targets pursued at different levels of clinical investigation.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Polyphenols and its Natural Preservatives
The use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Natural Salicylates
Salicylic acid (SA) is a plant hormone which plays a crucial role in the plant defense against various pathogens and abiotic stresses.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
NGF Peptides Bind Copper(II)
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a protein essential to neurons survival, which interacts with its receptor as a non-covalent dimer. Copper affects biological activity of NGF and conversely NGF may regulates copper trafficking in synaptic cleft.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
γ-aminobutyric Acid and Barley Seedlings
It has been revealed that high NaCl stress (>60 mmol L−1) induced phenolics accumulation in barley seedlings, with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) playing a key role. Interestingly, low NaCl stimulus (20 mmol L−1) enhancing phenolics synthesis and growth of barley seedlings was also reported recently. Hence, exogenous GABA and its bio-synthesis inhibitor 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP) were applied to reveal the mechanism of GABA regulating phenolics metabolism in barley seedlings treated with 20 mmol L−1 NaCl. The contents of total phenolics and flavonoids significantly increased by 11.64% and 14.52% under NaCl, respectively. The addition of GABA further increased phenolics and flavonoids contents, especially for gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and quercetin, compared with NaCl treatment. Simultaneously, GABA increased the activities and mRNA levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (C4H), and 4-coumalyl CoA ligase (4CL). The addition of 3-MP suppressed the above effects, except for increasing the protein levels of PAL, C4H, and 4CL. Low concentration of NaCl not only promoted growth, but also stimulated endogenous GABA metabolism to affect key enzymes activities and mRNA levels for phenolics synthesis in barley seedlings.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Land Use for Critical Cemeteries in Central Ecuador
Cemeteries are sites for the final disposal of human bodies that constitute a source of contamination of soil and water as a result of the cadaveric decomposition generated. In addition, land use conflicts were encountered in the cemetery grounds. It is concluded that the existing cemeteries should be subjected to more detailed environmental analysis and subsequently should be treated as security landfills in the closure and post-closure stage. Also, it has been concluded that the cemeteries should not be located in urban or peri-urban areas.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Parkinson’s Disease Overlaps
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Algal Metabolites as an Immune Booster against COVID-19
Algae and algae-derived products are rich sources of natural products or metabolites synthesized during metabolism. Algae are a rich source of compounds such as lectins and sulfated polysaccharides, which have potent antiviral and immunity-boosting properties. Moreover, Algae-derived compounds or metabolites can be used as antibodies and vaccine raw materials against COVID-19. Furthermore, some algal species can boost immunity, reduce viral activity in humans and be recommended for usage as a COVID-19 preventative measure.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Forms of Parkinson Disease Epigenetic Aspects
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population over the age of 50. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, and the estimated prevalence is 94 cases per 100,000 people, or approximately 0.3 percent in the general population 40 years of age and older. The yearly incidence of new cases ranges from 8 to 18.6 per 100,000 person-years. PD is clinically characterized by uncontrollable tremors at rest, rigidity, slowness of movement and postural impairment. In addition to violations of motor function, PD is accompanied by gastrointestinal, olfactory, sleep, and cognitive pathologies and other disorders. PD is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). These neurons release dopamine (DA) from nerve endings in the striatum and control muscle tone and multiple brain functions including a broad array of behavioral processes such as mood, reward, addiction, and stress. Morphologically PD is characterized by the presence of intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies (LB) consisting mainly of aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn) inside nerve cells including SNpc. The onset of PD is dependent on both genetic and environmental factors. The latter can alter gene expression by causing epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, and the post-translational modification of histones and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs, the most studied of which are microRNAs or miRNAs). The regulation of genes responsible for monogenic forms of PD may also be involved in sporadic PD.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Hydrodynamically Closed Capillary Electrophoresis
Several research disciplines require fast, reliable and highly automated determination of pharmaceutically active compounds and their enantiomers in complex biological matrices. To address some of the challenges of Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), such as low concentration sensitivity and performance degradation linked to the adsorption and interference of matrix components, CE in a hydrodynamically closed system was evaluated using the model compounds Pindolol and Propranolol. Some established validation parameters such as repeatability of injection, efficiency, resolution and sensitivity were used to assess its performance, and it was found to be broadly identical to that of hydrodynamically opened systems. While some reduction in separation efficiency was observed, this was mainly due to dispersion caused by injection and it had no impact on the ability to resolve enantiomers of model compounds even when spiked into complex biological matrix such as blood serum. An approximately 18- to 23-fold increase in concentration sensitivity due to the employment of wide bore capillaries was observed. This brings the sensitivity of CE to a level similar to that of liquid chromatography techniques. In addition to this benefit and unlike in hydrodynamically opened systems, suppression of electroosmotic flow, which is essential for hydrodynamically closed systems practically eliminates the matrix effects that are linked to protein adsorption.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Archaeal DNA Repair
DNA repair is essential across all organisms to maintain levels genomic stability suitable for life. Archaea often thrive in environmental extremes, enduring levels of heat, pressure, salinity, pH, and radiation that prove intolerable to most life. Many environmental extremes raise the propensity for DNA damaging events and thus, impact DNA stability, placing greater reliance on molecular mechanisms that recognize DNA damage and initiate accurate repair. Archaea can presumably prosper in harsh and DNA-damaging environments in part due to robust DNA repair pathways but surprisingly, no DNA repair pathways unique to Archaea have been described.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Bone Healing
Main methods of biophysical enhancement in treating bone nonunions.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Feb 2021
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