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Topic Review
Early-Life Origins of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not a single disease but a collection of medical conditions that occur together and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although MetS had been defined slightly differently by various organizations, the main components of MetS include obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. The prevalence estimates vary, based on the criteria used for the diagnosis of MetS. 
  • 662
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hemp for Dairy Ruminants
Recently, hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) was rediscovery as a plant that offers a wide variety of applications (textile, pharmaceuticals, construction, etc.), including also the use in animal and human nutrition.  The inclusion of whole seeds and co-products obtained by processing of seeds (cake, meal, and oil) in the diets of farm animals can allow the transfer of bioactive substances to human food. The protein content, amino acids profile, and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) of hempseed and co-products of hemp appear interesting and suitable for ruminant nutrition.
  • 660
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Reproductive Technologies Used in Female Neo-Tropical Hystricomorphic Rodents
Reproductive technologies aid in efficient reproduction, which is important in these species as they are hunted and valued for their meat. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology would aid in assisted reproductive techniques, thus attention was given to these areas. Within this group of rodent species there were similar characteristics, some of which have been highlighted as well as any unique features. Some reproductive technologies used included colpocytology, ultrasonography, and hormonal analysis.
  • 660
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polysaccharides as Feed Additives for Methane Mitigation
Marine algal polysaccharides have emerged as a promising research avenue because of their abundance and sustainability. Polysaccharides, such as alginate, laminaran, and fucoidan, which are extracted from marine seaweeds, have demonstrated the potential to reduce methane emissions by influencing the microbial populations in the rumen.
  • 660
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Feeding Management on Animal Performance and Production Efficiency
Mitigation of greenhouse gases and decreasing nutrient excretion have become increasingly important goals for the beef cattle industry. Because feed intake is a major driver of enteric CH4 production and nutrient excretion, feeding management systems could be important mitigation tools. Programmed feeding uses net energy equations to determine the feed required to yield a specific rate of gain, whereas restricted feeding typically involves decreasing intake relative to the expected or observed ad libitum intake.
  • 658
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Myc in Silkworm Silk Gland
Silkworm is an economically important insect that synthetizes silk proteins for silk production in silk gland, and silk gland cells undergo endoreplication during larval period. Transcription factor Myc is essential for cell growth and proliferation. Although silkworm Myc gene has been identified previously, its biological functions in silkworm silk gland are still largely unknown. In this study, we examined whether enhanced Myc expression in silk gland could facilitate cell growth and silk production. Based on a transgenic approach, Myc was driven by the promoter of the fibroin heavy chain (FibH) gene to be successfully overexpressed in posterior silk gland. Enhanced Myc expression in the PSG elevated FibH expression by about 20% compared to the control, and also increased the weight and shell rate of the cocoon shell.
  • 657
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
White Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity in the Single-Cell Era
Adipose tissue is a major modulator of metabolic function by regulating energy storage and by acting as an endocrine organ through the secretion of adipokines. With the advantage of next-generation sequencing-based single-cell technologies, adipose tissue has been studied at single-cell resolution, thus providing unbiased insight into its molecular composition. Recent single-cell RNA sequencing studies in human and mouse models have dissected the transcriptional cellular heterogeneity of subcutaneous (SAT), visceral (VAT), and intramuscular (IMAT) white adipose tissue depots and revealed unique populations of adipose tissue progenitor cells, mature adipocytes, immune cell, vascular cells, and mesothelial cells that play direct roles on adipose tissue function and the development of metabolic disorders.
  • 656
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Link between Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury
Communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological function. The health of the gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating the overall function and well-being of the individual. Microbes release short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors to mediate hormone release, neurotransmitter release (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and histamine), and regulate inflammation and mood. Further gaseous factors (i.e., nitric oxide) are important in regulating inflammation and have a response in injury. 
  • 654
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Crops for Bioeconomy Development
Industrial and bioenergy crops should include nonfood and nonfeed crops and generate agricultural products categorized as commodities and/or raw materials for industrial goods and bioenergy. 
  • 650
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Risk Models for Listeria monocytogenes in Dairy Products
Cheese as a source of listeriosis tended to be studied in quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models under the full farm-to-table approach because of the many factors and forces of contamination that may occur along the chain, namely, on-farm environmental contamination sources such as silage, soil, water, and inadequate sanitation and housing conditions; extensive manipulation after milk heat treatment (if heat treated); the potential for recontamination after pasteurization and cross-contamination events during processing; the possible presence of contaminating niches in processing and retail facilities; L. monocytogenes’ ability to grow during refrigeration storage; long shelf-life in case of ripened cheeses; and wide consumption of cheese.
  • 650
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Lα,25-(OH)2D3 on Osteoclastogenesis
The active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-(OH)2D3, not only promotes intestinal calcium absorption, but also regulates the formation of osteoclasts (OCs) and their capacity for bone mineral dissolution. Gal-3 is a newly discovered bone metabolic regulator involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of various cells.
  • 650
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Implications of Calf Nutritional Management on Welfare
The priority for calf rearing has been to maintain good health and welfare in order to promote and sustain future production. However, there have been numerous reports of undesirable levels of morbidity and mortality amongst pre-weaned calves. This may be mitigated or exacerbated by nutritional management practices.
  • 649
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Intermittent Hypoxia and Cytokines
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent apnea or hypoxia episodes leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and arousals during sleep. 
  • 648
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Never-Ending Presence of Phytophthora Species in Italian Nurseries
Plant trade coupled with climate change has led to the increased spread of well-known and new Phytophthora species, a group of fungus-like organisms placed in the Kingdom Chromista. Their presence in plant nurseries is of particular concern because they are responsible for many plant diseases, with high environmental, economic and social impacts. This text offers a brief overview of the current status of Phytophthora species in European plant nurseries. Focus was placed on Italian sites. Despite the increasing awareness of the risk of Phytophthora spread and the management strategies applied for controlling it, the complexity of the Phytophthora community in the horticulture industry is increasing over time. Since the survey carried out by Jung et al., new Phytophthora taxa and Phytophthora-host associations were identified. Phytophthora hydropathica, P. crassamura, P. pseudocryptogea and P. meadii were reported for the first time in European plant nurseries, while P. pistaciae, P. mediterranea and P. heterospora were isolated from Italian ornamental nurseries. Knowledge of Phytophthora diversity in plant nurseries and the potential damage caused by them will help to contribute to the development of early detection methods and sustainable management strategies to control Phytophthora spread in the future.
  • 648
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Video Processing for Physical Characteristics of Fishes
Acquiring the morphological parameters of fish with the traditional method (depending on human and non-automatic factors) not only causes serious problems, such as disease transmission, mortality due to stress, and carelessness and error, but it is also time-consuming and has low efficiency. 
  • 648
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Thrips (Thysanoptera)
Thrips are insect pests of economically important agricultural, horticultural, and forest crops. They cause damage by sucking plant sap and by transmitting several tospoviruses, ilarviruses, carmoviruses, sobemoviruses, and machlomoviruses. Accurate and timely identification is the key to successful management of thrips species. However, their small size, cryptic nature, presence of color and reproductive morphs, and intraspecies genetic variability make the identification of thrips species challenging. The use of molecular and electronic detection platforms has made thrips identification rapid, precise, sensitive, high throughput, and independent of developmental stages. Multi-locus phylogeny based on mitochondrial, nuclear, and other markers has resolved ambiguities in morphologically indistinguishable thrips species. Microsatellite, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and CAPS markers have helped to explain population structure, gene flow, and intraspecies heterogeneity. Recent techniques such as LAMP and RPA have been employed for sensitive and on-site identification of thrips. Artificial neural networks and high throughput diagnostics facilitate automated identification. 
  • 645
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Differential Climate Resilience in Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes
Improvement of crop climate resilience will require an understanding of whole-plant adaptation to specific local environments. Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes adapted to local environments with different climates in Sweden and Italy exhibited different responses when grown under common cool temperature. A proportionally greater emphasis on maintenance of photosynthetic activity in the Swedish ecotype contrasted with a greater emphasis on downregulation of light-harvesting and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in the Italian ecotype under these conditions. The Swedish ecotype thus pushes forward at full speed with productivity under low temperature, whereas the Italian ecotype stays safe from harm while letting productivity decline when temperatures are transiently cold. Either strategy offer directions for the development of climate-resilient crops for specific locations of cultivation.
  • 644
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Milk Production of Cows Fed with SP
Silage pulp (SP) is a byproduct from biorefinary of silage that can be used as forage source for ruminants. However, there is a lack of information regarding the complete replacement of dietary silage for SP on performance of dairy cows. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the complete substitution of dietary grass-clover silage for SP on milk production of dairy cows. Grass-clover mixture was harvested, wilted, and ensiled in bunker silos. The silage was screw pressed in a biorefinery for solid (SP) and liquid (protein-rich juice) separation. Seventy-two lactating cows were used in a completely randomized block design, receiving either the original silage- or SP-based diets. The SP-based diet had lower concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein but greater fibre concentration compared to the silage-based diet. Milk yield and energy corrected milk were generally greater for cows receiving the silage-based diet compared to the SP-based diet. Cows receiving the silage-based diet had a greater yields of milk protein and milk fat, and tended to have a greater yield of milk lactose than cows receiving the SP-based diet. Milk composition, body condition score and body weight were not affected by diets. The complete substitution of silage for SP reduced the lactation performance of dairy cows over time.
  • 640
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Plant Cell Walls to Improve Biomass Quality
Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy and plays an important role in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. Efficient biomass production is essential to obtain large amounts of sustainable energy with minimal environmental cost.
  • 639
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Aflatoxin Contamination and Soils Control
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic compounds, mainly produced by fungi species of the genus Aspergillus in the soil. Because of their stability, they are difficult to remove completely, even under extreme conditions. Aflatoxin contamination is one of the main causes of safety in peanuts, maize, wheat and other agricultural products. Aflatoxin contamination originates from the soil. 
  • 639
  • 03 Aug 2023
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