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Topic Review
Long-Read Sequencing in Clinical Bacterial Studies
The powerful combination of genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis has played a crucial role in interpreting information encoded in bacterial genomes. High-throughput sequencing technologies have paved the way towards understanding an increasingly wide range of biological questions. This revolution has enabled advances in areas ranging from genome composition to how proteins interact with nucleic acids. This has created unprecedented opportunities through the integration of genomic data into clinics for the diagnosis of genetic traits associated with disease.  Long-read sequencing has overcome previous limitations in terms of accuracy, thus expanding its applications in genomics, transcriptomics and metagenomics.
  • 672
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Osteoporosis
As an insidious metabolic bone disease, osteoporosis plagues the world, with high incidence rates. Patients with osteoporosis are prone to falls and becoming disabled, and their cone fractures and hip fractures are very serious, so the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis is very urgent. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles secreted from cells to the outside of the cell and they are wrapped in a bilayer of phospholipids. According to the size of the particles, they can be divided into three categories, namely exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. The diameter of exosomes is 30–150 nm, the diameter of microvesicles is 100–1000 nm, and the diameter of apoptotic bodies is about 50–5000 nm. EVs play an important role in various biological process and diseases including osteoporosis.
  • 672
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Polysaccharides as Feed Additives for Methane Mitigation
Marine algal polysaccharides have emerged as a promising research avenue because of their abundance and sustainability. Polysaccharides, such as alginate, laminaran, and fucoidan, which are extracted from marine seaweeds, have demonstrated the potential to reduce methane emissions by influencing the microbial populations in the rumen.
  • 671
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Less Known Cyclins
Cyclins belong to a group of proteins that are cyclically produced and destructed in a cell. Cyclins are a family of proteins that are a key component of the cell cycle regulating system, which level of expression depends on the phase of the cycle.
  • 670
  • 22 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Effect of Protein Genotypes on Physicochemical Properties
High protein content was reported by Ikonen et al.in milk genotyped A1A1-BB, A1A2-AB and A1A1-AB, while a low protein content was related to the A1A1-EE genotype. For the composite genotype of αS1-β-κ-CN, B-A1-B was reported to be positively correlated with percentages of fat and protein in Holstein cows, Brown Swiss cowsand Finnish Ayshire cows, as well as in a local Italian Reggiana cows, but negatively correlated with milk yield. Haplotype C-A2-B has similar effects to B-A1-B, and also leads to low milk yield and high protein concentration.
  • 670
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hemp for Dairy Ruminants
Recently, hemp (Cannabis Sativa L.) was rediscovery as a plant that offers a wide variety of applications (textile, pharmaceuticals, construction, etc.), including also the use in animal and human nutrition.  The inclusion of whole seeds and co-products obtained by processing of seeds (cake, meal, and oil) in the diets of farm animals can allow the transfer of bioactive substances to human food. The protein content, amino acids profile, and rumen undegradable protein (RUP) of hempseed and co-products of hemp appear interesting and suitable for ruminant nutrition.
  • 665
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Lα,25-(OH)2D3 on Osteoclastogenesis
The active form of vitamin D, 1α,25-(OH)2D3, not only promotes intestinal calcium absorption, but also regulates the formation of osteoclasts (OCs) and their capacity for bone mineral dissolution. Gal-3 is a newly discovered bone metabolic regulator involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of various cells.
  • 665
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Myc in Silkworm Silk Gland
Silkworm is an economically important insect that synthetizes silk proteins for silk production in silk gland, and silk gland cells undergo endoreplication during larval period. Transcription factor Myc is essential for cell growth and proliferation. Although silkworm Myc gene has been identified previously, its biological functions in silkworm silk gland are still largely unknown. In this study, we examined whether enhanced Myc expression in silk gland could facilitate cell growth and silk production. Based on a transgenic approach, Myc was driven by the promoter of the fibroin heavy chain (FibH) gene to be successfully overexpressed in posterior silk gland. Enhanced Myc expression in the PSG elevated FibH expression by about 20% compared to the control, and also increased the weight and shell rate of the cocoon shell.
  • 664
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Link between Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Neurologic Injury
Communication between the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for maintaining systemic homeostasis. Intrinsic and extrinsic neurological inputs of the gut regulate blood flow, peristalsis, hormone release, and immunological function. The health of the gut microbiome plays a vital role in regulating the overall function and well-being of the individual. Microbes release short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that regulate G-protein-coupled receptors to mediate hormone release, neurotransmitter release (i.e., serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), acetylcholine, and histamine), and regulate inflammation and mood. Further gaseous factors (i.e., nitric oxide) are important in regulating inflammation and have a response in injury. 
  • 664
  • 04 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Reproductive Technologies Used in Female Neo-Tropical Hystricomorphic Rodents
Reproductive technologies aid in efficient reproduction, which is important in these species as they are hunted and valued for their meat. Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology would aid in assisted reproductive techniques, thus attention was given to these areas. Within this group of rodent species there were similar characteristics, some of which have been highlighted as well as any unique features. Some reproductive technologies used included colpocytology, ultrasonography, and hormonal analysis.
  • 664
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Risk Models for Listeria monocytogenes in Dairy Products
Cheese as a source of listeriosis tended to be studied in quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models under the full farm-to-table approach because of the many factors and forces of contamination that may occur along the chain, namely, on-farm environmental contamination sources such as silage, soil, water, and inadequate sanitation and housing conditions; extensive manipulation after milk heat treatment (if heat treated); the potential for recontamination after pasteurization and cross-contamination events during processing; the possible presence of contaminating niches in processing and retail facilities; L. monocytogenes’ ability to grow during refrigeration storage; long shelf-life in case of ripened cheeses; and wide consumption of cheese.
  • 661
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Influence factor of Biochar Functions in Soil
Biochar effects are strongly dependent on its properties. Biochar improves physical soil properties by decreasing bulk density and increasing medium and large aggregates, leading to faster and deeper water infiltration and root growth. Improvement of the chemical properties of soil is connected with pH neutralization of acidic soils, increase of cation exchange capacity and base saturation, providing a larger surface for sorption of toxicants and exchange of cations. Biochar increases the stocks of macro- and micronutrients in soil and remains sufficient for decades.
  • 661
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Intermittent Hypoxia and Cytokines
Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS) is a prevalent disorder characterized by recurrent apnea or hypoxia episodes leading to intermittent hypoxia (IH) and arousals during sleep. 
  • 659
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Implications of Calf Nutritional Management on Welfare
The priority for calf rearing has been to maintain good health and welfare in order to promote and sustain future production. However, there have been numerous reports of undesirable levels of morbidity and mortality amongst pre-weaned calves. This may be mitigated or exacerbated by nutritional management practices.
  • 659
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Differential Climate Resilience in Arabidopsis thaliana Ecotypes
Improvement of crop climate resilience will require an understanding of whole-plant adaptation to specific local environments. Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes adapted to local environments with different climates in Sweden and Italy exhibited different responses when grown under common cool temperature. A proportionally greater emphasis on maintenance of photosynthetic activity in the Swedish ecotype contrasted with a greater emphasis on downregulation of light-harvesting and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes in the Italian ecotype under these conditions. The Swedish ecotype thus pushes forward at full speed with productivity under low temperature, whereas the Italian ecotype stays safe from harm while letting productivity decline when temperatures are transiently cold. Either strategy offer directions for the development of climate-resilient crops for specific locations of cultivation.
  • 658
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Never-Ending Presence of Phytophthora Species in Italian Nurseries
Plant trade coupled with climate change has led to the increased spread of well-known and new Phytophthora species, a group of fungus-like organisms placed in the Kingdom Chromista. Their presence in plant nurseries is of particular concern because they are responsible for many plant diseases, with high environmental, economic and social impacts. This text offers a brief overview of the current status of Phytophthora species in European plant nurseries. Focus was placed on Italian sites. Despite the increasing awareness of the risk of Phytophthora spread and the management strategies applied for controlling it, the complexity of the Phytophthora community in the horticulture industry is increasing over time. Since the survey carried out by Jung et al., new Phytophthora taxa and Phytophthora-host associations were identified. Phytophthora hydropathica, P. crassamura, P. pseudocryptogea and P. meadii were reported for the first time in European plant nurseries, while P. pistaciae, P. mediterranea and P. heterospora were isolated from Italian ornamental nurseries. Knowledge of Phytophthora diversity in plant nurseries and the potential damage caused by them will help to contribute to the development of early detection methods and sustainable management strategies to control Phytophthora spread in the future.
  • 657
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Crops for Bioeconomy Development
Industrial and bioenergy crops should include nonfood and nonfeed crops and generate agricultural products categorized as commodities and/or raw materials for industrial goods and bioenergy. 
  • 653
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Thrips (Thysanoptera)
Thrips are insect pests of economically important agricultural, horticultural, and forest crops. They cause damage by sucking plant sap and by transmitting several tospoviruses, ilarviruses, carmoviruses, sobemoviruses, and machlomoviruses. Accurate and timely identification is the key to successful management of thrips species. However, their small size, cryptic nature, presence of color and reproductive morphs, and intraspecies genetic variability make the identification of thrips species challenging. The use of molecular and electronic detection platforms has made thrips identification rapid, precise, sensitive, high throughput, and independent of developmental stages. Multi-locus phylogeny based on mitochondrial, nuclear, and other markers has resolved ambiguities in morphologically indistinguishable thrips species. Microsatellite, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and CAPS markers have helped to explain population structure, gene flow, and intraspecies heterogeneity. Recent techniques such as LAMP and RPA have been employed for sensitive and on-site identification of thrips. Artificial neural networks and high throughput diagnostics facilitate automated identification. 
  • 652
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Plant Cell Walls to Improve Biomass Quality
Biomass is one of the most important sources of renewable energy and plays an important role in reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. Efficient biomass production is essential to obtain large amounts of sustainable energy with minimal environmental cost.
  • 650
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Aflatoxin Contamination and Soils Control
Aflatoxins are potent carcinogenic compounds, mainly produced by fungi species of the genus Aspergillus in the soil. Because of their stability, they are difficult to remove completely, even under extreme conditions. Aflatoxin contamination is one of the main causes of safety in peanuts, maize, wheat and other agricultural products. Aflatoxin contamination originates from the soil. 
  • 650
  • 03 Aug 2023
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