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Topic Review
Prognostic Values for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in men, and new biomarkers are still needed.
  • 880
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Histones to Detect and Monitor Cancer
Liquid biopsies have emerged as a minimally invasive cancer detection and monitoring method, which could identify cancer-related alterations in nucleosome or histone levels and modifications in blood, saliva, and urine. Histones, the core component of the nucleosome, are essential for chromatin compaction and gene expression modulation. Increasing evidence suggests that circulating histones and histone complexes, originating from cell death or immune cell activation, could act as promising biomarkers for cancer detection and management.
  • 880
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pediatric Sarcoma
Sarcomas are mesenchymal malignancies accounting for about 15% of cancers in children and adolescents, making them the third most common group of childhood cancers, following blood malignancies and brain tumors.
  • 879
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs)
Circulating tumor cells (CTC) have been recognized as the cause of distant metastasis. Their unique role as metastatic seeds renders them a potential marker in the circulation for early cancer prognosis, as well as monitoring therapeutic response. This review summarizes existing CTC isolation technologies, advances in downstream analysis of CTC and their potential applications in precision medicine.
  • 879
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous hematological cancer that remains incurable despite the introduction of novel therapies in the clinic. The surprising finding that MM cells present rampant genomic instability has ignited concerted efforts to understand its origin and exploit it for therapeutic purposes.
  • 879
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The Interplay of Lung Cancer, COVID-19, and Vaccines
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively affected the treatment of malignant diseases and the development of new prodrugs worldwide. Patients with cancer are more susceptible to a higher risk of coronavirus infection and its severe complications than the general population. The lungs are the most strongly affected organs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, within the lungs, as in other human organ tissues, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was proven to be the main host cell receptor for the binding of SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 expression is also elevated in tumor and tumor-adjacent normal tissues in patients with lung cancer, which might partially explain why patients with lung cancer are potentially at a higher risk of severe COVID-19. 
  • 879
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Bone Metastases in Prostate Cancer
Clinically relevant bone metastases are a major cause of morbidity and mortality for prostate cancer patients. Distinct phenotypes are described: osteoblastic, the more common osteolytic and mixed. A molecular classification has been also proposed. Bone metastases start with the tropism of cancer cells to the bone through different multi-step tumor–host interactions, as described by the “metastatic cascade” model.
  • 879
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ozone Therapy
ozone therapy can induce an adaptive antioxidant and anti-inflammatory response, which could be potentially useful in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. 
  • 879
  • 31 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Key Heterocyclic Anti-Angiogenic Leads
Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer; accordingly, a number of anticancer FDA-approved drugs act by inhibiting angiogenesis via different mechanisms. However, the development process of the most potent anti-angiogenics has met various hurdles including redundancy, multiplicity, and development of compensatory mechanisms by which blood vessels are remodeled. Moreover, identification of broad-spectrum anti-angiogenesis targets is proved to be required to enhance the efficacy of the anti-angiogenesis drugs. In this perspective, a proper understanding of the structure activity relationship (SAR) of the recent anti-angiogenics is required. Various anti-angiogenic classes have been developed over the years; among them, the heterocyclic organic compounds come to the fore as the most promising, with several drugs approved by the FDA.
  • 878
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
CAR-T in Cancer Treatment
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has exhibited good application prospects in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, there are still many unsolved problems, such as the limited antitumor effect of CAR-T on solid tumors and the potential risk of CAR-T therapy in clinical applications. In order to meet these challenges, more and more solutions are proposed.
  • 878
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Targeting Tie2 in the Tumor Microenvironment
The dissemination of cancer cells from their original location to distant organs where they grow, a process called metastasis, causes more than 90% of cancer deaths. The identification of the molecular mechanisms of metastasis and the development of anti-metastatic therapies are essential to increase patient survival. In recent years, targeting the tumor microenvironment has become a promising avenue to prevent both tumor growth and metastasis. As the tumor microenvironment contains not only cancer cells but also blood vessels, immune cells, and other non-cancerous cells, it is naïve to think that therapy only affects a single cell type in this complex environment. Here to stress the importance, and ways to inhibit the function, of one therapeutic target: the receptor Tie2. Tie2 is a receptor present on the cell surface of several cell types within the tumor microenvironment and regulates tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis to distant organs.
  • 878
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Obesity and Cancer
The obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, including worse cancer outcomes. It has been established that obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2) is a major risk factor for many types of cancer.
  • 878
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of Lifestyle on Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men, and its incidence has been rising through the years. Several risk factors have been associated with this disease and unhealthy lifestyles and inflammation were appointed as major contributors for PCa development, progression, and severity. Despite the advantages associated with the currently used diagnostic tools [prostate-specific antigen(PSA) serum levels and digital rectal examination (DRE)], the development of effective approaches for PCa diagnosis is still necessary. Finding lifestyle-associated proteins that may predict the development of PCa seems to be a promising strategy to improve PCa diagnosis.
  • 878
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Glucose Metabolism to Overcoming Drug Resistance
The “Warburg effect” consists of a metabolic shift in energy production from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. The continuous activation of glycolysis in cancer cells causes rapid energy production and an increase in lactate, leading to the acidification of the tumour microenvironment, chemo- and radioresistance, as well as poor patient survival. Nevertheless, the mitochondrial metabolism can be also involved in aggressive cancer characteristics. The metabolic differences between cancer and normal tissues can be considered the Achilles heel of cancer, offering a strategy for new therapies. One of the main causes of treatment resistance consists of the increased expression of efflux pumps, and multidrug resistance (MDR) proteins, which are able to export chemotherapeutics out of the cell. Cells expressing MDR proteins require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to mediate the efflux of their drug substrates. Thus, inhibition of the main energy-producing pathways in cancer cells, not only induces cancer cell death per se, but also overcomes multidrug resistance. 
  • 878
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Urokinase Receptor in Targeted Cancer Therapy
The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has now firmly established itself as a versatile molecular target holding promise for the treatment of aggressive malignancies. The copious abundance of uPAR in virtually all human cancerous tissues versus their healthy counterparts has fostered a gradual shift in the therapeutic landscape targeting this receptor from function inhibition to cytotoxic approaches to selectively eradicate the uPAR-expressing cells by delivering a targeted cytotoxic insult.  
  • 876
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy for Bladder Cancer
In high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC), patient outcome is negatively affected by lack of response to Bacillus-Calmette Guérin (BCG) treatment. Lack of response to cisplatin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cisplatin ineligibility reduces successful treatment outcomes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients. The effectiveness of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in metastatic disease has stimulated its evaluation as a treatment option in HR-NMIBC and MIBC patients. However, the observed responses, immune-related adverse events and high costs associated with ICI have provided impetus for the development of methods to improve patient stratification, enhance anti-tumorigenic effects and reduce toxicity.
  • 875
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Ovarian Cancer Stemness
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly lethal gynecological malignancy that is characterized by the early development of disseminated metastasis. Though ovarian cancer has been generally considered to preferentially metastasize via direct transcoelomic dissemination instead of the hematogenous route, emerging evidence has indicated that the hematogenous spread of cancer cells plays a larger role in ovarian cancer metastasis than previously thought. Considering the distinctive biology of ovarian cancer, an in-depth understanding of the biological and molecular mechanisms that drive metastasis is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies against this fatal disease. The recent “cancer stem cell theory” postulates that cancer stem cells are principally responsible for tumor initiation, metastasis, and chemotherapy resistance.
  • 875
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Eclectic Nature of Glioma-Infiltrating Macrophages and Microglia
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are complex ecosystems composed of highly multifaceted tumor and myeloid cells capable of responding to different environmental pressures, including therapies. Recent studies have uncovered the diverse phenotypical identities of brain-populating myeloid cells. Differences in the immune proportions and phenotypes within tumors seem to be dictated by molecular features of glioma cells. Furthermore, increasing evidence underscores the significance of interactions between myeloid cells and glioma cells that allow them to evolve in a synergistic fashion to sustain tumor growth.
  • 875
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Histone Deacetylases in Oncoproteins
Reversible Nε-lysine acetylation/deacetylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications (PTM) of histones and non-histone proteins that is regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). This epigenetic process is highly involved in carcinogenesis, affecting histone and non-histone proteins’ properties and their biological functions. Some of the transcription factors, including tumor suppressors and oncoproteins, undergo this modification altering different cell signaling pathways. HDACs deacetylate their targets, which leads to either the upregulation or downregulation of proteins involved in the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis, ultimately influencing tumor growth, invasion, and drug resistance. Therefore, epigenetic modifications are of great clinical importance and may constitute a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment. 
  • 874
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetics of SFRP1
Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is a gene that belongs to the secreted glycoprotein SFRP family. SFRP1 has been classified as a tumor suppressor gene due to the loss of expression in various human cancers, which is mainly attributed by epigenetic inactivation via DNA methylation or transcriptional silencing by microRNAs. Epigenetic silencing of SFRP1 may cause dysregulation of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which lead to cancer cells formation, disease progression, poor prognosis, and treatment resistance. Hence, restoration of SFRP1 expression via demethylating drugs or over-expression experiments opens the possibility for a new cancer therapy approach. While the role of SFRP1 as a tumor suppressor gene is well-established, some studies also reported the possible oncogenic properties of SFRP1 in cancers.
  • 873
  • 13 Jul 2021
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