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Topic Review
PIM Kinases in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the United States. Eventually, all myeloma patients will relapse and develop resistance to currently available agents. There is an unmet medical need to identify novel therapeutic targets. PIM kinases play an important role in myeloma pathogenesis and disease relapse.
  • 893
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
CAR-T in Cancer Treatment
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has exhibited good application prospects in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. However, there are still many unsolved problems, such as the limited antitumor effect of CAR-T on solid tumors and the potential risk of CAR-T therapy in clinical applications. In order to meet these challenges, more and more solutions are proposed.
  • 893
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Early-Stage Cervical Cancer
Early-stage cervical cancers refer to tumors ≤ 4 cm in the largest dimension, and are restricted to the uterine cervix without lymph node involvement, thus enclosing the FIGO 2018 stage IA, IB1, and IB2 diseases.
  • 892
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Current Treatment Options of Metastatic Breast Cancer
breast cancer subtypes and classifications are well-characterized and personalized for each patient group. To this extent, given the distinct classification of breast cancer, the therapeutic decision and algorithms of metastatic disease is largely dependent on its molecular subclassification and on HR and HER-2 expression status.
  • 892
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Circulating Histones to Detect and Monitor Cancer
Liquid biopsies have emerged as a minimally invasive cancer detection and monitoring method, which could identify cancer-related alterations in nucleosome or histone levels and modifications in blood, saliva, and urine. Histones, the core component of the nucleosome, are essential for chromatin compaction and gene expression modulation. Increasing evidence suggests that circulating histones and histone complexes, originating from cell death or immune cell activation, could act as promising biomarkers for cancer detection and management.
  • 892
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
RAS in Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment
The Renin-angiotensin system (RAS), as a constituent of the tumor microenvironment (TME), is involved in several hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, hypoxia, and tumor cell proliferation. Components of the RAS are expressed in different types of cancer including colon adenocarcinoma and malignant melanoma. RAS components are also expressed by cancer stem cells in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), renal clear cell carcinoma, primary, and metastatic, cutaneous SCC, metastatic colon adenocarcinoma, metastatic malignant melanoma, and glioblastoma.
  • 891
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Oral Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) was recognized in 2005 by the World Health Organization as a rare subtype of true oral leukoplakia, with unknown etiology. Since its first description in 1985, several diagnostic criteria have been proposed over the years. 
  • 891
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide according to the World Health Organization. Non-small cell lung cancer makes up the majority of cases. Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and other molecular targeted agents significantly changed the treatment landscape and overall survival. Unfortunately, resistance to these treatments develops, and there is a need to identify additional innovative therapies that can overcome treatment resistance. Advancements in biomedical engineering and technology allowed for the development of novel agents, capable of delivering effective treatment directly to tumor cells. These agents include antibody drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies which have various targets and mechanisms of action.
  • 891
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of Lifestyle on Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men, and its incidence has been rising through the years. Several risk factors have been associated with this disease and unhealthy lifestyles and inflammation were appointed as major contributors for PCa development, progression, and severity. Despite the advantages associated with the currently used diagnostic tools [prostate-specific antigen(PSA) serum levels and digital rectal examination (DRE)], the development of effective approaches for PCa diagnosis is still necessary. Finding lifestyle-associated proteins that may predict the development of PCa seems to be a promising strategy to improve PCa diagnosis.
  • 890
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
cGAS-STING Activation
The cGAS-STING cellular signaling pathway is a key member of the DNA damage response, whose role is to repair the DNA damage that occurs naturally during the life of a cell. Interestingly, cGAS-STING is known to promote immune responses against tumors, and is being explored for its potential use in cancer immunotherapy applications.
  • 890
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Enhancer RNAs in Cancer
Enhancers are critical genomic elements that can cooperate with promoters to regulate gene transcription in both normal and cancer cells.
  • 890
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Peptides with Dual Antimicrobial-Anticancer Activity
Peptides are naturally produced by all organisms and exhibit a wide range of physiological, immunomodulatory, and wound healing functions. Furthermore, they can provide with protection against microorganisms and tumor cells. Their multifaceted performance, high selectivity, and reduced toxicity have positioned them as effective therapeutic agents, representing a positive economic impact for pharmaceutical companies. Currently, efforts have been made to invest in the development of new peptides with antimicrobial and anticancer properties, but the poor stability of these molecules in physiological environments has triggered a bottleneck. Therefore, some tools, such as nanotechnology and in silico approaches can be applied as alternatives to try to overcome these obstacles. In silico studies provide a priori knowledge that can lead to the development of new anticancer peptides with enhanced biological activity and improved stability.
  • 889
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
LncRNAE2F4
LncRNA is a promising biomarker that predicts the prognosis of a variety of cancers, but the important role of E2F4antisense lncRNA in cancer remains unclear.  E2F4as was highly expressed in ovarian cancer patients, and that the higher the expression of E2F4as, the worse the patient’s prognosis. 
  • 889
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Uveal Melanomas
Traditionally, it has been thought that metastatic spread in uveal melanoma (UM) and dissemination occurs prior to presentation and that treatment of the primary tumor does not change outcome. However, it seems as though small UM tumours can not only be lethal with high risk monosomy 3 mutations, treated at an earlier time point at a smaller stage seems to improve mortality outcomes. 
  • 889
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Prognostic Values for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in men, and new biomarkers are still needed.
  • 889
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Genomic Instability in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex and heterogeneous hematological cancer that remains incurable despite the introduction of novel therapies in the clinic. The surprising finding that MM cells present rampant genomic instability has ignited concerted efforts to understand its origin and exploit it for therapeutic purposes.
  • 889
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bispecific Antibodies for IFN-β Delivery to ErbB2+ Tumors
The main aim of this work was to create a full-length bispecific antibody (BsAb) as a vehicle for the targeted delivery of interferon-beta (IFN-β) to ErbB2+ tumor cells in the form of non-covalent complex of BsAb and IFN-β. Such a construct is a CrossMab-type BsAb, consisting of an ErbB2-recognizing trastuzumab moiety, a part of chimeric antibody to IFN-β, and human IgG1 Fc domain carrying knob-into-hole amino acid substitutions necessary for the proper assembly of bispecific molecules. The IFN-β- recognizing arm of BsAb not only forms a complex with the cytokine but neutralizes its activity, thus providing a mechanism to avoid the side effects of the systemic action of IFN-β by blocking IFN-β Interaction with cell receptors in the process of cytokine delivery to tumor sites. Enzyme sandwich immunoassay confirmed the ability of BsAb to bind to human IFN-β comparable to that of the parental chimeric mAb.
  • 889
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Female Oncofertility
Female oncofertility is recently implemented conception in the female fertility treatment. It includes the therapeutic approaches to preserve the fertility competence in cancer patients.
  • 888
  • 08 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Local Workup for Different Stages of Cervical Cancer
Constant technological development of modern imaging has led to substantial improvement in management and decision-making in the diagnostic and prognostic process of many different neoplasms. This also applies to cervical cancer. The main evidence, providing the base of recently updated ESGO-ESTRO-ESP recommendations (2023) on the management and treatment of cervical cancer, has been evaluated and reviewed. Ultrasound has been suggested as a valid alternative to MRI in primary diagnostic workup of cervical cancer if performed by an expert sonographer. Additionally, CT or PET/CT exhibits a substantial role in assessing the extrapelvic spread of the disease in locally advanced cases or when suspicious lymph nodes are detected. 
  • 888
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pediatric Sarcoma
Sarcomas are mesenchymal malignancies accounting for about 15% of cancers in children and adolescents, making them the third most common group of childhood cancers, following blood malignancies and brain tumors.
  • 887
  • 13 Apr 2021
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