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Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
The role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) proteome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) pathology, subclassification, and patient screening is unexplored. Here, we used an in vitro model of Germinal center B-cell like (GCB - good prognosis) and activated B-cell (ABC - poor prognosis) subtypes to propose potential drug targets and biomarkers. 
  • 862
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Management of Localized Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary system. Nearly 70% of new bladder cancer diagnoses are early stage, and have not yet invaded the muscle layer, whereas the remaining 30% of patients have muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), including cancer involving the muscularis propria (T2), perivesical tissue (T3) or adjacent pelvic organs/structures (T4). The treatment of MIBC is complex and is based on a multidisciplinary collaboration between surgery, radiotherapy and medical oncology teams.
  • 862
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a high-grade neuroendocrine malignancy with an aggressive behavior and dismal prognosis. 5-year overall survival remains a disappointing 7%. Genomically, SCLCs are homogeneous compared to non-small cell lung cancers and are characterized almost always by functional inactivation of RB1 and TP53 with no actionable mutations. Additionally, SCLCs histologically appear uniform. Thus, SCLCs are managed as a single disease with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the cornerstone of treatment. Recent studies have identified expression of dominant transcriptional signatures which may permit classification of SCLCs into four biologically distinct subtypes, namely, SCLC-A, SCLC-N, SCLC-P, and SCLC-I. These groups are readily detectable by immunohistochemistry and also have potential predictive utility for emerging therapies, including PARPi, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and DLL3 targeted therapies. In contrast with their histology, studies have identified that SCLCs display both inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Identification of subpopulations of cells with high expression of PLCG2 has been linked with risk of metastasis. SCLCs also display subtype switching under therapy pressure which may contribute furthermore to metastatic ability and chemoresistance. 
  • 862
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CeRNAs-Mediated Autophagy
Chemoresistance and metastasis are the main malignant features in cancer, resulting the unfavorable outcome. Accumulating evidence suggest dyregulated autophagy contributes to resistance to conventional therapy and metastasis which can be regulated by lncRNAs, circRNAs and miRNAs. Autophagy consists of a cascade of steps controlled by different autophagy related genes that can be regulated those ncRNAs. The lncRNAs, circRNAs, miRNAs, mRNAs compromised competing endogenous RNA network and participate in carcinogenesis. Here, we attempt to review the role of ceRNAs in cancer metastasis and chemoresistance through autophagy regulation.
  • 861
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
New Frontier of Targeted Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma
The approval of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) against CD38 (daratumumab) and SLAMF7 (elotuzumab) in relapsed and refractory MM (RRMM) represents an important milestone in the development of targeted immunotherapy in MM. These MoAb-based agents significantly induce cytotoxicity of MM cells via multiple effector-dependent mechanisms and can further induce immunomodulation to repair a dysfunctional tumor immune microenvironment. 
  • 861
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Chimeric RNAs and Cancer Evolution
Due to the consequences of genome instability in cancer cells, sometimes two mRNAs can be fused to generate chimeric RNAs. Several recent studies demonstrated that chimeric RNAs are significantly associated with oncogenesis and can also promote drug resistance. The generation of chimeric RNAs could allow cancer cells to switch their functionality. Therefore, chimeric RNAs are an important driver for generating the phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells and increasing their fitness in the tissue environment. Chimeric RNAs could be translated and generate new fusion or chimeric proteins that could alter the normal pathways and lead to cancer development. Chimeric RNAs could also generate long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), which could regulate cancer cell proliferation.
  • 861
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Cancer
Autophagy is a well-known intracellular elimination process, which provides degradation of damaged and dysfunctional organelles and proteins under highly-stressed conditions. This term came from the Greek word which represents ‘self-eating’. 
  • 860
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Radiogenomics in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal carcinoma is characterized by intratumoral heterogeneity that can be assessed by radiogenomics. Radiomics, high-throughput quantitative data extracted from medical imaging, combined with molecular analysis, through genomic and transcriptomic data, is expected to lead to significant advances in personalized medicine.
  • 859
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor in Gastrointestinal Tumors
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now incorporated into the management of GI tumors. The heterogenous nature of these tumors, however, reveals a lack of ICI consistency in effectiveness. Certain biomarkers have emerged as being potentially predictive for ICI effectiveness.
  • 859
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Exosomal microRNA in Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive and lethal malignancy mostly due to its late-stage presentation. This malignancy is difficult to diagnose, monitor, and treat, hence the development of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and better therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Several groundbreaking discoveries over the past decade on cancer-associated exosomes demonstrated an association between exosomal miRNA and the development, progression, and therapy-resistance of pancreatic cancer.
  • 858
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chemokines in the Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy
“Hot” tumors are those that show signs of inflammation, meaning they have been invaded by effector T cells rushing to fight the cancerous cells. Evidence suggests that the limited success of ICI-based immunotherapies is related to attempts to treat patients with “cold tumors” that either do not contain effector T cells or in which these cells are markedly suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Chemokines are a well-defined group of proteins with chemotactic properties. We focus on key chemokines that not only attract leukocytes to tumor sites but also shape their biological properties. We propose using stabilized forms of two of them: CXL9 and CXCL10, to enhance anti-tumor immunity and possibly transform cold tumors into hot ones. Additionally, we discuss the possibility of targeting or deleting a key subset of Tregs that are CCR8+ Tregs and are highly dominant at the tumor site of several cold tumors. This may convert these cold tumors into hot tumors, and thus extend the success of immunotherapy beyond its current limits. 
  • 858
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
K3326X- An HBOC Gene Variant
K3326X is a rare truncating variant on the C-terminus of BRCA2.
  • 857
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Chromosomal Instability in AML
Chromosome instability (CIN) is an increased rate where chromosome acquire alterations due to errors in cell division. CIN creates genetic and cytogenetic diversity and is a common feature in hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Low to moderate levels of CIN seems to be well tolerated and can promote cancer proliferation, genetic diversity, and tumor evolution. However, high levels of CIN seems to be lethal, where enhancing CIN could improve AML treatment. However, little is known about CIN in AML.
  • 857
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prognostic Values for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in men, and new biomarkers are still needed.
  • 857
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Phytochemicals Modulate lncRNAs and Carbonic Anhydrases in Cancer
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are classified as a group of transcripts that regulate various biological processes, such as RNA processing, epigenetic control, and signaling pathways. According to recent studies, lncRNAs are dysregulated in cancer and play an important role in cancer incidence and spreading. There is also an association between lncRNAs and the overexpression of some tumor-associated proteins, including carbonic anhydrases II, IX, and XII (CA II, CA IX, and CA XII). Therefore, not only CA inhibition but also lncRNA modulation, could represent an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Experimental studies have suggested that herbal compounds regulate the expression of many lncRNAs involved in cancer, such as HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA), H19, MALAT1 (metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1), PCGEM1 (Prostate cancer gene expression marker 1), PVT1, etc. These plant-derived drugs or phytochemicals include resveratrol, curcumin, genistein, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-galate, camptothecin, and 3,3'-diindolylmethane. More comprehensive information about lncRNA modulation via phytochemicals would be helpful for the administration of new herbal derivatives in cancer therapy.
  • 857
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
The Alliance AMBUSH Trial
Medulloblastoma, the most common embryonal tumor in children, can also arise in older patients. The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is altered in a significant proportion of older patients with medulloblastoma. The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology cooperative group is developing the AMBUSH trial: Comprehensive Management of Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) and Adult Patients with Medulloblastoma or Pineal Embryonal Tumors With A Randomized Placebo Controlled Phase II Focusing on Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition in SHH Subgroup Patients (Adult & Adolescent MedulloBlastoma Using Sonic Hedgehog Trial). The trial gives treatment directions for all patients and randomizes patients with average risk SHH-activated medulloblastoma to maintenance sonidegib, a hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, or placebo.
  • 857
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
cGAS-STING Activation
The cGAS-STING cellular signaling pathway is a key member of the DNA damage response, whose role is to repair the DNA damage that occurs naturally during the life of a cell. Interestingly, cGAS-STING is known to promote immune responses against tumors, and is being explored for its potential use in cancer immunotherapy applications.
  • 857
  • 03 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Targets of KRAS in Colorectal Cancer
Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have a 5-year overall survival of less than 10%. Approximately 45% of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer harbor KRAS mutations. These mutations not only carry a predictive role for the absence of response to anti-EGFR therapy, but also have a negative prognostic impact on the overall survival.
  • 856
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Proton Therapy for NSCLC
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy which requires radiotherapy (RT) as an important part of its multimodality treatment. With the advent of the novel irradiation technique, the clinical outcome of NSCLC patients who receive RT has been dramatically improved. The emergence of proton therapy, which allows for a sharper dose of build-up and drop-off compared to photon therapy, has potentially improved clinical outcomes of NSCLC. Dosimetry studies have indicated that proton therapy can significantly reduce the doses for normal organs, especially the lung, heart, and esophagus while maintaining similar robust target volume coverage in both early and advanced NSCLC compared with photon therapy.
  • 855
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Enhancer RNAs in Cancer
Enhancers are critical genomic elements that can cooperate with promoters to regulate gene transcription in both normal and cancer cells.
  • 854
  • 22 Jun 2021
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