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Topic Review
Plant Host Defense Peptides: Snakins
Plant host defense peptides (HDPs), also known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), are regarded as one of the most prevalent barriers elaborated by plants to combat various infective agents. HDPs are arbitrarily referred to as small, thermal stable, and positively charged peptides, generally comprising peptides of less than 100 amino acid residues with an overall net charge of +2 to +9, and molecular weight of 4 to 9 kDa. Plant HDPs can be classified into at least eight major families, including defensins, thionins, non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs), hevein-like peptides, Snakins, knottins, α-hairpinins, and cyclotides, among which the Snakin family peptide has been reported to be the most abundant potential AMP that is active against fungal and bacterial pathogens. The Snakin/GASA family peptides consist of 12 cysteine residues, being the foremost cysteine-rich peptides among different classes of plant HDPs.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Judo-Specific Training
Reaching peak judo performance requires the optimal development of technical-tactical, physical, physiological and psychological abilities. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), including general and specific movements, is a training method often used in judo to simultaneously improve multiple aspects of performance. Combat simulation (randori) or throwing technique exercises (uchi-komi, technique repetition without throwing the partner and nage-komi, throwing technique repetition throwing the partner) as specific training methods are regularly used in judo. HIIT using uchi-komi as exercise and performed in all-out mode improves anaerobic and aerobic fitness while allowing technical skill development for judo athletes.
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
DSGSDs on Mars
Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformations (DSGSDs) are a set of slow and complex gravity-driven deformational processes, involving entire slopes (or large portions of them) over long time intervals. These phenomena have been identified on Mars since the early 2000s, and several detailed studies were conducted on them.
  • 1.8K
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Landscape
“Landscape” is a broad and slippery term, with strong connections to the history of art, the history of territorial possession, and the cultural artifacts of human occupation in specific places.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mangrove Blue Carbon Stocks
Mangrove forests play an important role in mitigating climate change but are threatened by aquaculture expansion (shrimp ponds). The change of land use from natural environments to productive uses, generates a change in the balance and carbon sequestration and storaging. In mangrove forest the carbon stocks are larger than in other tropical forest. Addtionally, soil mangrove forest represent 40-80% of Cardon stocks.  These reasons are the evidence of mangrove forest need to be included in REED programs and conservation strategies.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hybrid Renewable Energy System
The HRES is a cyber–physical system that can be divided into two layers: the power infrastructure and the communication infrastructure layers, as shown in Figure 1. The power infrastructure layer consists of different energy sources (e.g., wind turbines, photovoltaics, diesel generators, and batteries), transformers, feeders, converters, and electrical connections. The communication infrastructure layer supports the physical infrastructure by an underlying communication network, linking between sensors and actuators nodes. This enables the local control center to manage the system operation. In this integration, ICTs play an essential role in allowing the transition from the conventional power grid to the future smart grid by supporting the integration of HRES.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Enterovirus D
Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them.
  • 1.8K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Surface-Functionalized Separator
The surface-modified separator plays a role in improving the electrolyte wettability, homogenizing Li+flux, and strengthening the mechanical/thermal property. Due to these favorable benefits, the formation of sharp Li dendrite is efficiently suppressed and the thermal stability of battery is greatly enhanced. In this article, separator-coating materials are classified into six categories in terms of material characteristics to show how each material has different electrochemical properties. We believe that the suggested approach would become a powerful strategy to improve the performance and stability of next-generation batteries such as lithium-metal batteries.
  • 1.8K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Shock
The pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock involves a decrease in systemic oxygen delivery to a level less than what is required to maintain cellular function.
  • 1.8K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Drug Discovery Research around Tetanus Toxin Fragment C
Tetanus caused by the tetanus toxin (TT) is a fatal illness, which despite the existence of a vaccine, led to an estimated 34,684 deaths in 2019. TT is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani, a Gram-positive pathogenic bacterium, mainly found in soil and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals. TT induces the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, leading to spastic paralysis in a four-step process. First, TT binds to specific receptors, mainly composed of lipids and gangliosides, found at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Another receptor is reached by TT after these first bindings: a protein receptor responsible for its internalization (second step). This double receptor binding is responsible for the high affinity between TT and nerve cells. Third, TT is then transported into the cell body via axonal retrograde transport. In the last step, the proteolytic cleavage by TT of the VAMP/synaptobrevin, a neuronal substrate, leads to the inhibition of neurotransmitter release. All of these biological properties can be distinct associated parts of the TT structure. TT is a 150.7 kDa protein composed of a 52.4 kDa light chain and a 98.3 kDa heavy chain linked by a disulfide bond.
  • 1.8K
  • 26 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Multichannel Television Sound
Multichannel television sound, better known as MTS (often still as BTSC, for the Broadcast Television Systems Committee that created it), is the method of encoding three additional channels of audio into an analog NTSC-format audio carrier.
  • 1.8K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
(469219) 2016 HO3
(469219) 2016 HO3 is a micro-asteroid, fast rotator and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 41 meters in diameter. It is currently the smallest, closest, and most stable (known) quasi-satellite of Earth. The asteroid was discovered by Pan-STARRS at Haleakala Observatory on 27 April 2016.
  • 1.8K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Blister
A blister is a small pocket of body fluid (lymph, serum, plasma, blood, or pus) within the upper layers of the skin, usually caused by forceful rubbing (friction), burning, freezing, chemical exposure or infection. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid, either serum or plasma. However, blisters can be filled with blood (known as "blood blisters") or with pus (for instance, if they become infected). The word "blister" entered English in the 14th century. It came from the Middle Dutch bluyster and was a modification of the Old French blostre, which meant a leprous nodule—a rise in the skin due to leprosy. In dermatology today, the words vesicle and bulla refer to blisters of smaller or greater size, respectively. To heal properly, a blister should not be popped unless medically necessary. If popped, the excess skin should not be removed because the skin underneath needs the top layer to heal properly.
  • 1.8K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Employee Stock Ownership Plan
An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) is an employee-owner program that provides a company's workforce with an ownership interest in the company. In an ESOP, companies provide their employees with stock ownership, often at no upfront cost to the employees. ESOP shares, however, are part of employees' remuneration for work performed. Shares are allocated to employees and may be held in an ESOP trust until the employee retires or leaves the company. The shares are then either bought back by the company for redistribution or voided. Some corporations are majority employee-owned; the term "employee-owned corporation" often refers to such companies. Such organizations are similar to worker cooperatives, but unlike cooperatives, control of the company's capital is not necessarily evenly distributed. In many cases, voting rights are given only to certain shareholders, and more senior employees may be allocated more shares than new hires; typically, they are tied to the compensation an employee receives from the company. Compared with cooperatives, ESOP-centered corporations often allow for company executives to have greater flexibility and control in governing and managing the corporation. Most corporations, however, use stock ownership plans as a form of in-kind benefit, as a way to prevent hostile takeovers, or to maintain a specific corporate culture. The plans generally prevent average employees from holding too much of the company's stock.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Ceramic Devices
As an emerging technology, multi-material 3D printing offers increased complexity and greater freedom in the design of functional ceramic devices because of its unique ability to directly construct arbitrary 3D parts that incorporate multiple material constituents without an intricate process or expensive tools.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fibonacci Numbers in Popular Culture
The Fibonacci numbers are a sequence of integers, starting with 0, 1 and continuing 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ..., each new number being the sum of the previous two. The Fibonacci numbers, often presented in conjunction with the golden ratio, are a popular theme in culture. They have been mentioned in novels, films, television shows, and songs. The numbers have also been used in the creation of music, visual art, and architecture.
  • 1.8K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Partridge 1885
Partridge is documented as being the world's oldest, still fully operational classic racing yacht.
  • 1.8K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing
Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing (CSAM) produces freeform parts by accelerating powder particles at a supersonic speed which, impacting against a substrate material, trigger a process to consolidate the CSAM part by bonding mechanisms. Cold Spray (CS) is a thermal spray process designed for coatings that has extended its use to produce freeform parts. The definition of Additive Manufacturing (AM) given by ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 standard is the “process of joining materials to make parts from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive manufacturing and formative manufacturing methodologies”.
  • 1.8K
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunotherapy for Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Peritoneal carcinomatosis is a challenging condition that affects many cancer patients, and conventional therapies have limited efficacy in treating it. However, recent advances in the field of immunotherapy have shown promise in improving treatment outcomes. One promising approach is immune checkpoint inhibitors, which block proteins that inhibit T-cell activity and promote an anti-tumor immune response. Another approach involves the use of CAR-T cells, which are genetically modified T cells engineered to recognize and target cancer cells expressing specific antigens. In addition, dendritic cells and vaccine-based therapeutics are also designed to stimulate the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Battery Energy Storage Systems
With increasing concerns about climate change, there is a transition from high-carbon-emitting fuels to green energy resources in various applications including household, commercial, transportation, and electric grid applications. Even though renewable energy resources are receiving traction for being carbon-neutral, their availability is intermittent. To address this issue to achieve extensive application, the integration of energy storage systems in conjunction with these resources is becoming a recommended practice. Additionally, in the transportation sector, the increased demand for electric vehicles (EVs) requires the development of energy storage systems that can deliver energy for rigorous driving cycles, with lithium-ion-based batteries emerging as the superior choice for energy storage due to their high power and energy densities, length of their life cycle, low self-discharge rates, and reasonable cost. As a result, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are becoming a primary energy storage system. 
  • 1.8K
  • 15 Mar 2024
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