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Topic Review
Road Traffic Crashes
Road traffic crashes (RTCs) are a major problem for authorities and governments worldwide. They incur losses of property, human lives, and productivity. 20 to 50 million people are injured in RTCs every year. The involvement of teenage drivers and road users is alarmingly prevalent in RTCs since traffic injuries unduly impact the working-age group (15–44 years). 
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
BFR (Rocket)
The Big Falcon Rocket (officially shortened to BFR) is a privately funded fully reusable launch vehicle and spacecraft system in development by SpaceX. The overall space vehicle architecture includes both launch vehicles and spacecraft, as well as ground infrastructure for rapid launch and relaunch, and zero-gravity propellant transfer technology to be deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO). The payload capacity to Earth orbit of at least 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) makes BFR a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. The first orbital flight is tentatively planned for 2020. SpaceX has been developing a super heavy-lift launch vehicle for many years, with the exact design and nomenclature of the vehicle undergoing multiple revisions over time. Before 2016, the vehicle was referred to as the Mars Colonial Transporter (MCT), though very few details about the design of the MCT were ever made public. Starting from 2016, SpaceX began sharing annual updates with the public, detailing the designs and uses of their upcoming new launch vehicle. In 2016, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk presented the vehicle at the International Astronautical Congress as the ITS launch vehicle, forming a core part of Musk's comprehensive vision for an Interplanetary Transport System (ITS). The ITS vehicle had a 12-meter (39 ft) core diameter, but was only intended for interplanetary travel. In September 2017, the design (now known as the BFR) was scaled down to 9 meters (30 ft) While the ITS had been solely aimed at Mars transit and other interplanetary uses, SpaceX pivoted to a plan that would support all SpaceX launch service provider capabilities with a single set of 9-meter vehicles: Earth orbit, lunar orbit, Interplanetary spaceflight, and potentially, even intercontinental passenger transport on Earth. In September 2018, a redesign of the second stage was announced, adding steerable canards, two radially adjustable fins also acting as landing legs, and a third leg that looks like a vertical stabilizer but has no aerodynamic function due to the special re-entry profile of the spacecraft. The launch vehicle design is dependent on the concurrent development work on the Raptor rocket engines, which are cryogenic methalox-fueled engines to be used for both stages of the BFR launch vehicle. Development on the Raptor began in 2012, leading to engine testing which began in 2016. The BFR system is intended to completely replace all of SpaceX's existing space hardware (the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles, and the Dragon spacecraft), initially aiming at the Earth-orbit launch market, but explicitly adding substantial capability to support long-duration spaceflight in the cislunar and Mars transport flight environments.
  • 1.9K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing is a key component of the fourth industrial revolution (IR4.0) that has received increased attention over the last three decades. Metal additive manufacturing is broadly classified into two types: melting-based additive manufacturing and solid-state additive manufacturing. Friction stir additive manufacturing (FSAM) is a subset of solid-state additive manufacturing that produces big area multi-layered components through plate addition fashion using the friction stir welding (FSW) concept.
  • 1.9K
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Archaeoacoustics Around the World
Acoustics has been integrated with archaeology to better understand the social and cultural context of past cultures. Specifically, public events such as rituals or ceremonies, where an appreciation of sound propagation was required to hold an event. Various acoustic techniques have been used to study archaeological sites, providing information about the building characteristics and organizational structures of ancient civilizations. Archaeoacoustics is the application of acoustics in archaeological spaces.
  • 1.9K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
BCR-ABL1 p210 Monitoring
The diagnostic and clinical success of standardization of BCR-ABL1 p210 monitoring in chronic myeloid leukemia patients could be seen as a good example for further standardization of molecular monitoring in other gene rearrangements. This article aims to summarize the steps in the diagnosis and molecular monitoring of p210 BCR-ABL1, as well as to consider the possible future application of a more sophisticated method such as digital polymerase chain reaction.
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Self-Assembling Peptide
Self-assembling peptides are biomedical materials with unique structures that are formed in response to various environmental conditions. Governed by their physicochemical characteristics, the peptides can form a variety of structures with greater reactivity than conventional non-biological materials. The structural divergence of self-assembling peptides allows for various functional possibilities; when assembled, they can be used as scaffolds for cell and tissue regeneration, and vehicles for drug delivery, conferring controlled release, stability, and targeting, and avoiding side effects of drugs. These peptides can also be used as drugs themselves.  We describe the self-assembling peptide sequences and resultant nanostructures used for disease treatments. 
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Caesarean Section
Cesarean section is a surgical procedure, which is the most frequently performed in gynecology and obstetrics. It is commonly believed that an operative delivery is a less painful and safer mode of delivery, which translates into an increasing number of the procedures performed without medical indications. The maternal sequelae of cesarean sections are well elucidated and widely discussed in the literature, while long-term neonatal consequences still remain the issue of research and scientific dispute.
  • 1.9K
  • 24 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment in Developing Nations
Water is the founding fundamental of life and hence is a basic need of life. Due to poor water quality and sanitation problems, most health issues are caused by water-borne infections. In developing countries, untreated wastewater is released into water bodies or the ground, thereby polluting natural resources. This is due to the lack of sufficient infrastructure, planning, funding, and technologies to overcome these problems. Additionally, the urbanization of megacities in developing countries is highly accelerated, but it is disproportionate to the required resources for treating wastewater. 
  • 1.9K
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Assessment of Concrete Repairs
In order to improve the sustainability of concrete structures and repairs over their life cycle, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) should be applied. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a holistic method to determine the environmental impact of a product or process with a systematic set of procedures for compiling and examining the inputs and outputs of materials and energy during the entire life cycle. A life cycle is the interlinked stages of a product or service system, from the extraction of natural resources to final disposal (cradle-to-grave). LCCA is a systematic or analytical method to determine the economic performance of a product or process during the entire life cycle, when the initial cost is taken into account, along with future cash flows incurred throughout the lifespan over a predefined period of analysis. The future cash flows are often taken into account by discounting, which compares costs and revenues at different stages in time and emphasizes the importance of present cash flows rather than future ones due to inflation and the earning power of money.
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata
Alopecia areata is a multifactorial autoimmune-based disease with a complex pathogenesis. As in all autoimmune diseases, genetic predisposition is key. The collapse of the immune privilege of the hair follicle leading to scalp loss is a major pathogenic event in alopecia areata. The microbiota considered a bacterial ecosystem located in a specific area of the human body could somehow influence the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, as it occurs in other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the Next Generation Sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene and the metagenomic methodology have provided an excellent characterization of the microbiota.
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Necrosis Factor -Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Signaling Pathways
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a type II transmembrane protein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to produce an extracellular ligand. TRAIL can bind to decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) which lacks a death domain (DD) altogether, and DcR2 which has a truncated DD. These decoy receptors are unable to induce DISC (death-inducing signaling complex) formation and act as negative regulators of the apoptotic signaling by competitively binding TRAIL. The canonical TRAIL-induced apoptotic signaling pathway is an example of apoptosis mediated through the extrinsic death pathway, which entails activation of cell-surface receptors by a ligand to induce activation of downstream caspases.
  • 1.9K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Taxonomy of Integrated Operation Centers
An Integrated Operation Center (IOC) is essential for efficient Smart Governance. An IOC is a centralized platform that integrates data from various sources and uses advanced analytics to provide real-time insights to help users make informed decisions. It acts as the central nervous system by integrating information and processes from various departments/sources to help officials manage and optimize city operations and infrastructure.
  • 1.9K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Gabor Filters
The use of Gabor filters in image processing has been well-established, and these filters are recognized for their exceptional feature extraction capabilities. These filters are usually applied through convolution.
  • 1.9K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacological Activation of AMPK
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is the central component of a signaling pathway that is conserved in essentially all eukaryotes, the exceptions being a few parasites (e.g., Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria) that spend most of their life cycle living inside other eukaryotic cells, in which case the host cell provides AMPK and the parasite may therefore have been able to dispense with it. AMPK is activated by various stresses that act via both classical (canonical) and non-classical (non-canonical) pathways. Pharmacological activation of AMPK can also be achieved via a range of mechanisms. Here, we enumerate the different classes of AMPK activators and describe their mechanisms of action.
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Nitroaromatic Antibiotics
Nitroaromatic antibiotics show activity against anaerobic bacteria and parasites, finding use in the treatment of Heliobacter pylori infections, tuberculosis, trichomoniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Neuroprotective Potentiality of Flavonoids on Alzheimer’s Disease
Flavonoids are ubiquitous compounds of plants, produced by plants for growth and defense against all kinds of stress, including cold tolerance. More than 6000 different flavonoids have been identified, the primary sources of which are apples, red fruits, onions, citrus fruits, nuts, and beverages such as tea, coffee, beer, and red wine. These compounds, derived from phenol, are particularly interesting for their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier and for their multi-target activity. Several studies have described flavonoids to exhibit relevant biologic activities involving the neuronal antioxidants, as well as anti-amyloidogenic properties, acting as metal chelators, showing anti-inflammatory properties, and ameliorating cognition and neuroprotection.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Long Non-coding RNAs
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute important group of RNA molecules with various biological activities. Despite significant progress in the understanding of lncRNAs, pivotal functions of this class of molecules are emerging. Among these, role in DNA damage response (DDR) seems to be fundamental. Various lncRNAs were found to modulate DNA repair on different levels: through TP53 activity modulation at transcriptional and translational level, through recruitment of chromatin remodelers that modulate the access of DNA repair proteins to the site of damage, and by working as scaffolds and mediators for DNA repair proteins, and acting as sponges for various DNA-damage-associated miRNAs. Considering that, lncRNAs involvement in DDR constitute interesting field of research with numerous future applications, such as development of new targeted anticancer therapies. 
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism and Melanoma Progression
Melanoma is a devastating skin cancer characterized by an impressive metabolic plasticity. Melanoma cells are able to adapt to the tumor microenvironment by using a variety of fuels that contribute to tumor growth and progression. In this review, the authors summarize the contribution of the lipid metabolic network in melanoma plasticity and aggressiveness, with a particular attention to specific lipid classes such as glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols and eicosanoids. They also highlight the role of adipose tissue in tumor progression as well as the potential antitumor role of drugs targeting critical steps of lipid metabolic pathways in the context of melanoma.
  • 1.9K
  • 13 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Mechanism of Parkinson’s Disease Drugs
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder commonly presenting with symptoms of muscle rigidity, instability, tremor, bradykinesia (slow in movement), and lack of coordination. There are conventional drugs used in treating Parkinson’s disease such as levodopa, dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors, monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitors, and amantadine. Other drugs used in treating PD related psychosis include antipsychotics. 
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Kostmann Syndrome
Kostmann syndrome is a group of diseases that affect myelopoiesis, causing a congenital form of neutropenia (severe congenital neutropenia [SCN]), usually without other physical malformations. SCN manifests in infancy with life-threatening bacterial infections. Most cases of SCN respond to treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim), which increases the neutrophil count and decreases the severity and frequency of infections. Although this treatment has significantly improved survival, people with SCN are at risk of long-term complications such as hematopoietic clonal disorders (myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia). Kostmann disease (SCN3), the initial subtype recognized, was clinically described in 1956. This type has an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, whereas the most common subtype of Kostmann syndrome, SCN1, shows autosomal dominant inheritance.
  • 1.9K
  • 25 Oct 2022
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