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Topic Review
Prevalence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus in Poultry in Malaysia
Enterococcus has emerged as a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen as a result of its ability to develop resistance to antimicrobials, particularly vancomycin. Vancomycin is the final treatment option, particularly for Enterococcus. There is abundant proof that drug-resistant bacteria exist in poultry and can be transmitted to humans. Regular monitoring of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in poultry would aid policymakers in developing effective control measures and design antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance capacity building in Malaysia. Further, livestock farmers should be educated on antibiotics resistance and trained on responsible utilization of antibiotics.
  • 775
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pig FUT3 Methylation Regulates E. coli F18 Susceptibility
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is frequently associated with E. coli F18 infections in piglets. However, the underlying molecular mechanism concerning the resistance of E. coli F18 in local weaned piglets in China is not clearly understood. In the present study, our findings indicated that the methylation of mC-3 and mC-5 sites has certain inhibitory effect on FUT3 expression and promotes the resistance of E. coli F18 in piglets. The underlined study may explore FUT3 as a new candidate target in E. coli F18 infection in Chinese local weaned piglets.
  • 774
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fagopyrum Species Cultivated in Himalayan Regions
Fagopyrum spp. (buckwheat) is a dicotyledonous pseudocereal crop mainly cultivated in the north-western Himalayan regions for its highly nutritional, antioxidant and therapeutic values.
  • 773
  • 10 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Management of Tunisian Holstein Dairy Herds
In Tunisia, the recognition of the possibility of including longevity and disease resistance in dairy cattle selection objectives has been hypothesized as a useful strategy by both researchers and producers.
  • 773
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota of Oviparous Lizard
Vertebrates maintain complex symbiotic relationships with microbiota living within their gastrointestinal tracts which reflects the ecological and evolutionary relationship between hosts and their gut microbiota. 
  • 772
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Production and Biochemical Characterization of Dimeric Recombinant Gremlin-1
Gremlin-1 is a secreted cystine-knot protein that acts as an antagonist of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and as a ligand of heparin and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), thus regulating several physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development, tissue fibrosis and cancer. Gremlin-1 exists both as a monomeric and dimeric protein.
  • 772
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Selenium
Dietary selenium (Se) is an essential component that supports fish growth and the immune system. It emphasizes that optimal dietary Se levels are necessary for healthy biological processes in fish, such as growth, reproduction, and immunity. Since organic Se appears to be the most ideal for fish due to its low toxicity, environmental safety, and efficient fish culture, it explores the potential sources and forms of Se.
  • 772
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Strawberry Fungal Leaf Scorch Disease Identification
Plant health is the basis of agricultural development. Plant diseases are a major factor for crop losses in agriculture. Plant diseases are difficult to diagnose correctly, and the manual disease diagnosis process is time consuming. For this reason, it is highly desirable to automatically identify the diseases in strawberry plants to prevent loss of crop quality. Deep learning (DL) has recently gained popularity in image classification and identification due to its high accuracy and fast learning. In this research, deep learning models were used to identify the leaf scorch disease in strawberry plants. Four convolutional neural networks (SqueezeNet, EfficientNet-B3, VGG-16 and AlexNet) CNN models were trained and tested for the classification of healthy and leaf scorch disease infected plants. The performance accuracy of EfficientNet-B3 and VGG-16 was higher for the initial and severe stage of leaf scorch disease identification as compared to AlexNet and SqueezeNet. It was also observed that the severe disease (leaf scorch) stage was correctly classified more often than the initial stage of the disease. All the trained CNN models were integrated with a machine vision system for real-time image acquisition under two different lighting situations (natural and controlled) and identification of leaf scorch disease in strawberry plants. The field experiment results with controlled lightening arrangements, showed that the model EfficientNet-B3 achieved the highest classification accuracy, with 0.80 and 0.86 for initial and severe disease stages, respectively, in real-time. AlexNet achieved slightly lower validation accuracy (0.72, 0.79) in comparison with VGGNet and EfficientNet-B3. Experimental results stated that trained CNN models could be used in conjunction with variable rate agrochemical spraying systems, which will help farmers to reduce agrochemical use, crop input costs and environmental contamination.
  • 771
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Potential Bioactive Molecules of Tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea)
Tamarillo is an alternative for the consumption of food with high added value through various technological methodologies with nutritional quality and low cost, generating an economic impact on society. The objective of this research was to evaluate the potential of tamarillo red variety, as a source of bioactive compounds, to generate scientific information on the importance of its chemical composition and antioxidant and prebiotic properties. Different analyses were carried out: spectroscopic methods (IR, UV, NMR) of pulp flour and epicarp flour, antioxidant properties, prebiotic activity, and bromatological analysis. The spectra obtained by FTIR, UV, and NMR allowed the identification of chemical structures associated with the inulin-like functional groups. Pulp flour showed the highest prebiotic activity with values of 1.49 for Lactiacidbacillus. plantarum. Total phenolic compounds content in pulp flour was 206.23 mg/100 g dry weight, with an acceptable antioxidant property (ABTS+ = 6.27 TEAC and DPPH= %AA of 91.74 at a concentration of 250.00 µg/mL, 131.26 of IC50 ascorbic acid). The results regarding tamarillo as a source of bioactive molecules with important physiological properties as an antioxidant and putative prebiotic indicate it is a good alternative for the formulation of functional foods. 
  • 771
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Role of ICTs
Applying agricultural ICTs solved many obstacles related to the production process, such as maintaining precision farm management (25.6%), product marketing (23.6%), and access production inputs (16.1%).
  • 770
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan Application in Grapevine for Abiotic Stress/Disease Management
Chitosan is a biopolymer with various favorable properties (biotic/abiotic stress mitigation, qualitative improvement, bio-fertilizer, bio-stimulant and postharvest management) to meet multiple agricultural objectives. Grapevine is an important crop and has an enormous impact on the world’s economy due to its derived products, notably the different wine styles. In viticulture, chitosan application made significant developments towards higher contents of beneficial metabolites in grape berries as well as stress and postharvest management.
  • 770
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Serotonin 2B (HTR2B) Receptor in Human Uveal Melanoma
Uveal melanoma (UM) remains the most common intraocular malignancy among diseases affecting the adult eye. The primary tumor disseminates to the liver in half of patients and leads to a 6 to 12-month survival rate, making UM a particularly aggressive type of cancer. 
  • 769
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Milk Yield and Negative Energy Balance for Cows
Dairy cows have been primarily selected during the last century for higher milk production with no attention being paid to other traits such as a sufficient dry matter intake for the augmented milk requirement. The delay between the rapid increase in milk yield and dry matter intake causes a gap called the negative energy balance. A growing body of evidence suggests that this gap increases with any enhancement in milk production. The missing energy (and protein) is covered by the mobilization of non-esterified fatty acids from subcutaneous and abdominal fat stores and to a small extent by the release of amino acids from muscle. Unfortunately, the mobilization of non-esterified fatty acids is greater than the metabolic capacity of the cow, leading to an increase in this metabolite in the blood. The surplus being ectopically deposited in muscle and in the liver, the uptake overwhelms the metabolic capability of the liver, resulting in the production and release of β-hydroxybutyric acid and the resynthesis of non-esterified fatty acids to triglycerides. The limited export of triglycerides causes an accumulation of these compounds, with the consequence of fatty liver or lipidosis, which clearly causes subclinical and clinical ketosis.
  • 768
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Understanding Rumen Microbiology: An Overview
The rumen is the largest of the four chambers of the “stomach” in ruminant animals, which harbors an incredibly dense, diverse, and dynamic microbial community crucial for feedstuff degradation, animal health, and production. The primary objective of this article is to enhance knowledge and comprehension of rumen microbiology by providing an introductory-level overview of the field of rumen microbiology. Ruminants possess a distinctive digestive system optimized for the microbial breakdown of complex plant materials. The ruminant ”stomach” consists of four chambers (e.g., reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum), which is home to a microbial population that degrades feedstuffs consumed by ruminant animals. Dr. Robert Hungate and Dr. Marvin Bryant’s groundbreaking research in the 1960s laid the foundation for understanding the function of the ruminal microbial ecosystem. Recent advancements (e.g., next-generation sequencing) have provided the field with deeper insight into populations, boosting our understanding of how the microbial population of the rumen functions in a variety of conditions. The ruminal microbial ecosystem is comprised of bacteria, along with archaea, protozoa, bacteriophage, and fungi, each contributing to the symbiotic relationship between the microbial ecosystem and the host animal that is essential for optimal animal health and efficient animal production. Traditional anaerobic growth techniques have facilitated the study of individual anaerobic bacteria but have been limited by dependence on growth in laboratory conditions. The development of 16S rRNA sequencing allows the identification of microbial populations that cannot be grown and allows an unbiased view of microbial diversity. Diet shapes the rumen microbial population composition, influencing animal production metrics such as feed efficiency, methane emissions, and immunological functions. Feed additives (e.g., essential oils, eubiotics) hold promise by manipulating and unraveling the microbial biochemical potential for improving animal health, feed efficiency, environmental impacts, and overall production sustainability. Future research impacts include the development of probiotics, prebiotics, and genetic strategies for optimizing the rumen microbiome’s multifaceted impacts.
  • 768
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Resilience in Growing Pigs
Resilience can be defined as the ability of the animal to rapidly recover its productivity despite the perturbations that might occur during its productive life.
  • 767
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Microelement Composition of Reindeer Meat and Adaptation
The unique nutrition of the Arctic Indigenous Peoples is associated with their increased endurance, health, and adaptability to the harsh climate. Reindeer meat, blood, and liver are the most critical elements of this traditional nutrition enriched with minerals. Reindeer consumption is a crucial factor of successful adaptation to the cold stress, as well as a component of national culture, food, and economic security and sovereignty, affecting the well-being and health of the Indigenous population in the Arctic.
  • 767
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Marine Macroalgae in Rabbit Nutrition
The inclusion of algae in animal feed has experimentally proven to help to reduce intestinal dysbiosis. However, further studies evaluating the prebiotic effects of algal components on gut health and also identifying the compounds directly responsible for the antimicrobial, antiviral, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of algae are still needed. Furthermore, the inclusion of marine algae in rabbit food could potentially become a commercial marketing strategy that could attract new consumers who are concerned about environmental sustainability and who are looking for different, high-quality foods. 
  • 766
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Ethylene-Nitric Oxide in Salt Tolerance
Salt stress significantly contributes to major losses in agricultural productivity worldwide. The sustainable approach for salinity-accrued toxicity has been explored. The use of plant growth regulators/phytohormones, mineral nutrients and other signaling molecules is one of the major approaches for reversing salt-induced toxicity in plants. Application of the signaling molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and ethylene (ETH) and major mineral nutrient such as nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) play significant roles in combatting the major consequences of salt stress impacts in plants. However, the literature available on gaseous signaling molecules (NO/ETH) or/and mineral nutrients (N/S) stands alone, and major insights into the role of NO or/and ETH along with N and S in plant-tolerance to salt remained unclear. Thus, this review aimed to (a) briefly overview salt stress and highlight salt-induced toxicity, (b) appraise the literature reporting potential mechanisms underlying the role of gaseous signaling molecules and mineral nutrient in salt stress tolerance, and (c) discuss NO and ETH along with N and S in relation to salt stress tolerance. In addition, significant issues that have still to be investigated in this context have been mentioned.
  • 765
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Crested Servaline Genet
The Crested Servaline Genet (Genetta cristata) is a small carnivorous mammal native to the dense forests and woodlands of Central Africa. Known for its distinctive crested appearance, characterized by a tuft of fur on its head, this elusive species is a member of the Genetta genus within the Viverridae family. With its arboreal habits and nocturnal lifestyle, the Crested Servaline Genet plays a vital role in forest ecosystems as a predator of small vertebrates and an important seed disperser.
  • 765
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
β-Defensin in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Most defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides with broad-spectrum killing activity against bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. However, it should be recognized that there are some non-cationic β-defensins in organisms, which need to be further studied. In this study, a new spliced isoform of anionic β-defensin from flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus, fBD) was identified, and its antibiosis, chemotaxis and modulation of phagocytosis were examined. In addition, the contributions of fBD to the antimicrobial activity of extracellular traps (ETs) were also analyzed. The recombinant fBD (rfBD) could effectively inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, Micrococcus luteus) and Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, V. alginolyticus, V. anguillarum).
  • 763
  • 11 Jan 2022
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