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Topic Review
Treatment of Brain Metastases
Brain metastases are the most common brain tumor and frequently originate from primary lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. Brain metastases account for a disproportionately high percentage of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer, with dismal 2- and 5-year survival rates of 8.1 and 2.4% after diagnosis. There are an estimated 200,000 new brain metastases diagnoses per year, and this number is projected to increase as systemic treatment modalities and imaging techniques improve. Despite the increasing prevalence of brain metastases, there are limited treatment options. While radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay to treat brain metastases, systemic therapies have historically demonstrated limited ability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a promising treatment option for patients with brain metastases.
  • 939
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lung Carcinogenesis and Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals in plant-based diets are thought to contribute substantially to lung cancer prevention and may be efficacious for targeting lung cancer stem cells.
  • 938
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Resveratrol in Brain Cancer
A brain tumor (BT) is a condition in which there is growth or uncontrolled development of the brain cells, which usually goes unrecognized or is diagnosed at the later stages. Since the mechanism behind BT is not clear, and the various physiological conditions are difficult to diagnose, the success rate of BT is not very high. This is the central issue faced during drug development and clinical trials with almost all types of neurodegenerative disorders. Resveratrol (RES) is a polyphenol extracted from mulberries (Morus species), grapes (Vitis vinifera), and peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). It is a phytoalexin that spermatophytic plants make in reaction to stress, damage, or UV radiation, as well as fungus (e.g., Botrytis cinerea) and/or another pathogen. RES has been proven to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and analgesic properties, as well as a function in diabetes and obesity. Because of its growing importance in neurological illnesses such as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other neurodegenerative disorders, as well as BT, RES has received a lot of attention.
  • 938
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Chimera and Tandem-Repeat Type Galectins
In humans, a total of 12 galectins have been identified. These galectins play important roles in controlling immune responses within the tumour microenvironment (TME) and the infiltration of immune cells, including different subsets of T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, to fight against cancer cells. However, these infiltrating cells also have repair roles and are hijacked by cancer cells for pro-tumorigenic activities. Upon a better understanding of the immunomodulating functions of galectin-3 and -9, their inhibitors, namely, GB1211 and LYT-200, have been selected as candidates for clinical trials. The use of these galectin inhibitors as combined treatments with current immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is also undergoing clinical trial investigations. Through their network of binding partners, inhibition of galectin have broad downstream effects acting on CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), Natural Killer (NK) cells, and macrophages as well as playing pro-inflammatory roles, inhibiting T-cell exhaustion to support the fight against cancer cells.
  • 938
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment
Several cellular elements of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment in multiple myeloma (MM) patients contribute to the immune evasion, proliferation, and drug resistance of MM cells, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated M2-like, “alternatively activated” macrophages, CD38+ regulatory B-cells (Bregs), and regulatory T-cells (Tregs). 
  • 937
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Lung/Pancreatic Cancer
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are prominent and key components of the TME in most types of solid tumors. Extensive research over the past decade revealed their ability to modulate cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor mechanics, immunosuppression, and drug access through synthesis and remodeling of the extracellular matrix and production of growth factors. Thus, they are considered to impede the response to current clinical cancer therapies. Therefore, targeting CAFs to counteract these protumorigenic effects, and overcome the resistance to current therapeutic options, is an appealing and emerging strategy.
  • 936
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
ASIC1/2, TRPV1/4 in skin Tumors
The acid-sensing ion channels ASIC1 and ASIC2, as well as the transient receptor potential vanilloid channels TRPV1 and TRPV4, are proton-gated cation channels that can be activated by low extracellular pH (pHe), which is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors. However, the role of these channels in the development of skin tumors is still unclear.
  • 936
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells and Radioresistance
The current preclinical and clinical findings demonstrate that, in addition to the conventional clinical and pathological indicators that have a prognostic value in radiation oncology, the number of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their inherent radioresistance are important parameters for local control after radiotherapy.
  • 936
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies for Gastric Cancer
Many phase III trials failed to demonstrate a survival benefit from the addition of molecular therapy to conventional chemotherapy for advanced and metastatic gastric cancer, and only three agents were approved by the FDA. Despite recent advances in surgical techniques and in anticancer drugs, and the adoption of perioperative treatments mostly based on conventional chemotherapy, the prognosis of advanced and metastatic gastric cancer remains poor. In the last decade, the addition of molecular therapy did not show any significant survival advantage, and the first reports available documented an increase of the rate of severe adverse effects and related mortality. The survival benefits of molecular therapies available to date for advanced and metastatic gastric cancer are rather unclear, mostly due to inaccurate patient selection, particularly concerning oncogene amplification and copy number.
  • 935
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality worldwide. AI has the potential to help to treat lung cancer from detection, diagnosis and decision making to prognosis prediction. AI could reduce the labor work of LDCT, CXR, and pathology slides reading. AI as a second reader in LDCT and CXR reading reduces the effort of radiologists and increases the accuracy of nodule detection. 
  • 935
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ellagic Acid and Cancer Hallmarks
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease with a high global incidence and mortality rate. Although cancer therapy has evolved significantly over the years, numerous challenges persist on the path to effectively combating this multifaceted disease. Natural compounds derived from plants, fungi, or marine organisms have garnered considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents in the field of cancer research. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural polyphenolic compound found in various fruits and nuts, has emerged as a potential cancer prevention and treatment agent. 
  • 935
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer Cross-Talk
Since the pandemic’s onset, a growing population of individuals has recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection and its long-term effects in some of the convalescents are gradually being reported. Although the precise etiopathogenesis of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (PACS) remains elusive, the mainly accepted rationale is that SARS-CoV-2 exerts long-lasting immunomodulatory effects, promotes chronic low-grade inflammation, and causes irreversible tissue damage. Several viruses have been causally linked to human oncogenesis, whereas chronic inflammation and immune escape are thought to be the leading oncogenic mechanisms. Excessive cytokine release, impaired T-cell responses, aberrant activation of regulatory signaling pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT, MAPK, NF-kB), and tissue damage, hallmarks of COVID-19 disease course, are also present in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the intersection of COVID-19 and cancer is partially recognized and the long-term effects of the virus on oncogenesis and cancer progression have not been explored yet.
  • 934
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Escin’s Relevant Biological Activities in Cancer Therapy
Although modern medicine is advancing at an unprecedented rate, basic challenges in cancer treatment and drug resistance remain. Exploiting natural-product-based drugs is a strategy that has been proven over time to provide diverse and efficient approaches in patient care during treatment and post-treatment periods of various diseases, including cancer. Escin—a plant-derived triterpenoid saponin—is one example of natural products with a broad therapeutic scope. Initially, escin was proven to manifest potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oedematous effects. However, later, other novel activities of escin relevant to cancer treatment have been reported. It can be demonstrated escin’s efficacy in compositions with other approved drugs to accomplish synergy and increased bioavailability to broaden their apoptotic, anti-metastasis, and anti-angiogenetic effects.
  • 934
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Models for Penile Cancer
Penile cancer is an uncommon and understudied malignancy that is most commonly diagnosed in developing countries. A large proportion of these tumors are caused by infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), while others are HPV-negative and linked with chronic inflammatory conditions. Relevant cell-based and in vivo animal models are essential to drive research on this type of cancer.
  • 933
  • 17 Apr 2021
Topic Review
DND1 in Cancers
The Dead-End (DND1) protein can interact with different messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in the cell. It uses multiple mechanisms to regulate expression of proteins from their cognate mRNAs. High levels of DND1 are found in the progenitor cells that develop into the egg and sperm. Defects in DND1 can cause tumors in the testes and ovaries of vertebrates. DND1 may also participate in human cancer development in cells other than those of the testesand ovaries.
  • 933
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Endometrial Cancer, Endometriosis and Adenomyosis
Previous research shows that women with endometriosis and adenomyosis have an increased ovarian cancer risk. However, it is unclear whether these women have an increased risk of developing uterine cancer. This information is of key importance to women with endometriosis or adenomyosis. Therefore, this study aims to assess the uterine cancer risk in women with endometriosis or adenomyosis in a large population. 
  • 933
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells
Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most deadly neurooncological diseases due to its prominent drug resistance and pronounced potential to reccurence. Both surgical interventions and tumor invasion within brain tissue causes local mechanical disruption of healthy tissues and may be related to enhancement of epidermal growth factor (EGF) secretion by numerous non-neuronal cells (e.g glioma associated microglia and macrophages; GAMs). Thus, in our research we examined the effect of EGF on human glioblastoma T98G cells, especially in the field of the ROS-dependent mechanisms which regulate cytoskeleton architecture rearrangements and their implications for invasive potential enhancement. IMC and DIC contrast microscopy coupled with time-lapse module were applied for visualization of cellular morphology changes and motile activity modulation. Transwell® assay was applied for estimation of cellular transmigration potential. Cell cycle activity was examined with ImageStreamX image flow cytometry (PI/RNAse staining). Moreover, detailed immunocytochemical analysis of cytoskeleton architecture changes (F-actin and vinculin distribution) and determination of ROS production (CellROX probe) were performed with epi-fluorescence and TIRF microscopy coupled with 2D deconvolution. Additional measurements of chosen proteins levels were confirmed with Western blot technique. Finally, estimation of the changes in cellular bioenergetic  status (ATP and lactate levels) which is crucial for effective invasion, was conducted with bioluminescence and spectrophotometric methods. Exposition of GBM cells to EGF resulted in considerable enhancement of cells proliferation accompanied by cell cycle acceleration. Such effect was followed by remarkable augmentation of cellular motility and transmigration potential correlated with noticeable F-actin filaments rearrangements with simultaneous re-distribution of vinculin towards leading edges. Moreover, increase in cellular ROS production and changes in ATP/lactate production were noticeable, pointing the undoubted role of cellular bioenergetic homeostasis modulation in response to EGF. It is worth emphasizing, that erlotinib (EGFR inhibitor) admittedly inhibited cellular invasive potential and cytoskeleton rearrangements during incubation both with or without EGF. Additionally, in our hands, application of antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine prominently endured the EGF-induced up-regulation of cellular motility. Our research indicates strong pro-mitotic and pro-migratory effect of EGF on human GBM cells. Such effect is accompanied by considerable cytoskeleton rearrangements induction and bioenergetic homeostasis modulation. Collectively, we suppose that collaborative EGFR/ROS signaling is one of the key players within EGF-induced invasiveness of GBM cells.
  • 932
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Radiotherapy of Soft tissue sarcomas
       Historically, patients with localized soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of the extremities would undergo limb amputation. It was subsequently determined that the addition of radiation therapy (RT) delivered prior to (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) a limb-sparing surgical resection yielded equivalent survival outcomes to amputation in appropriate patients.ty.
  • 932
  • 26 Aug 2020
Topic Review
CAR T-Cells for CNS Lymphoma
Primary or secondary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma is frequently associated with a poor prognosis. CAR T-cells are being established as a relevant treatment approach in hematological B-cell malignancies. Unfortunately, most clinical studies on chimeric antigen-receptor (CAR) T-cells have excluded patients with CNS involvement but several clinical trials on CAR T-cell therapy in CNS lymphoma patients are currently ongoing. Preclinical and preliminary clinical data suggest an overall acceptable safety profile and considerable anti-tumor effects might be extrapolated for CAR T-cell therapy in CNS lymphoma. 
  • 932
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Early Gastric Cancer
The term early gastric cancer (EGC) and its definition as a carcinoma limited to the mucosa and/or submucosa, regardless of lymph-node status, was first proposed in 1971 and then included in the guidelines of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. This definition has been criticized, especially with the rise in endoscopic treatment for early lesions. Many studies were conducted, focusing on parameters that can be associated with adverse prognosis, treatment failure, or lymph node metastases in ECG, without reaching a definitive consensus. The main problem originates from the lack of clear criteria distinguishing ECG with excellent prognosis (>98% 5-year survival) from ECG with higher incidence of lymph node metastases and worse prognosis (70% 5-year survival).
  • 932
  • 10 Aug 2021
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