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Topic Review
Neuromorphic Computing
Neuromorphic computing systems aims at processing information in a way similar to the human brain. Instead of a conventional von Neumann computer, a neuromorphic system generally relies on a neural network, where the memory and the processing elements are intimately co-located within the same hardware. Neuromorphic computing takes advantage of computational memories, which can both store and process data via physical laws within the device and/or the circuit. This entry summarizes the history and main concepts of neuromorphic computing, including both deep neural networks (DNNs) which are adopted for extensive artificial intelligence tasks, such as driverless cars, and spiking neural networks (SNNs), which aim at a more realistic brain-inspired computation. 
  • 2.7K
  • 22 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Battery Equalizer Circuits
In this entry, several battery equalizer circuits are reviewed and simulated. In addition, a table is presented where the main characteristics of the equalizers are summarized. These characteristics are used to assign a score to each circuit with respect to how many characteristics are similar to the ideal equalizer. Finally, a methodology is presented to compare these equalizers, taking into account the results obtained from the table.
  • 2.7K
  • 25 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Xiaomi Redmi Note 4
The Xiaomi Redmi Note 4 is the fourth smartphone of Redmi Note series developed by Xiaomi Inc. It is a part of Xiaomi's budget Redmi smartphone line. It has two variants: The older version sold as Redmi Note 4 is powered by a Deca-core Mediatek MT6797 Helio X20 SOC. The upgraded version, sold both as Redmi Note 4X and Redmi Note 4 (where MTK version was not released) is powered by an Octa-core MSM8953 Qualcomm Snapdragon 625 SoC. The Redmi Note 4 was succeeded by Redmi Note 5.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Medical Implantable Antenna Technology
Implantable antennas are mandatory to transfer data from implants to the external world wirelessly. Smart implants can be used to monitor and diagnose the medical conditions of the patient. The dispersion of the dielectric constant of the tissues and variability of organ structures of the human body absorb most of the antenna radiation. 
  • 2.7K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Multiple-Output DC–DC Converters
Multiple-output DC–DC converters are essential in a multitude of applications where different DC output voltages are required. The interest and importance of this type of multiport configuration is also reflected in that many electronics manufacturers currently develop integrated solutions. Traditionally, the different output voltages required are obtained by means of a transformer with several windings, which are in addition to providing electrical isolation. However, the current trend in the development of multiple-output DC–DC converters follows general aspects, such as low losses, high-power density, and high efficiency, as well as the development of new architectures and control strategies.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have taken a giant leap in scale, expanding their applicability to a large variety of technological domains and applications, ranging from the Internet of things (IoT) for smart cities and smart homes to wearable technology healthcare applications, underwater, agricultural and environmental monitoring and many more. This expansion is rapidly growing every passing day in terms of the variety, heterogeneity and the number of devices which such applications support. Data collection is commonly the core application in WSN and IoT networks, which are typically composed of a large variety of devices, some constrained by their resources (e.g., processing, storage, energy) and some by highly diverse demands. Many challenges span all the conceptual communication layers, from the Physical to the Applicational. In addition, the integrated unit architecture and the platform design can be subject to various stringent constraints. For example, size requirements can impose a strict constraint on the device design; low power consumption, low production cost, and self-operation can represent additional constraints.  Accordingly, the device architecture is fundamental and affects many other factors in the system. For example, power supply affects the life span; it also affects transmission range, memory, and processing unit, which in turn can affect the algorithms that can be executed on the device, etc.
  • 2.6K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Power Quality Measurement
The use of power networks can induce harmonic pollution, disturbances, and power quality events within a power grid, leading to abnormal operating conditions of equipment and materials. It is, therefore, mandatory to characterize power quality disturbances in order to enhance the power system’s efficiency and reliability.
  • 2.6K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Battery Energy Storage and Management in Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicle (EV) technology has received massive attention worldwide due to its improved performance efficiency and significant contributions to addressing carbon emission problems. In line with that, EVs could play a vital role in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). EVs have a substantial influence on various goals of sustainable development, such as affordable and clean energy, sustainable cities and communities, industry, economic growth, and climate actions.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
State of Charge Estimation Techniques for EV Applications
Electric vehicles (EVs) have acquired significant popularity due to their performance and efficiency. EVs are already largely acknowledged as the most promising solutions to global environmental challenges and CO2 emissions. Li-ion batteries are most frequently employed in EVs due to their various benefits. An effective Battery Management System (BMS) is essential to improve the battery's- performance, including charging-discharging control, precise monitoring, heat management, battery safety, and protection, and also an accurate estimation of the State of Charge (SOC). The SOC is required to provide the driver with a precise indication of the remaining range.
  • 2.6K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
H Bridge
An H bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards. Most DC-to-AC converters (power inverters), most AC/AC converters, the DC-to-DC push–pull converter, most motor controllers, and many other kinds of power electronics use H bridges. In particular, a bipolar stepper motor is almost invariably driven by a motor controller containing two H bridges.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Types of Faults on Switchgear
Switchgear is generally known as a switching device. It is used for circuit isolation and the protection of power systems from overload and system faults. The definition of switchgear also includes devices that are utilized to regulate, meter, and control power systems. The term refers to switching and interrupting devices, as well as their combinations with control, instrumentation, metering, protective, and regulating devices, as well as the components of devices involved in dealing with interconnections, items, and supporting structures, which are used primarily in the generation, transmitting distribution, and conversion of electrical power.
  • 2.4K
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Grid-Forming Converters and Power System Stability
Historically, the power system has relied on synchronous generators (SGs) to provide inertia and maintain grid stability. However, because of the increased integration of power-electronics-interfaced renewable energy sources, the grid’s stability has been challenged in the last decade due to a lack of inertia. Currently, the system predominantly uses grid-following (GFL) converters, built on the assumption that inertial sources regulate the system stability. Such an assumption does not hold for the low-inertia grids of the future. Grid-forming (GFM) converters, which mimic the traditional synchronous machinery’s functionalities, have been identified as a potential solution to support the low-inertia grids. The performance analysis of GFM converters for small-signal instability can be found in the literature, but large-signal instability is still an open research question. Moreover, various topologies and configurations of GFM converters have been proposed. Still, no comparative study combining all GFC configurations from the perspective of large-signal stability issues can be found. This research combines and compares all the existing GFM control schemes from the perspective of large-signal stability issues to pave the way for future research and development of GFM converters for large-signal stability analysis and stabilization of the future low-inertia grids. 
  • 2.4K
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
IoT Wearable Sensors
 Interconnected sensing technology, such as IoT wearables and devices, present a promising solution for objective, reliable, and remote monitoring, assessment, and support through ambient assisted living.
  • 2.4K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Resonant cavity antennas technology
       Resonant cavity antennas (RCAs) are suitable candidates to achieve high directivity with a low-cost and easy fabrication process. The stable functionality of the RCAs over different frequency bands, as well as, their pattern reconfigurability make them an attractive antenna structure for the next-generation wireless communication systems, i.e., fifth-generation (5G). The variety of designs and analytical techniques regarding the main radiator and partially reflective surface (PRS) configurations allow dramatic progress and advances in the area of RCAs. Adding different functionalities in a single structure by using additional layers is one appealing feature of the RCA structures, which has opened the various fields of studies toward 5G applications. This paper reviews the recent advances on the RCAs along with the analytical methods, and various capabilities that make them suitable to be used in 5G communication systems. 
  • 2.4K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Class D Audio Power Amplifier
Class D power amplifiers, one of the most critical devices for application in sound systems, face severe challenges due to the increasing requirement of smartphones, digital television, digital sound, and other terminals. The audio power amplifier has developed from a transistor amplifier to a field-effect tube amplifier, and digital amplifiers have made significant progress in circuit technology, components, and ideological understanding. The stumbling blocks for a successful power amplifier are low power efficiency and a high distortion rate.
  • 2.4K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
IoT and the Energy Sector
Integration of renewable energy and optimization of energy use are key enablers of sustainable energy transitions and mitigating climate change. Modern technologies such the Internet of Things (IoT) offer a wide number of applications in the energy sector, i.e, in energy supply, transmission and distribution, and demand. IoT can be employed for improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy, and reducing environmental impacts of the energy use.
  • 2.4K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Active Front-End Rectifiers in EV DC Charging Applications
Active Front-End (AFE) rectifiers have regained momentum as the demand for highpower Electric Vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure increases exponentially. AFE rectifiers have high efficiency and reliability, and they minimize the disturbances that could be generated due to the operation of the EV charging systems by reducing harmonic distortion and operating close to the Unity Power Factor (UPF).
  • 2.4K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Modular Multilevel Converter Submodules
Voltage-source converter (VSC) HVDC systems based on modular multilevel converters (MMCs) combine the system advantages of fast and independent active and reactive power control, passive network supply, black start capabilities, frequency support and power oscillation damping with power electronics benefits such as scalable design, increased reliability, lower conversion losses and reduced filtering requirements, thus offering a commercially competitive solution. The structure of the SM is an important element of the MMC. This has been the case, where substantial SM topologies have been presented, specifically aimed at extending the functionalities of the MMC, in many cases aligned with niche applications of the converter rather than generic use as a VSC converter.
  • 2.4K
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Autonomous Vehicles
An Autonomous Vehicle (AV), or a driverless car, or a self-driving vehicle is a car, bus, truck, or any other vehicle that is able to drive from point A to point B and perform all necessary driving functions, without any human intervention. An Autonomous Vehicle is normally equipped with different types of sensors to perceive the surrounding environment, including Normal Vision Cameras, Infrared Cameras, RADAR, LiDAR, and Ultrasonic Sensors.  An autonomous vehicle should be able to detect and recognise all type of road users including surrounding vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists, traffic signs, road markings, and can segment the free spaces, intersections, buildings, and trees to perform a safe driving task.  Currently, no realistic prediction expects we see fully autonomous vehicles earlier than 2030. 
  • 2.3K
  • 11 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Current Sensing Methods in Power Electronics Applications
A current sensor is a device exploited to measure electric currents, either alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC). These devices are used in various applications, including detecting faults, monitoring performance (for control or prognostics), and detecting changes in system behavior. Power applications employ various current-monitoring products to control, characterize, and monitor the current flow. Current sensors, for example, are used in power lines to measure the flow of the current, for controlling current flow, or detect overcurrent or excess currents.
  • 2.3K
  • 10 Aug 2023
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