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Topic Review
Bioglass 45S5
Oxides of sodium, calcium, silicon, and phosphorus form the Na2O–CaO–SiO2–P2O5 system, of which the most famous material—Bioglass 45S5—was developed in 1969 by Professor Larry Hench. In the middle of the 1980s, Bioglass 45S5 was introduced to the market, and it stimulated many research groups to an intensive investigation of bioactive glasses and their further applications.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Chemical Properties of Calcium Phosphate
 Calcium phosphate (CaP)-based biomaterials have superior properties and have been widely used for bone defect repair, due to their similarities to the inorganic components of human bones. The biological performance of CaPs, as a determining factor for their applications, are dependent on their physicochemical properties. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) as the most thermally stable crystalline phase of CaP is mostly used in the form of ceramics or composites scaffolds with polymers. Nanostructured CaPs with large surface areas are suitable for drug/gene delivery systems. CaP is not only a family of natural minerals, but also includes biominerals in humans, which are the main inorganic component of hard tissue (bone and teeth).
  • 2.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Manufacture Microneedles by 3D Printing
Microneedles (MNs) represent the concept of attractive, minimally invasive puncture devices of micron-sized dimensions that penetrate the skin painlessly and thus facilitate the transdermal administration of a wide range of active substances. MNs have been manufactured by a variety of production technologies, from a range of materials, but most of these manufacturing methods are time-consuming and expensive for screening new designs and making any modifications. Additive manufacturing (AM) has become one of the most revolutionary tools in the pharmaceutical field, with its unique ability to manufacture personalized dosage forms and patient-specific medical devices such as MNs. 
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Tapered Optical Fiber Configurations
Understanding environmental information is necessary for functions correlated with human activities to improve healthcare quality and reduce ecological risk. Tapered optical fibers reduce some limitations of such devices and can be considerably more responsive to fluorescence and absorption properties changes.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Silica Nanoparticles
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are available in many forms, including core-shell silica nanoparticles, nonporous SNPs, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSN), and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN).  The advancements in nanotechnology have quickly developed a new subject with vast applications of nanostructured materials in medicine and pharmaceuticals. The enormous surface-to-volume ratio, ease of surface modification, outstanding biocompatibility, and, in the case of mesoporous nanoparticles, the tunable pore size make the SNPs a promising candidate for nano-based medical applications. 
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Skin Substitutes
The skin plays an important role in the maintenance of the human's body physiological homeostasis. It acts as a coverage that protects against infective microorganism or biomechanical impacts. Skin is also implied in thermal regulation and fluid balance. However, skin can suffer several damages that impede normal wound-healing responses and lead to chronic wounds. Since the use of autografts, allografts, and xenografts present source limitations and intense rejection associated problems, bioengineered artificial skin substitutes (BASS) have emerged as a promising solution to address these problems. The advances that have been produced on tissue engineering techniques have enabled improving and developing new arising skin substitutes. Despite this, currently available skin substitutes have many drawbacks, and an ideal skin substitute has not been developed yet. The translation of cell‐based arising skin substitutes to clinical application represents one of the critical challenges on tissue engineering and it has to be overcome with the aim of offering each patient the more efficient therapy that fits with his clinical case and allows him having a good quality of life.
  • 2.1K
  • 19 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Electrophoretic Deposition for Biomedical Applications
Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a powerful technique to assemble metals, polymer, ceramics, and composite materials into 2D, 3D, and intricately shaped implants. Polymers, proteins, and peptides can be deposited via EPD at room temperature without affecting their chemical structures. Furthermore, EPD is being used to deposit multifunctional coatings (i.e., bioactive, antibacterial, and biocompatible coatings).
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Feature, Performance of Advanced Electrodes for Electroencephalogram
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a graph of the difference in voltage between brain scalp locations over time. Since EEG signals are non-stationary and random, they usually present low signal intensity and high noise. Therefore, the development of advanced electrodes to obtain high-quality EEG signals is a very attractive but challenging research topic. Ag/AgCl wet electrodes have been widely used to record brain potentials in real life. However, the use of conductive gels still faces many challenges. Advanced electrodes such as semi-dry, dry contact, dry non-contact, and microneedle array electrodes have been developed to overcome the issues. In this entry, the physical features and EEG signal acquisition performances of these advanced EEG electrodes are introduced in view of the differences in contact between the skin and electrodes. Specifically, contact features, biofeatures, impedance, signal quality, and artifacts are discussed.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Atomic Force Microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the microscopic techniques with the highest lateral resolution. It can usually be applied in air or even in liquids, enabling the investigation of a broader range of samples than scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is mostly performed in vacuum. Since it works by following the sample surface based on the force between the scanning tip and the sample, interactions have to be taken into account, making the AFM of irregular samples complicated, but on the other hand it allows measurements of more physical parameters than pure topography.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lignin-Based Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Different techniques have been developed to overcome the recalcitrant nature of lignocellulosic biomass and extract lignin biopolymer. Lignin has gained considerable interest owing to its attractive properties. These properties may be more beneficial when including lignin in the preparation of highly desired value-added products, including hydrogels. Lignin biopolymer, as one of the three major components of lignocellulosic biomaterials, has attracted significant interest in the biomedical field due to its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
  • 2.1K
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
β-butyrolactone
Over 35 years ago, researchers originally reported on the anionic ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of β-butyrolactone (BBL) into poly(β-butyrolactone) (poly(BBL)), which is an amorphous, atactic analogue of isotactic poly([R]-β-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a promising and widely used natural biodegradable polyester. 
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Brass Alloys against Hospital-Acquired Infections
Touch surfaces made of copper-based alloys such as brasses are used in healthcare settings in an attempt to reduce the bioburden and limit environmental transmission of nosocomial pathogens. 
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondria-Targeted Drug in Cardiovascular Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a major threat for human health. The available preventive and treatment interventions are insufficient to revert the underlying pathological processes, which underscores the urgency of alternative approaches. Mitochondria dysfunction plays a key role in the etiopathogenesis of CVD and is regarded as an intriguing target for the development of innovative therapies. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, and excessive fission are major noxious pathways amenable to drug therapy. Thanks to the advancements of nanotechnology research, several mitochondria-targeted drug delivery systems (DDS) have been optimized with improved pharmacokinetic and biocompatibility, and lower toxicity and antigenicity for application in the cardiovascular field.
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Physicochemistry of Deep Eutectic Solvents
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), considered as one of the greenest families of solvents, are used in many fields, such as organic synthesis, (bio)catalysis, electrochemistry, and (bio)medicine.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Alginate Application in Drug Delivery
Alginates are generally used in the food, beverage, cosmetic, paper, textile printing, and pharmaceutical industries. They have been utilized as stabilizers, thickeners, emulsifiers, and hydration and gelling agents. The main use of alginate in the biomedical industry is mainly focused on hydrogels used in wound healing, drug delivery, and tissue regeneration. The broad range of applications is due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity and relatively low-cost consumption, and structural similarity to the extracellular matrices of living tissue.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
S-PRG Filler for Dental Treatment and Care
Surface Pre-Reacted Glass-ionomer (S-PRG) filler, which releases strontium (Sr2+), borate (BO33−), fluoride (F−), sodium (Na+), silicate (SiO32−), and aluminum (Al3+) ions at high concentrations, is a unique glass filler that are utilized in dentistry. Because of its multiple-ion releasing characteristics, S-PRG filler exhibits several bioactivities such as tooth strengthening, acid neutralization, promotion of mineralization, inhibition of bacteria and fungi, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases, and enhancement of cell activity. Therefore, S-PRG filler per se and S-PRG filler-containing materials have the potential to be beneficial for various dental treatments and care.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
4D Printable Smart Hydrogels for Drug Delivery
Hydrogels are three-dimensional crosslinked polymer network structures that can absorb and hold a large quantity of water while retaining a distinct shape. Among modern drug formulations, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, also known as "smart hydrogels," has attracted enormous attention. The fundamental characteristic of these systems is the capacity to change their mechanical properties, swelling capacity, hydrophilicity, permeability of bioactive molecules, etc., in response to a wide range of stimuli, including temperature, pH, light irradiation, magnetic field, biological factors, etc. On the other hand, the expeditious development of 3D printing technologies has revolutionized the fabrication of hydrogel systems for biomedical applications. By combining these two aspects, 4D printing (i.e., 3D printing of smart hydrogels) has emerged as a new promising platform for the development of novel drug delivery systems, which release active ingredients in response to internal or external stimuli.
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Starch-Based Materials for Food Packaging
The food packaging sector generates large volumes of plastic waste due to the high demand for packaged products with a short shelf-life. Biopolymers such as starch-based materials are a promising alternative to non-renewable resins, offering a sustainable and environmentally friendly food packaging alternative for single-use products. 
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Optimal Properties of the Scaffold
Osteoarthritis leads to the progressive decay of articular cartilage. Due to its intrinsic avascular character, cartilage shows an inadequate capacity for regeneration. Cartilage loss may result in chronic pain, movement disorder and morbidity, which lack effective treatments except for joint replacement for late-stage osteoarthritis. To overcome this challenge, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising method. Scaffolds provide mechanical and biochemical support to stem cells that undergo differentiation and secrete a cartilage-specific matrix, and this strategy has been proven to have positive results. The ideal 3D scaffolds need to have versatile properties to mediate cell–cell signalling and cell–matrix interactions for controlling the cellular behaviour of MSCs, specifically: (1) sufficient mechanical strength; (2) biocompatibility; (3) suitable surface morphology for cell attachment; (4) appropriate porosity and pore size to allow the cells to infiltrate as well as nutrients and waste to diffuse; (5) promoting cell proliferation, differentiation and maintenance of a chondrogenic phenotype of seeded cells; (6) capability of integrating with native tissues; and (7) controlled degradation without toxic byproducts.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Sol-Gel Materials
Microorganism-cell-based biohybrid materials have attracted considerable attention over the last several decades. They are applied in a broad spectrum of areas, such as nanotechnologies, environmental biotechnology, biomedicine, synthetic chemistry, and bioelectronics. Sol-gel technology allows to obtain a wide range of high-purity materials from nanopowders to thin-film coatings with high efficiency and low cost, which makes it one of the preferred techniques for creating organic-inorganic matrices for biocomponent immobilization.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Apr 2022
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