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Topic Review
Avian Orexin
Originally named for its expression in the posterior hypothalamus in rats and after the Greek word for “appetite”, hypocretin, or orexin, as it is known today, gained notoriety as a neuropeptide regulating feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and sleep. Orexin is a neuropeptide involved in both central and peripheral control of neuroendocrine functions, energy balance, and metabolism. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
RadioIodine Treatment
Thyroid radioiodide or radioiodine therapy (RAI) is one of the oldest known and used targeted therapies. In thyroid cancer, it has been used for more than eight decades and is still being used to improve thyroid tumor treatment to eliminate remnants after thyroid surgery, and tumor metastases. Knowledge at the molecular level of the genes/proteins involved in the process has led to improvements in therapy, both from the point of view of when, how much, and how to use the therapy according to tumor type. The effectiveness of this therapy has spread into other types of targeted therapies, and this has made sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) one of the favorite theragnostic tools. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Mitochondria in Neurodegenerative Disease
Strong evidence suggests a correlation between degeneration and mitochondrial deficiency. Typical cases of degeneration can be observed in physiological phenomena (i.e., ageing) as well as in neurological neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. All these pathologies have the dyshomeostasis of mitochondrial bioenergy as a common denominator. 
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Diabetes and Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for approximately 150 reactions that regulate the metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, DNA, and neurotransmitters. In addition, it plays the role of antioxidant by counteracting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Epidemiological and experimental studies indicated an evident inverse association between vitamin B6 levels and diabetes, as well as a clear protective effect of vitamin B6 on diabetic complications.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Statins in β-cells
Statins are the gold standard treatment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia due to their effectiveness reducing circulating cholesterol levels and their low cost. However, increasing evidence shows a clear relation between long term statin treatment and new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. However, the mechanisms by which statin treatment induces T2DM are not fully understood. Recent evidences suggest that statins could increase circulating glucose levels inducing insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and modulating insulin sensitivity and secretion in beta-cells. It has been described that calcium signaling, a key process that allows insulin-containing vesicle mobilization is impaired in the beta-cells under statin treatment, the expression and mobilization of glucose transporters are also reduced and insulin signaling pathway is down regulated after statin treatment. All together contribute to glucose and insulin homeostasis deregulation and favors T2DM development.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
PPARδ/FOXO1 Mediate CHO Oxidation Inhibition
The mechanisms behind the reduction in muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) controlled carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation during chronic high-fat dietary intake (HFDI) are poorly understood, as is the basis of CHO oxidation restoration during muscle contraction. To get an insight into these mechanisms, C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate or without (control) for 16 hrs in the presence and absence of electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Compared to control, palmitate reduced cell glucose uptake, PDC activity, acetylcarnitine accumulation and glucose-derived mitochondrial ATP production and increased PDK4, PPARa and PPARd  protein expression and reduced the whole-cell p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1 ratio. Conversely, chronic EPS rescued palmitate-induced inhibition of CHO oxidation, reflected by increased glucose uptake, PDC activity and glucose-derived mitochondrial ATP production compared to palmitate alone. EPS was also associated with less PDK4 and PPARd proteins, and lower nuclear p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1 ratio normalised to the cytoplasmic ratio, but with no changes in PPARa protein. Collectively, these data suggest that HFDI reduces the rate of CHO oxidation through inhibition of PDC activity and its flux by PPARd and FOXO1 transcription factors meditated rise in PDK4 protein. Conversely, EPS rescued these metabolic events by modulating the same transcription factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Hormonal Stimuli, Leading HPV Infection to Cervical Cancer
The special thing about an HPV infection is that it is not only able to trick the immune system in a sophisticated way, but also, through genetic integration into the host genome, to use all the resources available to the host cells to complete the replication cycle of the virus without activating the alarm mechanisms of immune recognition and elimination. The mechanisms utilized by the virus are the metabolic, immune, and hormonal signaling pathways that it manipulates. Since the virus is dependent on replication enzymes of the host cells, it also intervenes in the cell cycle of the differentiating keratinocytes and shifts their terminal differentiation to the uppermost layers of the squamocolumnar transformation zone (TZ) of the cervix.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Animal Model of Hypertension: Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) rats were produced by outbreeding Wistar–Kyoto rats, followed by the selective inbreeding of their offspring with the highest blood pressure values. These rats are mainly used in studies on cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, metabolic diseases that lead to insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, and renal dysfunction.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA-Mediated Adipogenesis in Different Adipocytes
Long-chain noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs that do not code for proteins, widely present in eukaryotes. They regulate gene expression at multiple levels through different mechanisms at epigenetic, transcription, translation, and the maturation of mRNA transcripts or regulation of the chromatin structure, and compete with microRNAs for binding to endogenous RNA. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Binding of Cholesterol to GPCRs
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that convey extracellular signals to the cellular milieu. They represent a target for more than 30% of currently marketed drugs.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Lipid Metabolism in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most lethal primary brain tumor. With limited therapeutic options, novel therapies are desperately needed. Recent studies have shown that GBM acquires large amounts of lipids for rapid growth through activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), a master transcription factor that regulates fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, and cholesterol uptake. Interestingly, GBM cells divert substantial quantities of lipids into lipid droplets (LDs), a specific storage organelle for neutral lipids, to prevent lipotoxicity by increasing the expression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) and sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1), which convert excess fatty acids and cholesterol to triacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters, respectively. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Polyphenols
Polyphenols represent a group of secondary metabolites of plants which have been analyzed as potent regulators of multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy, among others. These natural compounds exhibit beneficial effects and protection against inflammation, oxidative stress and related injuries including metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular damage, obesity, diabetes and neurodegeneration.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota and Nasal Mucosal Diseases
The pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases is related to various factors such as anatomical structure, heredity, and environment. The nasal microbiota play a key role in coordinating immune system functions. Dysfunction of the microbiota has a significant impact on the occurrence and development of nasal inflammation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Determining GnRH/LH Pulsatility Using Aptamers
Aptamers are a novel technology enabling the continuous measurement of analytes in blood and other body compartments, without the need for repeated sampling and the associated reagent costs of traditional antibody-based methodologies. Aptamers are short single-stranded synthetic RNA or DNA that recognise and bind to specific targets. The conformational changes that can occur upon aptamer-ligand binding are transformed into chemical, fluorescent, color changes and other readouts. Aptamers have been developed to detect and measure a variety of targets in vitro and in vivo. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a pulsatile hypothalamic hormone, that is essential for normal fertility but difficult to measure in the peripheral circulation. However, pulsatile GnRH release results in pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary gland. As such, LH pulsatility is the clinical gold standard method to determine GnRH pulsatility in humans. Aptamers have recently been shown to successfully bind to and measure GnRH and LH and this review focuses on this specific area. However, due to the adaptability of aptamers, and their suitability for incorporation into portable devices, aptamer-based technology is likely to be used more widely in the future. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
RAS Dysregulation and COVID-19
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a critical agent responsible for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The most harmful clinical feature of COVID-19 patients is the upper airway infection leading to severe pneumonia associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The critical functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which belongs to the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in humans. ACE2 is part of the non-classical RAS axis that counteract the harmful actions of the classical RAS axis. The balance of the classical ad non-classical RAS could be altered in COVID-19 patients.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Androgens
Androgens represent the main hormones responsible for maintaining hormonal balance and function in the prostate and testis. As they are involved in prostate and testicular carcinogenesis, more detailed information of their active concentration at the site of action is required. Since the introduction of the term intracrinology as the local formation of active steroid hormones from inactive precursors of the adrenal gland, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-S, it is evident that blood circulating levels of sex steroid hormones need not reflect their actual concentrations in the tissue.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
PGC-1α in Metabolic Diseases
Mitochondria contain the majority of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which an essential cofactor that regulates metabolic function. A decrease in both mitochondria biogenesis and NAD+ is a characteristic of metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) orchestrates mitochondrial biogenesis and is involved in mitochondrial NAD+ pool.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Potentials of Bangladeshi Fruits
Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disorder affecting people of all ages and adversely disrupts their daily functions. Despite the availability of numerous synthetic-antidiabetic medications and insulin, the demand for the development of novel antidiabetic medications is increasing due to the adverse effects and growth of resistance to commercial drugs in the long-term usage. Antidiabetic phytochemicals isolated from fruit plants can be a very nifty option to develop life-saving novel antidiabetic therapeutics, employing several pathways and MoAs (mechanism of actions). The antidiabetic potential of commonly available Bangladeshi fruits and other plant parts are discussed, such as seeds, fruit peals, leaves, and roots, along with isolated phytochemicals from these phytosources based on lab findings and mechanism of actions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Type 1 Diabetes and Gut Microbiota
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease driven by T-cells against the insulin-producing islet β-cells, resulting in a marked loss of β-cell mass and function. A dysbiotic gut microbial profile has been associated with T1D patients. Moreover, new evidence propose that perturbation in gut microbiota may influence the T1D onset and progression. One of the prominent features in clinically silent phase before the onset of T1D is the presence of a microbiota characterized by low numbers of commensals butyrate producers, thus negatively influencing the gut permeability. The loss of gut permeability leads to the translocation of microbes and microbial metabolites and could lead to the activation of immune cells. Moreover, microbiota-based therapies to slow down disease progression or reverse T1D have shown promising results.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aspirin's Role against Colorectal Cancer
Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is routinely used in decreasing inflammation, pain, fever and cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin has recently been recommended for the prevention of colorectal cancers (CRC) in adults aged above 59 yrs by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Though acknowledged for its ability to decrease incidences of CRC, a consensus has not yet been reached regarding the mechanisms involved in its chemopreventive actions. Here, we briefly describe the "metabolite hypothesis", discuss its strengths and limitations and provide our perspective.
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Feb 2021
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