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Topic Review
The Glycerolipid/NEFA Cycle
Lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity emerged as established mechanisms participating in the pathophysiology of obesity-related type 2 diabetes in general, and in the loss of β-cell function in particular. Glycerolipid/free fatty acid cycle as a protective pathway mediating active storage and recruitment of lipids.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Parabens Exposure and Breast Cancer
There is increasing recognition that environmental exposure to chemicals, such as endocrine-disruptive chemicals (EDCs), contributes to the development of breast cancer. Parabens are a group of EDCs commonly found in personal care products, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Systemic exposure to parabens has been confirmed by the ubiquitous detection of parabens in human blood and urine samples. Although evidence from in vivo and epidemiological studies linking parabens exposure to breast cancer is limited, the current evidence suggests that parabens may negatively interfere with some endocrine and intracrine targets relevant to breast carcinogenesis. So far, most studies have focused on a single paraben’s effects and the direct modulating effects on estrogen receptors or the androgen receptor in vitro. Recent studies have revealed that parabens can modulate local estrogen-converting enzymes, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2 and increase local estrogen levels. Also, parabens can crosstalk with the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) pathway and work with ER signaling to increase pro-oncogenic c-Myc expression in ER+/HER2+ breast cancer cells. Future studies investigating paraben mixtures and their crosstalk with other EDCs or signaling pathways both in vitro and in vivo in the context of breast cancer development are warranted. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Low Carbohydrate Diet
Low-carbohydrate diets are increasingly used to help patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes. We sought to provide an overview of the evidence for this treatment approach, considering the epidemiology and pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes in terms of carbohydrate excess. We describe the mechanistic basis for the clinical benefits associated with nutritional ketosis and identify areas of practice where the evidence base could be improved. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sex-Specific SARS-CoV-2 Mortality
COVID-19 shows a sex-dependent epidemiology. This letter aims to point out some molecular mechanisms which could explain this gender-related difference. Such knownledge may be useful for the future management of COVID-19 patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Avian Orexin
Originally named for its expression in the posterior hypothalamus in rats and after the Greek word for “appetite”, hypocretin, or orexin, as it is known today, gained notoriety as a neuropeptide regulating feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and sleep. Orexin is a neuropeptide involved in both central and peripheral control of neuroendocrine functions, energy balance, and metabolism. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Adiponectin System (Rescue Hormone)
The adipose tissue, regardless of its role in generating and storing energy, acts as a key player as an endocrine tissue, producing a wide scale of cytokines/hormones called adipokines. Adipokines such as leptin, resistin, visfatin and osteopontin own pro-inflammatory effects on the cardiovascular system in some cases. In contrast, some adipokines have cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory impacts including adiponectin, omentin, and apelin.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Diabetic Kidney Disease Protein Restriction
Low-protein diets have been recommended as diet therapy for the management of chronic kidney disease. Several studies have reported significantly more favorable results with low-protein diet than with normal-protein diet, the renal protective effects of low-protein diets are still unclear in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease. Moreover, some studies have reported that extremely low-protein diets may increase the risk of mortality.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 May 2021
Topic Review
Bile Acids, Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction, and Related Diseases
The intestinal barrier is a precisely regulated semi-permeable physiological structure that absorbs nutrients and protects the internal environment from infiltration of pathological molecules and microorganisms. Bile acids are small molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver, secreted into the duodenum, and transformed to secondary or tertiary bile acids by the gut microbiota. Bile acids interact with bile acid receptors (BARs) or gut microbiota, which plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal barrier.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Animal Model of Hypertension: Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) rats were produced by outbreeding Wistar–Kyoto rats, followed by the selective inbreeding of their offspring with the highest blood pressure values. These rats are mainly used in studies on cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, metabolic diseases that lead to insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, hypercholesterolemia, and renal dysfunction.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA-Mediated Adipogenesis in Different Adipocytes
Long-chain noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are RNAs that do not code for proteins, widely present in eukaryotes. They regulate gene expression at multiple levels through different mechanisms at epigenetic, transcription, translation, and the maturation of mRNA transcripts or regulation of the chromatin structure, and compete with microRNAs for binding to endogenous RNA. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
RadioIodine Treatment
Thyroid radioiodide or radioiodine therapy (RAI) is one of the oldest known and used targeted therapies. In thyroid cancer, it has been used for more than eight decades and is still being used to improve thyroid tumor treatment to eliminate remnants after thyroid surgery, and tumor metastases. Knowledge at the molecular level of the genes/proteins involved in the process has led to improvements in therapy, both from the point of view of when, how much, and how to use the therapy according to tumor type. The effectiveness of this therapy has spread into other types of targeted therapies, and this has made sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) one of the favorite theragnostic tools. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Binding of Cholesterol to GPCRs
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that convey extracellular signals to the cellular milieu. They represent a target for more than 30% of currently marketed drugs.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Microbiota and Nasal Mucosal Diseases
The pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases is related to various factors such as anatomical structure, heredity, and environment. The nasal microbiota play a key role in coordinating immune system functions. Dysfunction of the microbiota has a significant impact on the occurrence and development of nasal inflammation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
PPARδ/FOXO1 Mediate CHO Oxidation Inhibition
The mechanisms behind the reduction in muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) controlled carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation during chronic high-fat dietary intake (HFDI) are poorly understood, as is the basis of CHO oxidation restoration during muscle contraction. To get an insight into these mechanisms, C2C12 myotubes were treated with palmitate or without (control) for 16 hrs in the presence and absence of electrical pulse stimulation (EPS). Compared to control, palmitate reduced cell glucose uptake, PDC activity, acetylcarnitine accumulation and glucose-derived mitochondrial ATP production and increased PDK4, PPARa and PPARd  protein expression and reduced the whole-cell p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1 ratio. Conversely, chronic EPS rescued palmitate-induced inhibition of CHO oxidation, reflected by increased glucose uptake, PDC activity and glucose-derived mitochondrial ATP production compared to palmitate alone. EPS was also associated with less PDK4 and PPARd proteins, and lower nuclear p-FOXO1/t-FOXO1 ratio normalised to the cytoplasmic ratio, but with no changes in PPARa protein. Collectively, these data suggest that HFDI reduces the rate of CHO oxidation through inhibition of PDC activity and its flux by PPARd and FOXO1 transcription factors meditated rise in PDK4 protein. Conversely, EPS rescued these metabolic events by modulating the same transcription factors.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Dietary Polyphenols
Polyphenols represent a group of secondary metabolites of plants which have been analyzed as potent regulators of multiple biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy, among others. These natural compounds exhibit beneficial effects and protection against inflammation, oxidative stress and related injuries including metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular damage, obesity, diabetes and neurodegeneration.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Androgens
Androgens represent the main hormones responsible for maintaining hormonal balance and function in the prostate and testis. As they are involved in prostate and testicular carcinogenesis, more detailed information of their active concentration at the site of action is required. Since the introduction of the term intracrinology as the local formation of active steroid hormones from inactive precursors of the adrenal gland, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-S, it is evident that blood circulating levels of sex steroid hormones need not reflect their actual concentrations in the tissue.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 May 2023
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Potentials of Bangladeshi Fruits
Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening disorder affecting people of all ages and adversely disrupts their daily functions. Despite the availability of numerous synthetic-antidiabetic medications and insulin, the demand for the development of novel antidiabetic medications is increasing due to the adverse effects and growth of resistance to commercial drugs in the long-term usage. Antidiabetic phytochemicals isolated from fruit plants can be a very nifty option to develop life-saving novel antidiabetic therapeutics, employing several pathways and MoAs (mechanism of actions). The antidiabetic potential of commonly available Bangladeshi fruits and other plant parts are discussed, such as seeds, fruit peals, leaves, and roots, along with isolated phytochemicals from these phytosources based on lab findings and mechanism of actions. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
A-FABP in Metabolic Diseases
Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP), which is also known as ap2 or FABP4, is a fatty acid chaperone that has been further defined as a fat-derived hormone. It regulates lipid homeostasis and is a key mediator of inflammation. Circulating levels of A-FABP are closely associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic diseases with imminent diagnostic and prognostic significance. Numerous animal studies have elucidated the potential underlying mechanisms involving A-FABP in these diseases. Recent studies demonstrated its physiological role in the regulation of adaptive thermogenesis and its pathological roles in ischemic stroke and liver fibrosis. Due to its implication in various diseases, A-FABP has become a promising target for the development of small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies for disease treatment. This review summarizes the clinical and animal findings of A-FABP in the pathogenesis of cardio-metabolic diseases in recent years.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
PGC-1α in Metabolic Diseases
Mitochondria contain the majority of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), which an essential cofactor that regulates metabolic function. A decrease in both mitochondria biogenesis and NAD+ is a characteristic of metabolic diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α) orchestrates mitochondrial biogenesis and is involved in mitochondrial NAD+ pool.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Aspirin's Role against Colorectal Cancer
Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is routinely used in decreasing inflammation, pain, fever and cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin has recently been recommended for the prevention of colorectal cancers (CRC) in adults aged above 59 yrs by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). Though acknowledged for its ability to decrease incidences of CRC, a consensus has not yet been reached regarding the mechanisms involved in its chemopreventive actions. Here, we briefly describe the "metabolite hypothesis", discuss its strengths and limitations and provide our perspective.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2021
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