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Topic Review
Primary Gastrointestinal T-Cell Lymphoma and Indolent Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Primary gastrointestinal (GI) T-cell neoplasms are extremely rare heterogeneous disease entities with distinct clinicopathologic features. Given the different prognoses of various disease subtypes, clinicians and pathologists must be aware of the key characteristics of these neoplasms, despite their rarity.
  • 922
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Interactions of Platelets with TME in Ovarian Cancer
Platelets, the primary operatives of hemostasis that contribute to blood coagulation and wound healing after blood vessel injury, are also involved in pathological conditions, including cancer. Malignancy-associated thrombosis is common in ovarian cancer patients and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Platelets extravasate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) in ovarian cancer and interact with cancer cells and non-cancerous elements. Ovarian cancer cells also activate platelets. The communication between activated platelets, cancer cells, and the tumor microenvironment is via various platelet membrane proteins or mediators released through degranulation or the secretion of microvesicles from platelets. These interactions trigger signaling cascades in tumors that promote ovarian cancer progression, metastasis, and neoangiogenesis.
  • 920
  • 13 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Surface Antigens in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) progression is dependent on its interaction with the bone marrow microenvironment and the immune system and is mediated by key surface antigens. Some antigens promote adhesion to the bone marrow matrix and stromal cells, while others are involved in intercellular interactions that result in differentiation of B-cells to plasma cells (PC). These interactions are also involved in malignant transformation of the normal PC to MM PC as well as disease progression.
  • 909
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hematologic Malignancies in COVID-19 Pandemic
Obesity is epidemiologically and likely, causally related to various hematological cancers, while both conditions may predispose to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic brought about a variety of obstacles with respect to numerous aspects in the management of hematological malignancies. Patients with hematologic malignancies faced a variety of challenges, pertinent to the nature of an underlying hematologic disorder itself as well as its therapy as a risk factor for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, suboptimal vaccine efficacy and the need for uninterrupted medical observation and continued therapy. Obesity constitutes another factor which was acknowledged since the early days of the pandemic that predisposed people to severe COVID-19, and shares a likely causal link with the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of hematologic cancers.
  • 906
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Malignancy-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of severe, dysregulated inflammation driven by the inability of T cells to clear an antigenic target. When associated with malignancy (mHLH), the HLH syndrome is typically associated with extremely poor survival. Since HLH represents a spectrum of hyperinflammatory disorders with heterogeneous inciting conditions, often with both genetic and environmental components, diagnosis can be challenging.
  • 904
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Immunotherapy Treatment
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a blood cancer that primarily affects children but also adults. It is due to the malignant proliferation of lymphoid precursor cells that invade the bone marrow and can spread to extramedullary sites. ALL is divided into B cell (85%) and T cell lineages (10 to 15%); rare cases are associated with the natural killer (NK) cell lineage (<1%). To date, the survival rate in children with ALL is excellent while in adults continues to be poor. Despite the therapeutic progress, there are subsets of patients that still have high relapse rates after chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and an unsatisfactory cure rate. Hence, the identification of more effective and safer therapy choices represents a primary issue.
  • 904
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Autoimmune Cytopenia
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with a variety of clinical manifestations related to viral tissue damage, as well as a virally induced immune response. Hyperstimulation of the immune system can serve as a trigger for autoimmunity. Several immune-mediated manifestations have been described in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.  This review highlights COVID associated autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenic purpuria (ITP).
  • 886
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Essential Thrombocythemia in Children and Adolescents
ET is a rare disease in children, challenging pediatric and adult hematologists alike. The current WHO classification acknowledges classical Philadelphia-negative MPNs and defines diagnostic criteria, mainly encompassing adult cases. The presence of one of three driver mutations (JAK2V617F, CALR, and MPL mutations) represent the proof of clonality typical of ET. Pediatric ET cases are thus usually confronted by adult approaches. These can fit only some patients, because only 25–40% of cases present one of the driver mutations. The diagnosis of hereditary, familial thrombocytosis and the exclusion of reactive/secondary thrombocytosis must be part of the diagnostic process in children and can clarify most of the negative cases. Still, many children present a clinical, histological picture of ET, with a molecular triple wild-type status. Moreover, prognosis seems more benign, and thrombotic events are rare in children with ET and only minor hemorrhages are ordinarily observed.
  • 886
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Major advances in the understanding of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis, together with technological progress, have led us into a new era in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with AML. A combination of immunophenotyping, cytogenetic and molecular studies are required for AML diagnosis, including the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) gene panels to screen all genetic alterations with diagnostic, prognostic and/or therapeutic value.
  • 881
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
TP53 Mutant Acute Myeloid Leukemia
TP53 mutated/deleted acute myeloid leukemia (AML) stands out as one of the poorest prognosis forms of acute leukemia with a median overall survival not reaching one year in most cases, even in selected cases when allogenic stem-cell transplantation is performed. This aggressive behavior relies on intrinsic chemoresistance of blast cells and on high rates of relapse. 
  • 878
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Aging of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
In human blood and immune system, aging is characterized by a decline of innate immunity and regenerative potential of hematopoietic stem cells. This decline is defined at a molecular level in the  hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) compartment. A series of studies have demonstrated that aging of HSPC is induced by an accumulation of senescent cells in the HSPC compartment of the aging human bone marrow. Multi-omics studies have provided evidence that senescent cells are characterized by elevated central carbon metabolism. This property has rendered an enrichment of senescent HSPC for in depth mechanistic studies possible, and in addition has provided novel targets for senolysis therapy strategies. 
  • 875
  • 02 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Digital PCR
The digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) is considered to be the third-generation polymerase chain reaction (PCR), as it yields direct, absolute and precise measures of target sequences. dPCR has proven particularly useful for the accurate detection and quantification of low-abundance nucleic acids, highlighting its advantages in cancer diagnosis and in predicting recurrence and monitoring minimal residual disease, mostly coupled with next generation sequencing.
  • 874
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Strategies Targeting the Exosomes in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells in the bone marrow and is characterized by the clonal proliferation of B-cells producing defective monoclonal immunoglobulins. Despite the developments in treatment, drug resistance remains one of the major challenges in the therapy of MM. The crosstalk between MM cells and other components within the bone marrow microenvironment (BME) is the major determinant of disease phenotypes. Exosomes have emerged as the critical drivers of this crosstalk by allowing the delivery of informational cargo comprising multiple components from miniature peptides to nucleic acids. Such material transfers have now been shown to perpetuate drug-resistance development and disease progression in MM. MicroRNAs(miRNAs) specifically play a crucial role in this communication considering their small size that allows them to be readily packed within the exosomes and widespread potency that impacts the developmental trajectory of the disease inside the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • 867
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Von Willebrand Factor, ADAMTS13 and Cardiac Disease
This entry briefly describes the involvement of VWF (von Willebrand factor) and ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type 1 motif-13) in the pathophysiology of cardiac disease.
  • 864
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Scrotal Varicocele
Scrotal Varicocele is an abnormal distension (enlargement) of the pampiniform plexus caused by reversed blood flow and/or impaired drainage of the testicular or internal spermatic vein (ISV).
  • 841
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Neonatal Sepsis and Hemostasis
Neonatal sepsis is considered critical for a significant increase in neonatal morbidity and mortality among hospitalized neonates. Neonatal sepsis, in most cases, coexists with coagulopathy, which can prove to be life-threatening.
  • 834
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
CD30 in Disease
CD30, also known as TNFRSF8 (tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 8), is a protein receptor that is heavily glycosylated inside the Golgi apparatus, as well as a tumor marker that is found on the surface of specific cells in the body, including certain immune cells and cancer ones.
  • 829
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Ocular Adnexal Marginal Zone Lymphomas
Ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphoma (OAMZL) is a distinct type of lymphoma that presents in tissues around the eyeball. The lymphoma develops from mature B lymphocytes that have been triggered by antigens for prolonged times. It seems that the B cells often recognize autoantigens. The lymphoma cells often carry specific chromosomal gains and, in some cases, chromosomal translocations. A main factor in the development of this lymphoma is the constitutive activation of the NF-κB pathway, which occurs through various types of genetic alterations. Further key pathogenetic mechanisms involve epigenetic changes, indicated by recurrent mutations in epigenetic regulators. 
  • 827
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Acute Hematologic Malignancy-Associated ARDS
Acute hematologic malignancies are a group of heterogeneous blood diseases with a high mortality rate, mostly due to acute respiratory failure (ARF). Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one form of ARF which represents a challenging clinical condition. 
  • 823
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of Signaling Pathways by Selenium in Cancer
Selenium is an essential, naturally occurring trace mineral element, implicated in a diverse set of biological processes that impact health and disease. Supplementing chemotherapy and radiotherapy with selenium has been shown to have benefits against various cancers. This approach has also been shown to alleviate the side effects associated with standard cancer therapies and improve the quality of life in patients.
  • 822
  • 20 Sep 2023
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