Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Forefoot Function after Hallux Valgus Surgery
The load integrals (impulse) over the central metatarsal region significantly increased, indicating that surgeries increased the risk of transfer metatarsalgia. There is no solid evidence that hallux valgus (HV) surgeries could improve forefoot functions from a biomechanical point perspective. Surgeries might reduce the plantar load over the hallux and adversely affect push-off function. 
  • 499
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Role of Interleukins in Wound Healing
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the immune response, inflammation, and tissue repair processes, including wound healing.
  • 498
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Perianal Fistula with Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a relapsing systemic inflammatory disease that can cause persistent transmural inflammation anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract.
  • 497
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
High Infection Eradication of Two-stage Exchange Arthroplasty
Two-stage exchange arthroplasty remains the gold standard in the United States for treatment of chronic periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). This technique resulted in a relatively high infection eradication, however, the mortality rate is alarmingly high. Antibiotic resistant organisms appear to be highest risk factor for failure.
  • 496
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunotherapy or Immuno-Chemotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Surgical resections remain the gold standard for early stages non-small-cell carcinoma (NSCLC) and may be considered for locally advanced tumors. Medical treatment has changed drastically, especially for advanced stages, for which the development of immunotherapy and molecular targeted therapy significantly increased survival and quality of life. The addition of radical surgical resection following immunotherapy or immuno-chemotherapy is feasible and safe with low surgical-related mortality and morbidity in selected patients with initially unresectable NSCLC.
  • 495
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Robotic Approach in Liver Surgery
In parallel with the historical development of minimally invasive surgery, the laparoscopic and robotic approaches are now frequently utilized to perform major abdominal surgical procedures. Nevertheless, the role of the robotic approach in liver surgery is still controversial, and a standardized, safe technique has not been defined yet. Minimally invasive liver surgery has been extensively associated with benefits, in terms of less blood loss, and lower complication rates, including liver-specific complications such as clinically relevant bile leakage and post hepatectomy liver failure, when compared to open liver surgery. Furthermore, comparable R0 resection rates to open liver surgery have been reported, thus, demonstrating the safety and oncological efficiency of the minimally invasive approach. 
  • 494
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Pedicle Screw
In percutaneous pedicle screw (PPS) fixation of the osteoporotic spine, rigid screw fixation obtaining strong stabilization is important for achieving successful treatment outcomes. However, in patients with severe osteoporosis, it is difficult to obtain PPS fixation with sufficient stability. PPS fixation has potential disadvantages with respect to maintaining secure stabilization in comparison to conventional pedicle screw fixation. In PPS fixation, bone grafting to achieve posterior spine fusion is generally not applicable and transverse connectors between the rods cannot be used to reinforce the fixation. Various augmentation methods, including additional hooks, sublaminar bands, and hydroxyapatite (HA) sticks, are available for conventional pedicle screw fixation.
  • 493
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Cataract in Patients with AMD
Cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are two of the most common eye diseases of aging. This entry addresses the pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative considerations in managing cataract in patients with age-related macular degeneration.
  • 489
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Breast Surgery
Breast reconstruction is a pivotal part of the recuperation process following a mastectomy and aims to restore both the physical aesthetic and emotional well-being of breast cancer survivors. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a revolutionary technology across numerous medical disciplines. The role of AI in the domain of breast reconstruction is explored. 
  • 485
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Hybrid Breast Reconstruction
Lipofilling is a commonly performed procedure worldwide for breast augmentation and correction of breast contour deformities. In breast reconstruction, fat grafting has been used as a single reconstructive technique, as well as in combination with other procedures. 
  • 481
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Infection of Vascular Prostheses
Vascular graft or endograft infection (VGEI) is a complex disease that complicates vascular-surgery and endovascular-surgery procedures and determines high morbidity and mortality.
  • 479
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence for Surgeons
Computer vision (CV) is a field of artificial intelligence (AI) that deals with the automatic analysis of videos and images. Recent advances in AI and CV methods coupled with the growing availability of surgical videos of minimally invasive procedures have led to the development of AI-based algorithms to improve surgical care.
  • 475
  • 27 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Metabolic Bariatric Surgery
Despite worldwide public attention and intense medical efforts, the prevalence of severe morbid obesity in children and adolescents is still rising. Similar to adults, excess adipose tissue triggers multiple immunological and metabolic pathways leading to serious co-morbidities such as impaired glucose tolerance or even type 2 diabetes (T2D), dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and hyperuricemia. The management of severe childhood obesity requires a life-long multidisciplinary approach with a combination of lifestyle changes, nutrition, and medications. Standardized life-style intervention programs remain the first-line treatment for morbid obese children and adolescents, but unfortunately reveal limited long-term success. In such cases, metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) has evolved from being a controversial issue to being included in distinct recommendations. 
  • 474
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Gastric Cancer with Peritoneal Metastases
Gastric cancer (GC) has a poor prognostic and only one in four patients will have survived by 5 years after diagnosis. These poor results are due to the fact that most patients are diagnosed in advanced stages; peritoneal metastases (PM) are especially frequent and are difficult to treat. PM are considered a terminal stage of GC with a poor survival rate and are treated with palliative systemic chemotherapy. The treatment of PM from different origins has evolved; cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have become the treatment of choice for many malignant diseases that affect the peritoneum. CRS and HIPEC have also been used for patients with GC and PM, achieving survival results that have never been achieved when using systemic chemotherapy alone. The use of HIPEC can even prevent the development of peritoneal recurrences in patients with locally advanced GC as adjuvant therapy, can reduce the volume of peritoneal disease as neoadjuvant therapy, and can control symptoms in a palliative setting.
  • 469
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Esophagogastric Cancer Surgery
Esophagogastric cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide. Surgery with or without neoadjuvant therapy is the only potentially curative treatment option. Although esophagogastric resections remain associated with major surgical trauma and significant postoperative morbidity. Prehabilitation has emerged as a novel strategy to improve clinical outcomes by optimizing physical and psychological status before major surgery through exercise and nutritional and psychological interventions.
  • 467
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Fibrinogen-Thrombin-Impregnated Collagen Patch
Surgery for major salivary gland tumors, including parotidectomy, is routinely performed by head and neck surgeons.
  • 465
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Safety and Efficacy of Laparoscopic Caudate Lobectomy
Resection of the caudate lobe of the liver is considered a highly challenging type of liver resection due to the region’s intimacy with critical vascular structures and deep anatomic location inside the abdominal cavity. Laparoscopic resection of the caudate lobe is considered one of the most challenging laparoscopic liver procedures. 
  • 461
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Management of Low-Risk Thyroid Cancers
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy, representing 2.9% of all new cancers in the United States (US). It has an excellent prognosis, with a five-year relative survival rate of 98.3%, and has a higher frequency in females than males, with ratio of 3:1. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) represents 90% of all thyroid malignancies and includes three main types: papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common type, comprising 85% of all DTC; follicular thyroid cancer (FTC); and the rare subtype, Hürthle (oncocytic) cell thyroid cancer (2–5%).
  • 456
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Speed_Bump_Sign as a Diagnostic Tool for Acute Appendicitis
The ‘speed bump sign’ is a clinical symptom characterised by aggravated abdominal pain while driving over speed bumps. The speed bump sign is a useful ‘rule-out’ test for diagnosing acute appendicitis. With good accessibility, the speed bump sign may be added as a routine part of taking the history of patients with abdominal pain.
  • 454
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Minimally Invasive Surgery of the Thymus
The trend for thymoma surgery has been to increase utilization of minimally invasive options for resection; however, the primary objective should be to perform an oncological resection. One must consider the stage of tumor, presence of myasthenia gravis, presence of lymphadenopathy, and size of thymoma prior to deciding optimum surgical strategy.
  • 452
  • 10 Feb 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 11
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback