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Topic Review
CuCr1Zr Alloy during Direct Heating
Round tensile test specimens of an age-hardened CuCr1Zr alloy were subjected to direct electrical current heating in a Gleeble thermal–mechanical simulator at 800 °C. The mechanical properties were monitored by the Vickers hardness test, and the changes in the grain structure were examined by light metallography. A quantitative analysis of the size and distribution of fine precipitates during annealing was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The grain structure showed a gradient corresponding to the gradient of the temperature on the test piece. Annealing for 60 s at 800 °C resulted in a partially (~50%) recrystallized structure with new grains about 45 μm in diameter. In the as-delivered condition, TEM documented tiny (1 to 4 nm) coherent chromium precipitates inducing strain fields in the matrix. During overaging, the particles lost their coherence and gradually coarsened up to a mean diameter of 40 nm after 300 s at 800 °C. The coarsening kinetics obeys Lifshitz, Sloyzov, and Wagner’s theory
  • 843
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Weight Distributions in Bituminous Binders
Molecular weight distributions are widely used to evaluate the effects of aging or modifiers in bituminous binders. As with polymers, the most common techniques to obtain the distributions can be subdivided into two main groups, depending on whether or not they use a solvent.
  • 842
  • 11 Aug 2022
Biography
Jurate Jolanta Petroniene
Jurate Jolanta Petroniene defended thesis and was awarded PhD in Chemistry 2020. Prior to doctoral studies, she successfully worked in an industrial company and in the service of scientific laboratories. Education acquired in the fields of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry. Main research performed in the field of electrochemical analysis, surface investigation by Scanning Electrochemical m
  • 828
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Electronic Structure of TiNCl
Layered metal nitride halides MNX (M = Ti, Zr, Hf; X = Cl, Br, I) have two polymorphs, including α- and β-forms, which have the FeOCl and SmSI structures, respectively. These compounds are band insulators and become metals and show superconductivity after electron doping by intercalating alkali metals between the layers. The superconductivity of β-form had been extensively characterized from decades ago, but it is not easy to consistently interpret all experimental results using conventional phonon-mediated Bardeen–Cooper–Schriefer mechanisms. The titanium compound TiNCl crystallizes only in the α-form structure. TiNCl also exhibits superconductivity as high as ~16 K after electron doping by intercalating metals and/or organic basis. It is important to compare the superconductivity of different M–N networks. However, α-form compounds are vulnerable to moisture, unlike β-form ones. The intercalation compounds are even more sensitive to humid air. 
  • 811
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Perovskites Application in the Sensing of NPNC Biomarkers
erovskites are materials with a chemical formula of the form ABO3 (oxide-based form) or ABX3 (halogen-based form), ordered in a specific arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice. It consists of a cubic unit cell in which an atom or ion is located at the center, surrounded by a larger octahedral cage of different atoms or ions. Non-protein nitrogenous compounds (NPNC) such as urea, uric acid, creatine, and creatinine are commonly used as biomarkers of human kidney health. 
  • 727
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Electroluminescence Devices Based on Self-Healable Hydrogels
Self-healing generally refers to a process of recovery after failures caused by mechanical pressures. The lifetime of a conventional electroluminescence (EL) device is restricted due to the damage that occurs when mechanical strain exceeds the resistance limit. Therefore, developments of EL devices focus on developing electrode materials that can recover after stress, so that the lifetime and reliability of the EL device improve. Such device construction requires self-healable materials. Hydrogel-based materials are perfect candidates for this type of application.
  • 723
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ultrafine-Grained Stainless Steels after Severe Plastic Deformation
Both mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of various stainless steels can be optimized owing to grain refinement decreasing the grain size down to hundreds of nanometers. The ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructures can be obtained in ferritic and austenitic stainless steels by means of large strain deformation using severe plastic deformation (SPD) or conventional processing methods under conditions of cold to warm working. The UFG stainless steels are characterized by high strength. However, the strengthening by large strain deformation is accompanied by a substantial degradation of plasticity. Therefore, the UFG stainless steels are frequently subjected to recovery/recrystallization annealing to balance the strength and plasticity. The revealed relationships among a range of microstructural parameters open up a promising approach to clarify the mechanical behaviour of UFG stainless steels. Therefore, UFG stainless steels produced by large strain deformation have great potential for various applications as structural and functional materials.
  • 723
  • 10 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Crystal Structural Characterization Techniques in Degradation of Perovskite
The general chemical formula of halide perovskite materials is ABX3, where the A site can be occupied by organic cations, such as methyl ammonium (MA), formamidinium (FA), or inorganic cation cesium. The B site can be divalent cations, such as lead(Pb) or tin(Sn), while the X site consists of halide anions, such as chlorine(Cl), bromine(Br) or iodine(I). Due to the great variety of its chemical composition, halide perovskite forms a big material family with tunable optoelectronic properties.
  • 690
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Atomic Force Microscopy in Biological Systems
Biological interactions often involve the transport of molecules, ions, or other species across biological membranes or between interacting proteins. The understanding of these transport phenomena is crucial for the development of therapies for various diseases. Atomic force microscopy is a powerful tool that has been increasingly used to study biological systems at the nano scale.
  • 684
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Geopolymer Composites with Self-Cleaning Capability
By geopolymer, it is meant that type of amorphous, alumino-silicate cementitious material which can be synthesized by the polycondensation reaction between a geopolymeric material and alkali polysilicates. This process is called geopolymerization. This innovative technology allows for the transformation of alumino-silicate materials into products called geopolymers or inorganic polymers. Geopolymers, therefore, represent a material developed as an environmentally friendly alternative for the construction industry, but also as a solution for exploitation, reintroduction into the economic circuit of some industrial wastes and by-products, the most common being fly ash, slag kaolin and metakaolin mostly activated with alkaline solutions based on Na2SiO3 in combination with NaOH.
  • 615
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Micro-Combinatorial Technique in Materials Science
The novel, single-sample concept combinatorial method, the so-called micro-combinatory technique, has been shown to be suitable for the high-throughput and complex characterization of multicomponent thin films over an entire composition range. In addition to the 3 mm diameter TEM grid used for microstructural analysis, by scaling up the substrate size to 10 × 25 mm, this novel approach has allowed for a comprehensive study of the properties of the materials as a function of their composition, which has been determined via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), spectroscopic ellipsometry, and nanoindentation studies.
  • 611
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Atomic-Scale Imaging of Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is thought as one powerful tool to imaging the atomic-level structure of organic inorganic hybrid perovskite (OIHP) materials, which provides valuable and essential guidance toward high performance OIHP-related devices. 
  • 575
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Intermediate-Temperature Embrittlement of Metals and Alloys
The intermediate-temperature embrittlement range was examined for Fe, Al, Cu, and Ni alloys. It was found that this embrittlement occurs in many alloys, although the causes are very diverse. Embrittlement can be due to fine matrix precipitation, precipitate free zones, melting of compounds at the grain boundaries, segregation of elements to the boundaries, and, additionally for steel, the presence of the soft ferrite film surrounding the harder austenite matrix. Grain boundary sliding and segregation to the boundaries seem to dominate the failure mode at the base of the trough when intergranular failure takes place. When cracking is due to the presence of hydrogen or liquid films at the boundary, then the dissociation along the boundaries is so easy, it is often independent of the strain rate and is always intergranular. 
  • 549
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neutron Powder Diffraction in Metal Halide Solid-State Electrolytes
Metal halide solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) (Li-M-X system, typically Li3MX6 and Li2MX4; M is metal or rare-earth element, X is halogen) exhibit significant potential in all solid-state batteries (ASSB) due to wide stability windows (0.36–6.71 V vs. Li/Li+), excellent compatibility with cathodes, and a water-mediated facile synthesis route for large-scale fabrication. Understanding the dynamics of Li+ transportation and the influence of the host lattice is the prerequisite for developing advanced Metal halide SSEs. Neutron powder diffraction (NPD), as the most cutting-edge technology, could essentially reflect the nuclear density map to determine the whole crystal structure. Through NPD, the Li+ distribution and occupation are clearly revealed for transport pathway analysis, and the influence of the host ion lattice on Li+ migration could be discussed.
  • 496
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Iron Oxides in Bacterial Cellulose Applications
Iron oxide nanoparticles have been investigated due to their suitable characteristics for diverse applications in the fields of biomedicine, electronics, water or wastewater treatment and sensors. Maghemite, magnetite and hematite are the most widely studied iron oxide particles and have ferrimagnetic characteristics.
  • 485
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Development of Transformation-Induced Plasticity/Twinning-Induced Plasticity Ti Alloys
Metastable β-type Ti alloys that undergo stress-induced martensitic transformation and/or deformation twinning mechanisms have the potential to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility through the transformation-induced plasticity effect (TRIP) and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect. These TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys represent a new generation of strain hardenable Ti alloys, holding great promise for structural applications. Nonetheless, the relatively low yield strength is the main factor limiting the practical applications of TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys. The intricate interplay among chemical compositions, deformation mechanisms, and mechanical properties in TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys poses a challenge for the development of new TRIP/TWIP Ti alloys. 
  • 452
  • 30 Jan 2024
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