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Topic Review
GM Y Platform
The Y platform, or Y body, designation has been used twice by the General Motors Corporation to describe a series of vehicles all built on the same basic body and sharing many parts and characteristics. The first was for a group of entry-level compacts including the conventional front-engine compacts built by GM divisions Buick, Oldsmobile and Pontiac from 1961 to 1963. The second, and current, incarnation is used for a high-end rear-wheel drive sports-car platform (chiefly that of the Chevrolet Corvette) from the 1980s through the 2000s.
  • 1.9K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Objective Diagnosis for Histopathological Images
Histopathology refers to the examination by a pathologist of biopsy samples. Histopathology images are captured by a microscope to locate, examine, and classify many diseases, such as different cancer types. They provide a detailed view of different types of diseases and their tissue status. These images are an essential resource with which to define biological compositions or analyze cell and tissue structures. This imaging modality is very important for diagnostic applications.The analysis of histopathology images is a prolific and relevant research area supporting disease diagnosis. In this paper, the challenges of histopathology image analysis are evaluated. An extensive review of conventional and deep learning techniques that have been applied in histological image analyses is presented. This entry summarizes many current datasets and highlights important challenges and constraints with recent deep learning techniques, alongside possible future research avenues. Despite the progress made in this research area so far, it is still a significant area of open research because of the variety of imaging techniques and disease-specific characteristics. 
  • 1.9K
  • 29 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Sustainable Consumption
The emergence of the term sustainable consumption occurred during the Earth Summit of 1992. The research into sustainable consumption topics developed within the wider context of sustainability transitions (large-scale and long-term transformations of production and consumption systems), a research field that has evolved in the last 20–25 years. The research on sustainable consumption behaviour has evolved significantly, addressing a range of inter-related topics such as: influencing factors, consumer perceptions, motivational drivers, attitudes towards sustainable consumption, willingness to pay and its predictors, sustainable and pro-environmental purchasing behaviours.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Electrowetting Displays
Electrowetting display (EWD) has promising prospects in the electronic paper industry due to it having superior characteristics, such as the ability to provide a comfortable reading experience and quick response.
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Training, Validation, and Test Sets
In machine learning, a common task is the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and make predictions on data. Such algorithms function by making data-driven predictions or decisions, through building a mathematical model from input data. These input data used to build the model are usually divided in multiple data sets. In particular, three data sets are commonly used in different stages of the creation of the model: training, validation and test sets. The model is initially fit on a training data set, which is a set of examples used to fit the parameters (e.g. weights of connections between neurons in artificial neural networks) of the model. The model (e.g. a naive Bayes classifier) is trained on the training data set using a supervised learning method, for example using optimization methods such as gradient descent or stochastic gradient descent. In practice, the training data set often consists of pairs of an input vector (or scalar) and the corresponding output vector (or scalar), where the answer key is commonly denoted as the target (or label). The current model is run with the training data set and produces a result, which is then compared with the target, for each input vector in the training data set. Based on the result of the comparison and the specific learning algorithm being used, the parameters of the model are adjusted. The model fitting can include both variable selection and parameter estimation. Successively, the fitted model is used to predict the responses for the observations in a second data set called the validation data set. The validation data set provides an unbiased evaluation of a model fit on the training data set while tuning the model's hyperparameters (e.g. the number of hidden units—layers and layer widths—in a neural network). Validation datasets can be used for regularization by early stopping (stopping training when the error on the validation data set increases, as this is a sign of over-fitting to the training data set). This simple procedure is complicated in practice by the fact that the validation dataset's error may fluctuate during training, producing multiple local minima. This complication has led to the creation of many ad-hoc rules for deciding when over-fitting has truly begun. Finally, the test data set is a data set used to provide an unbiased evaluation of a final model fit on the training data set. If the data in the test data set has never been used in training (for example in cross-validation), the test data set is also called a holdout data set. The term "validation set" is sometimes used instead of "test set" in some literature (e.g., if the original data set was partitioned into only two subsets, the test set might be referred to as the validation set). Deciding the sizes and strategies for data set division in training, test and validation sets is very dependent on the problem and data available.
  • 1.9K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Honda Ridgeline (2017–Present)
The second generation Ridgeline took a different approach in design from the first generation Ridgeline by sharing Honda's new "global light truck platform," found in the third generation Honda Pilot as well as other large Honda vehicles. However, Honda did have to create or modify components in order to support their next generation pickup, including: Despite these modifications, Honda has stated that 73% of the second generation Ridgeline's components remain common in some way with the third generation Pilot. With the mixed success of the first generation Ridgeline, Honda posted "an open letter from the company's head of truck product planning, denying rumors that the Ridgeline would be dropped and insisting that a pickup truck will remain part of the company's portfolio." With that proclamation, Honda became committed to the development of a new Ridgeline. After a one-year hiatus in Ridgeline production, the second generation of their mid-size truck went on sale in June 2016 as a 2017 model year vehicle. According to Honda, the Ridgeline was not designed to steal sales from the more traditional trucks sold in North America, but was developed to "give the 18% of Honda owners who also own pickups a chance to make their garages a Honda-only parking area."
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mūlamadhyamakakārikā
The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā (Sanskrit: मूलमध्यमककारिका, Root Verses on the Middle Way), abbreviated as MMK, is the foundational text of the Madhyamaka school of Mahāyāna Buddhist philosophy. It was composed by the Indian philosopher Nāgārjuna (approximately around 150 CE). The MMK makes use of reductio arguments to show how all phenomena (dharmas) are empty of svabhava (which has been variously translated as essence, own-being, or inherent existence). The MMK is widely regarded as one of the most influential and widely studied texts in the history of Buddhist philosophy. The MMK had a major impact on the subsequent development of Buddhist thought, especially in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism.
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
In-Situ Heavy Oil Aquathermolysis
The aquathermolysis process is widely considered to be one of the most promising approaches of in-situ upgrading of heavy oil. 
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds in the Mulberry
The mulberry tree belongs to the Morus genus of the Moraceae family, and is distributed all over the world. The mulberry tree contains 24 species and one subspecies.
  • 1.9K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Similarity
In philosophy, similarity or resemblance is a relation between objects that constitutes how much these objects are alike. Similarity comes in degrees: e.g. oranges are more similar to apples than to the moon. It is traditionally seen as an internal relation and analyzed in terms of shared properties: two things are similar because they have a property in common. The more properties they share, the more similar they are. They resemble each other exactly if they share all their properties. So an orange is similar to the moon because they both share the property of being round, but it is even more similar to an apple because additionally, they both share various other properties, like the property of being a fruit. On a formal level, similarity is usually considered to be a relation that is reflexive (everything resembles itself), symmetric (if a is similar to b then b is similar to a) and non-transitive (a need not resemble c despite a resembling b and b resembling c). Similarity comes in two forms: respective similarity, which is relative to one respect or feature, and overall similarity, which expresses the degree of resemblance between two objects all things considered. There is no general consensus whether similarity is an objective, mind-independent feature of reality, and, if so, whether it is a fundamental feature or reducible to other features. Resemblance is central to human cognition since it provides the basis for the categorization of entities into kinds and for various other cognitive processes like analogical reasoning. Similarity has played a central role in various philosophical theories, e.g. as a solution to the problem of universals through resemblance nominalism or in the analysis of counterfactuals in terms of similarity between possible worlds.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Operational View
Operational View (OV) is one of the basic views defined in the enterprise architecture (EA) of the Department of Defense Architecture Framework V1.5 (DoDAF) and is related with concept of operations. Under DODAF 2, which became operational in 2009, the collections of views are now termed 'viewpoints' and no longer views. Other enterprise architecture frameworks may or do have operational views. For example, the MODAF has an Operational Viewpoint and the NATO Architecture Framework has an Operational View (collection of subviews). This article will further explain the construction of the Operational View of the DoDAF V1.5.
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
UAV-Based Forest Health Monitoring
Technological advances have led to the increasing use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for forestry applications. One emerging field for drone application is forest health monitoring (FHM). Common approaches for FHM involve small-scale resource-extensive fieldwork combined with traditional remote sensing platforms. UAVs have shown that they can meet the demands of flexible operation and high spatial resolution. This is also reflected in a rapidly growing number of publications using drones to study forest health. 
  • 1.9K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Coating
Advanced high strength galvanized steel sheet has been one of the dominant materials of modern automotive panels because of its outstanding mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The zinc coating thickness of hot dip galvanized steel sheet is only about 10–20μm, which is a discarded object on the macro level. However, it is obvious to damage and impact on stamping performance. Therefore, this work takes zinc coating as the research object and builds its mechanical constitutive model based on a nano-indentation test and dimensional analysis theory. We separated the zinc coating from the galvanized steel substrate and constructed a sandwich material model by introducing a cohesive layer to connect the zinc coating and the steel substrate. We obtained the interface binding energy between the zinc coating and the steel substrate through the nano-scratch test. The accuracy of the model is verified by the finite element analysis of hemispherical parts. We used the five-layers element model with 0 thickness cohesive layer to simulate the zinc coating damage of galvanized steel sheet. The hemispherical part drawing experiment is used to verify the feasibility of the finite element analysis results. The results demonstrate that it is more accurate to consider the finite element numerical simulation of the zinc coating, introducing the cohesive element to simulate damage between the coating and the substrate. Drawing depth, stamping force, and the strain of the numerical simulation are closer to the experimental results.
  • 1.9K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gas Chromatography Olfactometry
Gas Chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) is, by nature, the technique of choice for the screening of the molecules with odour (odorants) responsible for the aromatic sensory properties of any product. Ideally, the GC-O technique should provide an unbiased ranking of the odorants attending to the relevance of their contribution to those sensory properties. Such ranking is essential for further steps directed to the elucidation of the chemical nature of the odorants, for their quantification or for a basic understanding of the chemical bases of the aromatic perception in such product. The review discusses the different approaches for GC-O specifically applied to deciphering wine aroma. The critical difference between approaches is whether the ranking of odorants is carried out on an extract containing all the odorants present in the product or on an extract representative of the odorants contained in the vapour phases that cause the odour and flavor. Historically, most researchers have preferred techniques based on total extracts, because of sensitivity and operational issues. It is argued that the second alternative is more direct and can be more efficient, but it requires a good understanding of the factors affecting orthonasal olfaction, handling volatiles (purging, trapping, eluting, and separating) and about the sensory assessment of GC effluents.
  • 1.9K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Lambari
Lambari is a group of small native fish from Brazil common in natural freshwater. They have gained visibility and good acceptance in very profitable market niches, such as human food and live bait for sport fishing.
  • 1.9K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
The Complement System in Human Viral Diseases
The complement system (CS) is part of the human immune system, consisting of more than 30 proteins that play a vital role in the protection against various pathogens and diseases, including viral diseases. Activated via three pathways, the classical pathway (CP), the lectin pathway (LP), and the alternative pathway (AP), the complement system leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that disrupts the membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death. Due to the increasing number of reports on its role in viral diseases, which may have implications for research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
  • 1.9K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Operad Theory
Operad theory is a field of mathematics concerned with prototypical algebras that model properties such as commutativity or anticommutativity as well as various amounts of associativity. Operads generalize the various associativity properties already observed in algebras and coalgebras such as Lie algebras or Poisson algebras by modeling computational trees within the algebra. Algebras are to operads as group representations are to groups. An operad can be seen as a set of operations, each one having a fixed finite number of inputs (arguments) and one output, which can be composed one with others. They form a category-theoretic analog of universal algebra. Operads originate in algebraic topology from the study of iterated loop spaces by J. Michael Boardman and Rainer M. Vogt, and J. Peter May. The word "operad" was created by May as a portmanteau of "operations" and "monad" (and also because his mother was an opera singer). Interest in operads was considerably renewed in the early 90s when, based on early insights of Maxim Kontsevich, Victor Ginzburg and Mikhail Kapranov discovered that some duality phenomena in rational homotopy theory could be explained using Koszul duality of operads. Operads have since found many applications, such as in deformation quantization of Poisson manifolds, the Deligne conjecture, or graph homology in the work of Maxim Kontsevich and Thomas Willwacher.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Illegal Taxicab Operation
Illegal taxicabs, sometimes known as pirate taxis or gypsy cabs, are taxicabs and other for-hire vehicles that are not duly licensed or permitted by the jurisdiction in which they operate. Most major cities worldwide require taxicabs to be licensed, safety-inspected, insured as for-hire vehicles and use taximeters and there may also be requirements that the taxi driver be registered or accredited. However, many unlicensed cabs are in operation. Illegal cabs may be marked taxi vehicles (sometimes referred to as "speedy cabs"), and others are personal vehicles used by an individual to offer unauthorized taxi-like services. Illegal cabs are prevalent in cities with medallion systems, which restrict the number of legal cabs in operation. Since their introduction in 2009, vehicles affiliated with the transportation network company, Uber, have been classified as illegal taxicabs in some jurisdictions.
  • 1.9K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antioxidant Compounds Extracted from Plants for Vegetable Oils
Oil oxidation is the main factor limiting vegetable oils’ quality during storage, as it leads to the deterioration of oil’s nutritional quality and gives rise to disagreeable flavors. These changes make fat-containing foods less acceptable to consumers. To deal with this problem and to meet consumer demand for natural foods, vegetable oil fabricators and the food industry are looking for alternatives to synthetic antioxidants to protect oils from oxidation. In this context, natural antioxidant compounds extracted from different parts (leaves, roots, flowers, and seeds) of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) could be used as a promising and sustainable solution to protect consumers’ health. 
  • 1.9K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Buildings Using Green Pyramid Rating System
Green construction management is an approach that aims to promote sustainable solutions in building design and construction. This research proposes a collaborative framework that utilizes automated and semi-automated simulations, third-party certification assessment through the Green Pyramid Rating System (GPRS), and Building Information Modeling (BIM) analysis tools to facilitate decision-making and improve sustainability aspects throughout the project lifecycle. The framework provides a structured approach for implementing green construction management practices, incorporating the GPRS to ensure sustainable solutions are advocated, interrogated, and refined.
  • 1.9K
  • 05 Jun 2023
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