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Topic Review
Integrin β1 in Malignant Behaviors of Pancreatic Cancer
Integrin β1, also known as CD29, is a human protein-coding gene with a full length of 58048bp. Located on human chromosome 10p11.2 with a total of 18 exons, it has three transcript variants named transcript variants 1A, 1E, and 1D. As the most common β subunit of the integrin family, integrin β1 has been proved to be closely related to the vascular invasion, distant metastasis, and survival of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients, and treatment targeting integrin β1 in PC has gained initial success in animal models.
  • 971
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of Oncofusions in Cancer Research
Oncofusions, or cancer-associated fusion mutations, are driving forces in cancer development. Advanced sequencing technologies have revolutionized their identification, opening new avenues in cancer research. Oncofusions manipulate cellular signaling pathways and show promise as targets for therapy and diagnostic markers. 
  • 971
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ulcerative Colitis
The worldwide epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), still shows an increasing trend in Asia and Iran. Despite an improvement in the treatment landscape focused on symptomatic control, long-term colectomies have not decreased over the last 10-year period. Thus, novel therapies are urgently needed in clinics to supplement the existing treatments. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells with immunosuppressive effects, targeting IBD as a new treatment strategy. They have recently received global attention for their use in cell transplantation due to their easy expansion and wide range of activities to be engrafted, and because they are home to the mucosa of the intestine. Moreover, MSCs are able to differentiate into epithelial and other cells that can directly promote repair in the mucosal damages in UC. It seems that there is a need to deepen our understanding to target MSCs as a promising treatment option for UC patients who are refractory to conventional therapies. Here, we overviewed the therapeutic effects of MSCs in UC and discussed the achievements and challenges in the cell transplantation of UC.
  • 970
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Standard of Care for Glioblastoma
The most common, most rapidly progressing central nervous system tumor, glioblastoma, is a heterogeneous cancer with both interpatient and intratumor variability.
  • 970
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Capmatinib in Treatment of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of death. Capmatinib is a Type Ib MET Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) first discovered in 2011 and was Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved in August 2022 for advanced NSCLC with MET exon 14 skipping mutation. Clinical trials now involve combination therapy with capmatinib, including amivantamab, trametinib, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, new drug agents, particularly antibody–drug conjugates, are being developed to help treat patients with acquired resistance from capmatinib and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
  • 970
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Long Non-Coding RNAs in Choriocarcinoma
Choriocarcinoma (CC), a subtype of trophoblastic disease, is a rare and highly aggressive neoplasm. There are two main CC subtypes: gestational and non-gestational, (so called when it develops as a component of a germ cell tumor or is related to a somatic mutation of a poorly differentiated carcinoma), each with very diverse biological activity. Long non-coding (lnc) RNAs are non-coding transcripts that are longer than 200 nucleotides. LncRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Deregulation of their expression has a key role in tumor development, angiogenesis, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. 
  • 970
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Silver Nanoparticles Green Chemistry Synthesis
Nanobiotechnology has grown rapidly and become an integral part of modern disease diagnosis and treatment. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a class of eco-friendly, cost-effective and biocompatible agents that have attracted attention for their possible biomedical and bioengineering applications. Like many other inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as AuNPs, iron oxide and quantum dots, AgNPs have also been widely studied as components of advanced anticancer agents in order to better manage cancer in the clinic. AgNPs are typically produced by the action of reducing reagents on silver ions. In addition to numerous laboratory-based methods for reduction of silver ions, living organisms and natural products can be effective and superior source for synthesis of AgNPs precursors. Currently, plants, bacteria and fungi can afford biogenic AgNPs precursors with diverse geometries and surface properties.
  • 968
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Serum Metabolomes of Gastric Cancers
Gastric cancer (GC) is ranked third in cancer deaths world-wide. It is separated anatomically into either gastric adenocarcinomas (non-cardia GC) or gastro-esophageal-junction adenocarcinomas (cardia GC) and is further classified histologically into either diffuse or intestinal types.
  • 968
  • 25 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cellular Prion Protein
Studies on the cellular prion protein (PrPC) have been actively conducted because misfolded PrPC is known to cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies or prion disease. PrPC is a glycophosphatidylinositol‐anchored cell surface glycoprotein that has been reported to affect several cellular functions such as stress protection, cellular differentiation, mitochondrial homeostasis, circadian rhythm, myelin homeostasis, and immune modulation. Recently, it has also been reported that PrPC mediates tumor progression by enhancing the proliferation, metastasis, and drug resistance of cancer cells. In addition, PrPC regulates cancer stem cell properties by interacting with cancer stem cell marker proteins. In this review, we summarize how PrPC promotes tumor progression in terms of proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and cancer stem cell properties. In addition, we discuss strategies to treat tumors by modulating the function and expression of PrPC via the regulation of HSPA1L/HIF‐1α expression and using an anti‐prion antibody.
  • 968
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Materials
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as a critical component of the tumor stroma, are strong promoters of various tumor behaviors, including tumorigenesis, growth, invasion, and/or metastasis, because they produce abundant extracellular matrices (ECMs) and mediate the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and stemness of tumor cells.
  • 967
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Engineered Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in women globally after lung cancer. Presently, the most important approach for BC treatment consists of surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therapeutic drugs or natural bioactive compounds generally incorporate engineered NPs of ideal sizes and shapes to enhance their solubility, circulatory half-life, and biodistribution, while reducing their side effects and immunogenicity. Furthermore, ligands such as peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids on the surface of NPs precisely target BC cells. Engineered NPs and their ideal methodology can be validated in the next-generation platform for preventive and therapeutic effects against BC.
  • 966
  • 12 Nov 2021
Biography
Dr. Kalirajan Rajagopal
R. Kalirajan has 23 years of teaching and research experience. Currently he is working as an Associate professor at JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty under JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Mysuru since July, 2006. Before joining this institution, he worked as an professor at Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Srivilliputtur, Tamilnadu from June, 2003
  • 966
  • 17 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cripto in scientific literature
Cripto is a small glycosylphosphatidylinisitol (GPI)-anchored and secreted oncofetal protein that plays important roles in regulating normal physiological processes, including stem cell differentiation, embryonal development, and tissue growth and remodeling, as well as pathological processes such as tumor initiation and progression. Cripto functions as a co-receptor for TGF-β ligands such as Nodal, GDF1, and GDF3. Soluble and secreted forms of Cripto also exhibit growth factor-like activity and activate SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78) binds Cripto at the cell surface and has been shown to be required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways.
  • 964
  • 19 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Associations of Leptin and Adiponectin with Tumor Microenvironment
Hormones produced by adipocytes, leptin and adiponectin, are associated with the process of carcinogenesis. Both of these adipokines have well-proven oncologic potential and can affect many aspects of tumorigenesis, from initiation and primary tumor growth to metastatic progression. Involvement in the formation of cancer includes interactions with the tumor microenvironment and its components, such as tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, extracellular matrix and matrix metalloproteinases.
  • 964
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
PD-L1 Expression in Anti-PD-(L)1 Immunotherapy
PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues as assessed by immunohistochemistry has been shown to be an imperfect biomarker that only applies to a limited number of cancers, whereas many patients with PD-L1-negative tumors still respond to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy. Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) or anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunotherapy (anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy) has achieved unprecedented clinical efficacy for patients with various types and stages of cancers. PD-L1 expression on tumor tissues has clearly shown the predictive value in many types of cancers, as patient responses to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy are linearly associated with increased levels of PD-L1 expression in many types of cancers. However, positive PD-L1 expression can only partially predict which patients benefit from therapy, as a subset of patients whose tumors lack expression of PD-L1 has also been shown to respond positively to anti-PD-(L)1 immunotherapy.
  • 963
  • 01 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Telomeres in Liver Cancer
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer types worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. Liver carcinoma is distinguished by a high heterogeneity in pathogenesis, histopathology and biological behavior. Dysregulated signaling pathways and various gene mutations are frequent in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), which represent the two most common types of liver tumors. Both tumor types are characterized by telomere shortening and reactivation of telomerase during carcinogenesis. The observation that TERT promoter mutations occur early during liver carcinogenesis highlights the importance of telomerase activity for tumor cell survival. Two possible scenarios are conceivable how telomerase contributes to tumorigenesis in liver cancer: On the one side, telomerase reactivation before entering the crisis checkpoint may stabilize critically short telomeres, providing growth advantage for cells with oncogenic mutations. On the other side, early reactivation of telomerase may be related to its non-canonical functions.  Similarities and differences between HCC and iCCA in telomere biology are depicted in this review article.
  • 962
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Management and Extracellular Vesicle Research
Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles released from all types of cells and found in biological fluids, which transport variable content and have crucial functions in cell–cell communication. The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer is a current hot topic, and no bibliometric study has ever analyzed research production regarding their role in breast cancer and indicated the trends in the field. In this way, the study aimed to investigate the trends in breast cancer management involved with extracellular vesicle research.
  • 962
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs as Biomarkers for Exercise-Based Cancer Rehabilitation
Expression and functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been widely investigated in cancer treatment-induced complications and as a response to physical activity, respectively, but few studies focus on the application of miRNAs as biomarkers in exercise-based cancer rehabilitation. Research has shown that certain miRNA expression is altered substantially due to tissue damage caused by cancer treatment and chronic inflammation. MiRNAs are released from the damaged tissue and can be easily detected in blood plasma. Levels of the miRNA present in peripheral circulation can therefore be used to measure the extent of tissue damage. Moreover, damage to tissues such as cardiac and skeletal muscle significantly affects the individual’s health-related fitness, which can be determined using physiologic functional assessments. These physiologic parameters are a measure of tissue health and function and can therefore be correlated with the levels of circulating miRNAs.
  • 962
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Arctigenin Enhances the Cytotoxic Effect
Here, we investigated the effect of arctigenin (ATG) on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cell death using MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The results showed that DOX-induced cell death was enhanced by ATG/DOX co-treatment in a concentration-dependent manner and that this was associated with increased DOX uptake and the suppression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) gene expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. ATG enhanced DOX-induced DNA damage and decreased the phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expressions of RAD51 and survivin. Cell death caused by ATG/DOX co-treatment was mediated by the nuclear translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), reductions in cellular and mitochondrial Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and increases in mitochondrial Bax levels. However, caspase-3 and -7 did not participate in DOX/ATG-induced cell death. We also found that DOX/ATG-induced cell death was linked with activation of the p38 signaling pathway and suppressions of the phosphorylations and expressions of Akt and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Taken together, these results show that ATG enhances the cytotoxic activity of DOX in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells by inducing prolonged p21 expression and p38-mediated AIF-dependent cell death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ATG might alleviate the side effects and improve the therapeutic efficacy of DOX.
  • 961
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT)
Microbeam Radiation Therapy (MRT) induces a transient vascular permeability window, which offers a novel drug-delivery system for the preferential accumulation of therapeutic compounds in tumors. MRT is a preclinical cancer treatment modality that spatially fractionates synchrotron X-rays into micrometer-wide planar microbeams which can induce transient vascular permeability, especially in the immature tumor vessels, without compromising vascular perfusion. 
  • 961
  • 25 May 2021
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