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Topic Review
Breast Cancer Stem Cells
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous and phenotypically diverse group of diseases, which require different selection of treatments. Accurately being able to distinguish between the various subtypes of breast cancer is vital as they have different prognoses and responses to therapy. Gene expression studies have identified six distinct molecular subtypes for breast cancer, which characterize distinct physiological presentation, gene expression profile, prognosis and clinical outcomes. These subtypes are classified according to the presence or absence of hormone (estrogen (ER) or progesterone (PR)) receptors (HR+/HR-) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2+/HER2-). Luminal A (HR+/HER2-) represents a slow-growing and less aggressive subtype, while luminal B (HR+/HER2+) seems to be more aggressive than luminal A. HER2-positive (HR-/HER2+) breast cancers, which express excess HER2 and do not express hormone receptors, grow and spread more aggressively than other breast cancers and are correlated with poorer prognosis than ER+ breast cancers. 
  • 928
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality worldwide. AI has the potential to help to treat lung cancer from detection, diagnosis and decision making to prognosis prediction. AI could reduce the labor work of LDCT, CXR, and pathology slides reading. AI as a second reader in LDCT and CXR reading reduces the effort of radiologists and increases the accuracy of nodule detection. 
  • 927
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
A Nanoparticle’s Journey to the Tumor
Nanomedicines represent the cutting edge of today’s cancer therapeutics. Seminal research decades ago has begun to pay dividends in the clinic, allowing for the delivery of cancer drugs with enhanced systemic circulation while also minimizing off-target toxicity. Despite the advantages of delivering cancer drugs using nanoparticles, micelles, or other nanostructures, only a small fraction of the injected dose reaches the tumor, creating a narrow therapeutic window for an otherwise potent drug. First-pass metabolism of nanoparticles by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) has been identified as a major culprit for the depletion of nanoparticles in circulation before they reach the tumor site. To overcome this, new strategies, materials, and functionalization with stealth polymers have been developed to improve nanoparticle circulation and uptake at the tumor site. 
  • 926
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Anal Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) is a rare neoplasm, but with rising incidence rates in the past few decades; it is etiologically linked with the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and is especially prevalent in immunocompromised patients, mainly those infected with HIV. 
  • 926
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Risks: HCV Clearance by DAA
Direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) induce a rapid virologic response (SVR) in up to 99% of chronic hepatitis C patients. The role of SVR by DAAs on the incidence or recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a matter of debate, although it is known that SVR does not eliminate the risk of HCC. In this review, we made an updated analysis of the literature data on the impact of SVR by DAAs on the risk of HCC as well as an assessment of risk factors and the role of epigenetics. Data showed that SVR has no impact on the occurrence of HCC in the short–medium term but reduces the risk of HCC in the medium–long term. A direct role of DAAs in the development of HCC has not been demonstrated, while the hypothesis of a reduction in immune surveillance in response to the rapid clearance of HCV and changes in the cytokine pattern influencing early carcinogenesis remains to be further elucidated. HCV induces epigenetic alterations such as modifications of the histone tail and DNA methylation, which are risk factors for HCC, and such changes are maintained after HCV clearance. Future epigenetic studies could lead to identify useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cirrhosis has been identified as a risk factor for HCC, particularly if associated with high liver stiffness and α-fetoprotein values, diabetes and the male sex. Currently, considering the high number and health cost to follow subjects’ post-HCV clearance by DAAs, it is mandatory to identify those at high risk of HCC to optimize management.
  • 925
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is a rare malignancy, with most cases associated with human papilloma virus and an increased incidence in immunocompromised patients.
  • 925
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
ASIC1/2, TRPV1/4 in skin Tumors
The acid-sensing ion channels ASIC1 and ASIC2, as well as the transient receptor potential vanilloid channels TRPV1 and TRPV4, are proton-gated cation channels that can be activated by low extracellular pH (pHe), which is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment in solid tumors. However, the role of these channels in the development of skin tumors is still unclear.
  • 925
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Microsatellite Instability in Colorectal Cancers
Microsatellite instability (MSI) is the landmark feature of DNA mismatch repair deficiency, which can be found in 15–20% of all colorectal cancers (CRC). 
  • 925
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Treatment of Brain Metastases
Brain metastases are the most common brain tumor and frequently originate from primary lung cancer, breast cancer, and melanoma. Brain metastases account for a disproportionately high percentage of morbidity and mortality among patients with cancer, with dismal 2- and 5-year survival rates of 8.1 and 2.4% after diagnosis. There are an estimated 200,000 new brain metastases diagnoses per year, and this number is projected to increase as systemic treatment modalities and imaging techniques improve. Despite the increasing prevalence of brain metastases, there are limited treatment options. While radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay to treat brain metastases, systemic therapies have historically demonstrated limited ability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a promising treatment option for patients with brain metastases.
  • 925
  • 20 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer
The real-world survival trends are largely unexplored in patients with de novo metastatic prostate cancer. A recent population-based analysis provided data about the survival improvements in patients with de novo metastatic prostate cancer diagnosed in USA between 2000 and 2014. Despite the advent of several new drugs, limited improvements in overall and cancer-specific survival were observed in 2011-2014 compared to 2000-2003 and 2004-2010.
  • 923
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
P53, micro-RNA and Cathepsin Protease
As the direct regulatory role of p53 and some of its isoform proteins are becoming established in modulating gene expression in cancer research, another aspect of this mode of gene regulation that has captured significant interest over the years is the mechanistic interplay between p53 and micro-RNA transcriptional regulation. The input of this into modulating gene expression for some of the cathepsin family members has been viewed as carrying noticeable importance based on their biological effects during normal cellular homeostasis and cancer progression. 
  • 923
  • 19 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the primary cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Although early diagnosis and cancer growth inhibition has significantly improved breast cancer survival rate over the years, there is a current need to develop more effective systemic treatments to prevent metastasis. One of the most commonly altered pathways driving breast cancer cell growth, survival, and motility is the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling cascade. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is a group of lipid kinases that phosphorylate the 3′-OH group of phosphatidylinositol (PI) at plasma and intracellular membranes. 
  • 923
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Bone Metastasis and Microenvironment in NSCLC
Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) develop bone metastasis (BoM) in more than 50% of cases during the course of the disease. This metastatic site can lead to the development of skeletal related events (SREs), such as severe pain, pathological fractures, spinal compression, and hypercalcemia, which reduce the patient’s quality of life. Recently, the treatment of advanced NSCLC has radically changed due to the advent of immunotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) alone or in combination with chemotherapy have become the main therapeutic strategy for advanced or metastatic NSCLC without driver gene mutations. Since survival has increased, it has become even more important to treat bone metastasis to prevent SRE. The lower efficacy of immunotherapy treatments in BoM+ patients could be induced by the presence of a particular immunosuppressive tumor and bone microenvironment. 
  • 923
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Personalized Biomarkers in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide, with a high incidence and mortality. Although many treatment options are available for metastatic disease, patient survival is still limited.
  • 923
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gene Expression Profile of Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex disease resulting from a multistep transformation of normal to malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Its precursors are believed to be monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma.
  • 923
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Natural/Designed Toxins for Precise Therapy
Cancer cells frequently overexpress specific surface receptors providing tumor growth and survival which can be used for precise therapy. Targeting cancer cell receptors with protein toxins is an attractive approach widely used in contemporary experimental oncology and preclinical studies.   
  • 922
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Targeted Therapies for Gastric Cancer
Many phase III trials failed to demonstrate a survival benefit from the addition of molecular therapy to conventional chemotherapy for advanced and metastatic gastric cancer, and only three agents were approved by the FDA. Despite recent advances in surgical techniques and in anticancer drugs, and the adoption of perioperative treatments mostly based on conventional chemotherapy, the prognosis of advanced and metastatic gastric cancer remains poor. In the last decade, the addition of molecular therapy did not show any significant survival advantage, and the first reports available documented an increase of the rate of severe adverse effects and related mortality. The survival benefits of molecular therapies available to date for advanced and metastatic gastric cancer are rather unclear, mostly due to inaccurate patient selection, particularly concerning oncogene amplification and copy number.
  • 922
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer Cross-Talk
Since the pandemic’s onset, a growing population of individuals has recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection and its long-term effects in some of the convalescents are gradually being reported. Although the precise etiopathogenesis of post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (PACS) remains elusive, the mainly accepted rationale is that SARS-CoV-2 exerts long-lasting immunomodulatory effects, promotes chronic low-grade inflammation, and causes irreversible tissue damage. Several viruses have been causally linked to human oncogenesis, whereas chronic inflammation and immune escape are thought to be the leading oncogenic mechanisms. Excessive cytokine release, impaired T-cell responses, aberrant activation of regulatory signaling pathways (e.g., JAK-STAT, MAPK, NF-kB), and tissue damage, hallmarks of COVID-19 disease course, are also present in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the intersection of COVID-19 and cancer is partially recognized and the long-term effects of the virus on oncogenesis and cancer progression have not been explored yet.
  • 921
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Associations of Leptin and Adiponectin with Tumor Microenvironment
Hormones produced by adipocytes, leptin and adiponectin, are associated with the process of carcinogenesis. Both of these adipokines have well-proven oncologic potential and can affect many aspects of tumorigenesis, from initiation and primary tumor growth to metastatic progression. Involvement in the formation of cancer includes interactions with the tumor microenvironment and its components, such as tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, extracellular matrix and matrix metalloproteinases.
  • 919
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
ALT Positivity in Human Cancers
Neoplastic cells typically activate one of the two Telomere Maintenance Mechanisms(TMM) to maintain their telomeres during uncontrolled proliferation. Most tumors reactivatetelomerase, a high-fidelity DNA transferase with reverse transcriptase activity. The prevalence of telomerase positive cancers is at 80–90% of all malignancies. A significant percentage of neoplasias activate the second type of TMM, called alternativelengthening of telomeres (ALT), to achieve replicative immortality and telomereelongation. ALT is commonly thought to occur in about 10–20% of all tumors. Unlike the TEL+ tumors, which rely on the enzymatic activity of a single enzyme,ALT relies on many DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, including those involved inthe homology-dependent repair (HDR) pathway.
  • 918
  • 23 Jun 2021
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