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Topic Review
Construction Differentiation Pattern of African Railway Network
Since the new century, countries in Africa have started a new round of rail network planning and construction which brings the completed different features together with the spatial organization of the railway network during the colonial period. Along with the strategic layout of “going out” with China’s railways, the organizational structure of the African railway network will make a tremendous change for the construction market, network organization, and gauge structure of the African railways.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Catalysts for Glycerol Reforming
The valuable products produced from glycerol transformation have become a research route that attracted considerable benefits owing to their huge volumes as well as a myriad of chemical and biological techniques for transforming glycerol into high-value compounds, such as fuel additives, biofuels, precursors, and other useful chemicals, etc. Steam, aqueous, and autothermal reforming processes have been primarily investigated in glycerol reforming. An update on glycerol reforming is given, with an exclusive focus on the various catalyst's performance in designing reaction operation conditions.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Hepatitis
This is a Timeline of hepatitis, describing major events such as epidemics and medical developments, related to hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Phosphate Solubilizing Microorganisms
Phosphorus (P) is a vital element in biological molecules, and one of the main limiting elements for biomass production as plant-available P represents only a small fraction of total soil P. Increasing global food demand and modern agricultural consumption of P fertilizers could lead to excessive inputs of inorganic P in intensively managed croplands, consequently rising P losses and ongoing eutrophication of surface waters. Despite phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) are widely accepted as eco-friendly P fertilizers for increasing agricultural productivity, a comprehensive and deeper understanding of the role of PSMs in P geochemical processes for managing P deficiency has received inadequate attention. In this review, we summarize the basic P forms and their geochemical and biological cycles in soil systems, how PSMs mediate soil P biogeochemical cycles, and the metabolic and enzymatic mechanisms behind these processes. We also highlight the important roles of PSMs in the biogeochemical P cycle and provide perspectives on several environmental issues to prioritize in future PSM applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Soybean Tocopherols
Tocopherols are natural antioxidants that increase the stability of fat-containing foods and are well known for their health benefits. The inclination of tocopherol concentrations with various MGs provided further evidence of the significance of MG in soybean breeding for seed tocopherol components. Furthermore, the correlation between the seed tocopherol components and geographical factors revealed that α-, γ-, and total tocopherols had significant positive correlations with latitude, while δ-tocopherol showed an opposite trend. The elite accessions with high and stable tocopherol concentrations determined could be used to develop functional foods, industrial materials, and breeding lines to improve tocopherol composition in soybean seeds.
  • 2.0K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Drought
Droughts are an environmental challenge that often cause significant losses of livelihoods the world over. For instance, rain-fed agriculture, livestock production, biodiversity, and several ecosystem services (ES) that are fundamental to human well-being are increasingly threatened by more severe droughts. 
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Perspective for High-Value C2 Chemicals
The oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) to C2 hydrocarbons (C2H4 and C2H6) has aroused worldwide interest over the past decade due to the rise of vast new shale gas resources. However, obtaining higher C2 selectivity can be very challenging in a typical OCM process in the presence of easily oxidized products such as C2H4 and C2H6. Regarding this, different types of catalysts have been studied to achieve desirable C2 yields.
  • 2.0K
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Mechanism of Banana and Plantain Fruits Elements
Plant-based foods, such as fruits, contain natural active principles, ranging from primary metabolites (nutritive factors, vitamins, and minerals) to secondary metabolites (phytochemicals). These bioactive principles play significant roles in mitigating several chronic diseases. Some epidemiological studies have identified antioxidant-rich secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and anthocyanin, for their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and ameliorative roles in neurological disorders. Generally, natural polyphenols express their neuroprotective capacity by relying on their mechanism ability to cross the blood-brain barrier to scavenge the pathological concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Equally, polyphenols modulate a series of mediating cell-signaling pathways of pathological diseases.
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are poisonous carcinogens that are produced by certain molds (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) which grow in soil, decaying vegetation, hay, and grains. They are regularly found in improperly stored staple commodities such as cassava, chili peppers, corn, cotton seed, millet, peanuts, rice, sesame seeds, sorghum, sunflower seeds, tree nuts, wheat, and a variety of spices. When contaminated food is processed, aflatoxins enter the general food supply where they have been found in both pet and human foods, as well as in feedstocks for agricultural animals. Animals fed contaminated food can pass aflatoxin transformation products into eggs, milk products, and meat. For example, contaminated poultry feed is suspected in the findings of high percentages of samples of aflatoxin-contaminated chicken meat and eggs in Pakistan. Children are particularly affected by aflatoxin exposure, which is associated with stunted growth, delayed development, liver damage, and liver cancer. An association between childhood stunting and aflatoxin exposure has been reported in some studies but could not be detected in all. Furthermore, a causal relationship between childhood stunting and aflatoxin exposure has yet to be conclusively shown by epidemiological studies, though such investigations are underway. Adults have a higher tolerance to exposure, but are also at risk. No animal species is immune. Aflatoxins are among the most carcinogenic substances known. After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydroxylated to become the less harmful aflatoxin M1. Aflatoxins are most commonly ingested. However the most toxic type of aflatoxin, B1, can permeate through the skin. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) action levels for aflatoxin present in food or feed is 20 to 300 ppb. The FDA has had occasion to declare both human and pet food recalls as a precautionary measure to prevent exposure. The term "aflatoxin" is derived from the name of one of the molds that produce it, Aspergillus flavus. It was coined around 1960 after its discovery as the source of "Turkey X disease". Aflatoxins form one of the major groupings of mycotoxins.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Polyurea in Impact Penetration Resistance and Blast Mitigation
Polyurea has gained significant attention in recent years as a functional polymer material, specifically regarding blast and impact protection. The molecular structure of polyurea is characterized by the rapid reaction between isocyanate and the terminal amine component, and forms an elastomeric copolymer that enhances substrate protection against blast impact and fragmentation penetration. At the nanoscale, a phase-separated microstructure emerges, with dispersed hard segment microregions within a continuous matrix of soft segments. This unique microstructure contributes to the remarkable mechanical properties of polyurea. 
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Anti-NLRP3 Inflammasome Natural Compounds
The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat related (NLR) family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that recognizes various danger or stress signals from pathogens, the host, and the environment, leading to activation of caspase-1 and inducing inflammatory responses. This pro-inflammatory protein complex plays critical roles in pathogenesis of a wide range of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, autoinflammatory diseases, and metabolic disorders. Therefore, intensive efforts have been devoted to understanding its activation mechanisms and to searching for its specific inhibitors. Approximately forty natural compounds with anti-NLRP3 inflammasome properties have been identified.
  • 2.0K
  • 26 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Random Number Generation
Ever since the antiquity, random number generation has played an important role both in common everyday life activities, such as leisure games, as well as in the advancement of science. Such means as dice and coins have been employed since the ancient times in order to generate random numbers that were used for gambling, dispute resolution, leisure games, and perhaps even fortune-telling. The theory behind the generation of random numbers, as well as the ability to potentially predict the outcome of this process, has been heavily studied and exploited by mathematics, in an attempt to either ensure the randomness of the process, to gain an advantage in correctly predicting its future outcomes, or to approximate the results of rather complicated computations. Especially in cryptography, random numbers are used due to the aforementioned properties, so that attackers have no other option but to guess the secret. This fact, in conjunction with the ongoing digitalisation of our world, has led to an interest in random number generation within the framework of computer science. In this context, random number generation systems are classified into two main categories: pseudorandom number generators and true random number generators, with the former generating sequences of numbers that appear to be random, but are in fact completely predictable when the initial value (being referred to as the seed) and conditions used for the number generation process are known, and with the latter generating truly random sequences of numbers that can only be predicted (correctly) with negligible probability, even if the initial value and conditions are known. 
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Fish by-products,Bioactive Peptide-Rich Protein Hydrolysates
The use of fish by-products is an important production opportunity for the fishing and seafood processing industries since it can possibly create additional profits while also lowering disposal costs. Benefits of utilizing secondary raw materials from fish processing are depicted in. One of the potential possibilities for greater benefit is to use these industrial wastes and low-value fish for the recovery and hydrolysis of proteins rich in bioactive peptides.
  • 2.0K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Kapala
A kapala (Sanskrit for "skull") or skullcup is a cup made from a human skull and used as a ritual implement (bowl) in both Hindu Tantra and Buddhist Tantra (Vajrayana). Especially in Tibet, they are often carved or elaborately mounted with precious metals and jewels.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Food safety and quality analysis at the point of care
Food safety remains a critical issue today. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately two billion people worldwide die from food poisoning caused by bacteria, viruses and parasites annually. These incidences have led to the efforts to develop analytical devices for food safety and quality control. Conventional food safety analytical technologies, including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), are not only labor intensive and time-consuming, but also high-cost. In addition, most of the diagnostic tests are performed at well-established laboratories. However, resources in central laboratories are limited in developing countries where foodborne diseases are prevalent. Therefore, there seems to be an urgent need to create cost-effective and robust analytical devices for healthcare applications. Recent technological advances have made it possible to develop point-of-care (POC) devices, including chip-based and paper-based devices to rapidly diagnose diseases for providing lifesaving treatment in a timely manner.
  • 2.0K
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nanobiotechnology for Agriculture
Nanobiotechnology in agriculture is a driver for modern-day smart, efficient agricultural practices. Nanoparticles have been shown to stimulate plant growth and disease resistance. The goal of sustainable farming can be accomplished by developing and sustainably exploiting the fruits of nanobiotechnology to balance the advantages nanotechnology provides in tackling environmental challenges.
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Plant-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have become one of the most popular metal oxide nanoparticles and recently emerged as a promising potential candidate in the fields of optical, electrical, food packaging, and biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low cost. They have a role in cell apoptosis, as they trigger excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and release zinc ions (Zn2+) that induce cell death. The zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using the plant extracts appear to be simple, safer, sustainable, and more environmentally friendly compared to the physical and chemical routes. These biosynthesized nanoparticles possess strong biological activities and are in use for various biological applications in several industries. Initially, the present review discusses the synthesis and recent advances of zinc oxide nanoparticles from plant sources (such as leaves, stems, bark, roots, rhizomes, fruits, flowers, and seeds) and their biomedical applications (such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, photocatalytic, wound healing, and drug delivery), followed by their mechanisms of action involved in detail. 
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Double-Stranded Break Repair
In mammalian cells, double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired predominantly by error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), but less prevalently by error-free template-dependent homologous recombination (HR). DSB repair pathway selection is the bedrock for genome editing. NHEJ results in random mutations when repairing DSB, while HR induces high-fidelity sequence-specific variations, but with an undesirable low efficiency.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite and Derivatives for Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Applications
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an attractive bioceramic from an environmental point of view. It mainly allows ion exchange between Ca2+ and other metal ions, making it an attractive material in the photodegradation of aquatic life effluents. Strategies for the performance of HAp-based functionalized material were reported, for example, doping, immobilization, deposition, incorporation, and support. Due to the production of stoichiometric defects capable of estimating response in the presence of light (UV, visible or solar) through charge carriers' interaction and/or mobility. Its favors photocatalytic performance and positive responses in the physicochemical properties to form an effective and sustainable photocatalyst.  
  • 2.0K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Metal Organic Frameworks
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) , or metal-organic frameworks, are a new form of a porous coordination polymer. Novel materials have been developed because of technological advancements combined with material research. MOFs technology has been investigated for biomedical applications in this line. 
  • 2.0K
  • 14 Nov 2022
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