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Topic Review
Hydroxyapatite and Derivatives for Photocatalytic and Antibacterial Applications
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an attractive bioceramic from an environmental point of view. It mainly allows ion exchange between Ca2+ and other metal ions, making it an attractive material in the photodegradation of aquatic life effluents. Strategies for the performance of HAp-based functionalized material were reported, for example, doping, immobilization, deposition, incorporation, and support. Due to the production of stoichiometric defects capable of estimating response in the presence of light (UV, visible or solar) through charge carriers' interaction and/or mobility. Its favors photocatalytic performance and positive responses in the physicochemical properties to form an effective and sustainable photocatalyst.  
  • 2.0K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Current Account
In economics, a country's current account is one of the two components of its balance of payments, the other being the capital account (also known as the financial account). The current account consists of the balance of trade, net primary income or factor income (earnings on foreign investments minus payments made to foreign investors) and net unilateral transfers, that have taken place over a given period of time. The current account balance is one of two major measures of a country's foreign trade (the other being the net capital outflow). A current account surplus indicates that the value of a country's net foreign assets (i.e. assets less liabilities) grew over the period in question, and a current account deficit indicates that it shrank. Both government and private payments are included in the calculation. It is called the current account because goods and services are generally consumed in the current period.
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Rajan Zed Prayer Protest
The Rajan Zed prayer protest were events surrounding the first official offering of a Hindu prayer at the United States Senate. On July 12, 2007, Rajan Zed, a Hindu cleric and a noted leader in Interfaith Relations from the Indian Association of Northern Nevada based in Reno, appeared at the United States Senate as its guest Chaplain.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Types of Airborne Wind Energy Systems
Airborne wind energy (AWE) has received increasing attention, with the goal of achieving electricity generation solutions that may be used as a complement or even an alternative to conventional wind turbines. There are several ways to classify AWE systems, e.g., with respect to the means of electricity generation, the flight principles and operation, or the type of flying wing, to name a few. 
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Prefabricated Industrial Steel Buildings
Compared to traditional onsite steel construction, prefabricated industrial steel construction (PFISC) saves time, money, and resources. It results in sustainable steel structures that use fewer resources and are better for the environment.
  • 2.0K
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Robust Outlier-Adaptive Filtering
With the advent of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), a major area of interest in the research field of UAVs has been vision-aided inertial navigation systems (V-INS). In the front-end of V-INS, image processing extracts information about the surrounding environment and determines features or points of interest. With the extracted vision data and inertial measurement unit (IMU) dead reckoning, the most widely used algorithm for estimating vehicle and feature states in the back-end of V-INS is an extended Kalman filter (EKF). An important assumption of the EKF is Gaussian white noise. In fact, measurement outliers that arise in various realistic conditions are often non-Gaussian. A lack of compensation for unknown noise parameters often leads to a serious impact on the reliability and robustness of these navigation systems. To compensate for uncertainties of the outliers, we require modified versions of the estimator or the incorporation of other techniques into the filter. The main purpose of this paper is to develop accurate and robust V-INS for UAVs, in particular, those for situations pertaining to such unknown outliers. Feature correspondence in image processing front-end rejects vision outliers, and then a statistic test in filtering back-end detects the remaining outliers of the vision data. For frequent outliers occurrence, variational approximation for Bayesian inference derives a way to compute the optimal noise precision matrices of the measurement outliers. The overall process of outlier removal and adaptation is referred to here as “outlier-adaptive filtering”. Even though almost all approaches of V-INS remove outliers by some method, few researchers have treated outlier adaptation in V-INS in much detail. Here, results from flight datasets validate the improved accuracy of V-INS employing the proposed outlier-adaptive filtering framework.
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Phenolic Compounds in Mulberry
Mulberry, which belongs to the genus Morus of the Moraceae family, is an aggregated berry that is oval-shaped, rich in nutrition, sweet and soft, with a unique flavor. Mulberry is distributed in east, west and southeast Asia, southern Europe, southern North America, northwestern South America and some areas of Africa. There are 24 species of Morus and one subspecies, with at least 100 known varieties.
  • 2.0K
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
In Vivo Methods for Measuring the Glycemic Index
The concept of Glycemic Index (GI) was suggested by Jenkins to classify carbohydrate-containing foods. GI is “an expression of the percentage of the area under the blood glucose response curve when taking the same amount of carbohydrate as glucose”. It is a physiological way to explain how dietary carbohydrate impacts blood glucose. The GI value has a range between 1 and 100. Glucose, as the reference material, has a GI value of 100. A food with a lower GI value (≤54) raises blood glucose more slowly.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Heating's Influence Trans Fatty Acid in Oils
Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFA) is associated with adverse health outcomes and places a considerable burden on morbidity and mortality globally. TFA may be generated by common cooking practices and hence contribute to daily dietary intake. Heating edible oils to common cooking temperatures (≤200 °C) has minimal effect on TFA generation whereas heating to higher temperatures can increase TFA level. 
  • 2.0K
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Emerging Proteolysis-Targeting Strategies in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery
Targeted protein degradation is a new aspect in the field of drug discovery. Traditionally, developing an antibiotic includes tedious and expensive processes, such as drug screening, lead optimization, and formulation. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) are new-generation drugs that use the proteolytic mechanism to selectively degrade and eliminate proteins involved in human diseases. The application of PROTACs is explored immensely in the field of cancer, and various PROTACs are in clinical trials.
  • 2.0K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Random Number Generation
Ever since the antiquity, random number generation has played an important role both in common everyday life activities, such as leisure games, as well as in the advancement of science. Such means as dice and coins have been employed since the ancient times in order to generate random numbers that were used for gambling, dispute resolution, leisure games, and perhaps even fortune-telling. The theory behind the generation of random numbers, as well as the ability to potentially predict the outcome of this process, has been heavily studied and exploited by mathematics, in an attempt to either ensure the randomness of the process, to gain an advantage in correctly predicting its future outcomes, or to approximate the results of rather complicated computations. Especially in cryptography, random numbers are used due to the aforementioned properties, so that attackers have no other option but to guess the secret. This fact, in conjunction with the ongoing digitalisation of our world, has led to an interest in random number generation within the framework of computer science. In this context, random number generation systems are classified into two main categories: pseudorandom number generators and true random number generators, with the former generating sequences of numbers that appear to be random, but are in fact completely predictable when the initial value (being referred to as the seed) and conditions used for the number generation process are known, and with the latter generating truly random sequences of numbers that can only be predicted (correctly) with negligible probability, even if the initial value and conditions are known. 
  • 2.0K
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Shape Memory Polyurethane
The inherent capability to deform and reform in a predefined environment is a unique property existing in shape memory polyurethane. The intrinsic shape memory ability of the polyurethane is due to the presence of macro domains of soft and hard segments in its bulk, which make this material a potential candidate for several applications. This entry is focused on manifesting the applicability of shape memory polyurethane and its composites/blends in various domains, especially to human health such as shielding of electromagnetic interference, medical bandage development, bone tissue engineering, self-healing, implants development, etc. 
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Histone deacetylase (HDAC)
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes play crucial roles in epigenetic gene expression and are an attractive therapeutic target. Five HDAC inhibitors have been approved for cancer treatment to date, however clinical applications have been limited due to poor single agent drug efficacy and side effects associated with a lack of HDAC isoform or complex selectivity. An emerging strategy aiming to address these limitations is the development of bifunctional HDAC therapeutics – single molecules comprising a HDAC inhibitor conjugated to another specificity targeting moiety. There has been many recent advancements in novel types of dual-targeting HDAC modulators, including PROTACs, often achieving high HDAC isoform selectivity, as well as some dual inhibitor examples affording HDAC complex selectivity. Such bifunctional molecules have future potential in achieving enhanced drug efficacy and therapeutic benefits in treating disease.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Drought
Droughts are an environmental challenge that often cause significant losses of livelihoods the world over. For instance, rain-fed agriculture, livestock production, biodiversity, and several ecosystem services (ES) that are fundamental to human well-being are increasingly threatened by more severe droughts. 
  • 2.0K
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Carbon-Coatings Improve Performance of Li-Ion Battery
The development of lithium-ion batteries largely relies on the cathode and anode materials. In particular, the optimization of cathode materials plays an extremely important role in improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries, such as specific capacity or cycling stability. Carbon coating modifying the surface of cathode materials is regarded as an effective strategy that meets the demand of Lithium-ion battery cathodes.
  • 2.0K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Skeletal Sex Estimation Methods
Documented skeletal collections are essential in forensic and physical anthropology as they provide the means to develop methods for the estimation of various parameters of the biological profile of an individual such as sex, age at death, and stature.
  • 2.0K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Electro-Thermal Modeling of Electric Motor Drive
Electro-thermal modeling is a process of creating a mathematical model to simulate the electrical and thermal behavior of an electric motor drive system. This modeling technique is used to predict the performance of the motor under different operating conditions and to optimize its design for efficiency and reliability. Electric motor drives are used in a wide range of applications, including industrial machinery, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. However, these systems can suffer from decreased efficiency and reliability due to the impact of temperature on their performance. Electro-thermal modeling is used to address these issues by accurately simulating the motor's behavior under different temperature conditions. The modeling process involves using software tools to create a mathematical model that includes the electrical and thermal properties of the motor. This model can then be used to simulate the motor's behavior under different loads and temperatures, allowing engineers to predict the motor's performance and optimize its design. One key advantage of electro-thermal modeling is that it allows engineers to identify potential issues in the motor's design and operation before they occur in the real world. By analyzing the motor's behavior under different conditions, engineers can identify areas where the motor is operating inefficiently or experiencing excessive temperatures. They can then modify the motor's design or operating conditions to improve its efficiency and reliability. Thus, electro-thermal modeling is an essential tool for designing and optimizing electric motor drive systems. By accurately simulating the motor's behavior under different conditions, engineers can create more efficient, reliable, and long-lasting motor systems that meet the needs of various applications.
  • 2.0K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
PDE4 Inhibitors
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases 4 (PDE4) are a family of enzymes which specifically promote the hydrolysis and degradation of cAMP. The inhibition of PDE4 enzymes has been widely investigated as a possible alternative strategy for the treatment of a variety of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, as well as psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders.
  • 2.0K
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polyurea in Impact Penetration Resistance and Blast Mitigation
Polyurea has gained significant attention in recent years as a functional polymer material, specifically regarding blast and impact protection. The molecular structure of polyurea is characterized by the rapid reaction between isocyanate and the terminal amine component, and forms an elastomeric copolymer that enhances substrate protection against blast impact and fragmentation penetration. At the nanoscale, a phase-separated microstructure emerges, with dispersed hard segment microregions within a continuous matrix of soft segments. This unique microstructure contributes to the remarkable mechanical properties of polyurea. 
  • 2.0K
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Nanonutraceuticals
Over the last few years, the application of nanotechnology to nutraceuticals has been rapidly growing due to its ability to enhance the bioavailability of the loaded active ingredients, resulting in improved therapeutic/nutraceutical outcomes. The focus of this work is nanoprebiotics and nanoprobiotics, terms which stand for the loading of a set of compounds (e.g., prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics) in nanoparticles that work as absorption enhancers in the gastrointestinal tract. In this manuscript, the main features of prebiotics and probiotics are highlighted, together with the discussion of emerging applications of nanotechnologies in their formulation. Current research strategies are also discussed, in particular the promising use of nanofibers for the delivery of probiotics. Synbiotic-based nanoparticles represent an innovative trend within this area of interest. As only few experimental studies on nanoprebiotics and nanoprobiotics are available in the scientific literature, research on this prominent field is needed, covering effectiveness, bioavailability, and safety aspects.
  • 2.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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