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Topic Review
Hydrometallurgy and Germanium Recovery from Secondary Resources
Though nowadays germanium do not reach the range of popularity than other metals, i.e. rare earth elements, its utility in target industries makes of it also a strategic metal. Though germanium can be found in a series of raw materials, the principal source for its recovery is from secondary wastes of the zinc industry, also, the recycle of germanium-bearing waste materials is becoming of interest. In this recovery the size of the target materials because the diffusion and reaction are to be considered, Hydrometallurgy is performing a key role to the successful achievement of this goal. The present work reviews the most recent applications (2023 and 2024 years) of hydrometallurgical operations on the recovery of germanium from different solid and liquid sources.  
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Commercial Development in Carnot Battery Technology
Carnot batteries are a quickly developing group of technologies for medium and long duration electricity storage. It covers a large range of concepts which share processes of a conversion of power to heat, thermal energy storage (i.e., storing thermal exergy) and in times of need conversion of the heat back to (electric) power.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Diversity of Synthetic Dyes
Synthetic dyes are mostly derived from petrochemical compounds, they are commercialized in liquid, powder, pastes, or granule forms. They are endowed with multiple potentialities such as fast and consistent coloration with different classes of fabrics as mentioned in the above section, a wide range of color pigments and shades, facility of manipulation, stability over several external factors and economical energy consumption. Therefore, the majority of synthetic dyes cause harmful impacts when discharged in non-treated or partially treated forms in the environment.
  • 2.1K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Compatibilization in Starch/Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Blends
The immiscibility issue between starch and synthetic polymers impacts the water absorption, thermo-mechanical properties, and chemical stability demanded by various engineering applications. Incorporating compatibilizers into the blend mixtures has significantly reduced the particle sizes of the dispersed phase while improving the interfacial adhesion between the starch and synthetic biodegradable polymer, leading to fine and homogeneous structures.
  • 2.1K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Symmetric and Asymmetric Synapses Driving Neurodegenerative Disorders
In 1959, E. G. Gray described two different types of synapses in the brain for the first time: symmetric and asymmetric. Later on, symmetric synapses were associated with inhibitory terminals, and asymmetric synapses to excitatory signaling. The balance between these two systems is critical to maintain a correct brain function. Likewise, the modulation of both types of synapses is also important to maintain a healthy equilibrium. Cerebral circuitry responds differently depending on the type of damage and the timeline of the injury. For example, promoting symmetric signaling following ischemic damage is beneficial only during the acute phase; afterwards, it further increases the initial damage. Synapses can be also altered by players not directly related to them; the chronic and long-term neurodegeneration mediated by tau proteins primarily targets asymmetric synapses by decreasing neuronal plasticity and functionality. Dopamine represents the main modulating system within the central nervous system. Indeed, the death of midbrain dopaminergic neurons impairs locomotion, underlying the devastating Parkinson’s disease.
  • 2.1K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNA-21 in Cancer
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play an important role in regulating gene expression at a posttranscriptional level. As one of the first discovered oncogenic miRNAs, microRNA-21 (miR-21) has been highlighted for its critical role in cancers, such as glioblastoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and many others. MiR-21 targets many vital components in a wide range of cancers and acts on various cellular processes ranging from cancer stemness to cell death. Expression of miR-21 is elevated within cancer tissues and circulating miR-21 is readily detectable in biofluids, making it valuable as a cancer biomarker with significant potential for use in diagnosis and prognosis.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Project 75I-class Submarine
The Project 75 (India)-class submarines, or P-75I, for short, are a planned class of diesel-electric submarines, which are to be built for the Indian Navy. The P-75I class is a follow-on of the P-75 class submarines of the Indian Navy. Under this project, the Indian Navy intends to acquire six conventional, diesel-electric attack submarines, which will also feature advanced capabilities - including air-independent propulsion (AIP), ISR, special operations forces (SOF), anti-ship warfare (AShW), anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface warfare (ASuW), land-attack capabilities and other features. All six submarines are expected to be constructed in India, under the Make in India initiative.
  • 2.1K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Diversity Jurisdiction
In the law of the United States, diversity jurisdiction is a form of subject-matter jurisdiction in civil procedure in which a United States district court in the federal judiciary has the power to hear a civil case when the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and where the persons that are parties are "diverse" in citizenship or state of incorporation (for corporations being legal persons), which generally indicates that they differ in state and/or nationality. Diversity jurisdiction and federal-question jurisdiction (jurisdiction over issues arising under federal law) constitute the two primary categories of subject matter jurisdiction in U.S. federal courts. The United States Constitution, in Article III, § 2, gives the Congress the power to permit federal courts to hear diversity cases through legislation authorizing such jurisdiction. The provision was included because the Framers of the Constitution were concerned that when a case is filed in one state, and it involves parties from that state and another state, the state court might be biased toward the party from that state. Congress first exercised that power and granted federal trial circuit courts diversity jurisdiction in the Judiciary Act of 1789. Diversity jurisdiction is currently codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1332. In 1969, the American Law Institute explained in a 587-page analysis of the subject that diversity is the "most controversial" type of federal jurisdiction, because it "lays bare fundamental issues regarding the nature and operation of our federal union".
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Amygdalin
Bioactive amygdalin, found in high concentrations in bitter almonds, has been recognized as a symbol of the cyanogenic glycoside chemical organic substance, which was initially developed as a pharmaceutical for treating cancer after being hydrolyzed to hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Toughening Approaches of Recycled Polystyrene
Several environmental and techno-economic assessments highlighted the advantage of placing polystyrene-based materials in a circular loop, from production to waste generation to product refabrication, either following the mechanical or thermochemical routes.
  • 2.1K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Sequestration by Biofuel Crop Switchgrass
Under the macroenvironmental background of global warming, all countries are working to limit climate change. Internationally, biofuel plants are considered to have great potential in carbon neutralization. Several countries have begun using biofuel crops as energy sources to neutralize carbon emissions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is considered a resource-efficient low-input crop that produces bioenergy. 
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive interstitial lung disease. Chronic lung inflammation is linked to the pathogenesis of IPF. DROSHA, a class 2 ribonuclease III enzyme, has an important role in the biogenesis of microRNA (miRNA). The function of miRNAs has been identified in the regulation of the target gene or protein related to inflammatory responses via degradation of mRNA or inhibition of translation. The absent-in-melanoma-2 (AIM2) inflammasome is critical for inflammatory responses against cytosolic double stranded DNA (dsDNA) from pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and self-DNA from danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The AIM2 inflammasome senses double strand DNA (dsDNA) and interacts with the adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC), which recruits pro-caspase-1 and regulates the maturation and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. A recent study showed that inflammasome activation contributes to lung inflammation and fibrogenesis during IPF. In the current review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the DROSHA–miRNA–AIM2 inflammasome axis in the pathogenesis of IPF.
  • 2.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gastroschisis
The International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research defines gastroschisis as "a congenital malformation characterized by visceral herniation usually through a right side abdominal wall defect to an intact umbilical cord and not covered by a membrane". Approximately 10% of infants with gastroschisis have intestinal stenosis or atresia resulting from vascular insufficiency due to a volvulus or compression of vascular pedicle by a narrowing abdominal ring.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the most commonly used ESS in modern society, mainly due to their high specific capacity, making them appropriate for small and light portable devices without limiting their performance. LIBs are also characterized by prolonged cycle life and no memory effects. These are important advantages that increased the use of LIBs, leading to a progressive replacement of previous technologies, such as nickel–cadmium and nickel–metal hydride batteries, which are less efficient, in particular for small device applications.
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Golden Berry Fruit and Insulin
La baya dorada (Physalis peruviana L.) es una fruta de gran importancia comercial en algunos países africanos y latinoamericanos, donde se consume localmente y con frecuencia se exporta a los mercados del norte, principalmente Europa y Estados Unidos. Esta fruta tradicionalmente reporta características nutricionales, antioxidantes y fitoquímicas en múltiples países, variedades y estados de madurez. El fruto de Physalis peruviana L. contiene una amplia variedad de compuestos bioquímicos.Los witanólidos y sus derivados son los metabolitos más emblemáticos de la especie Physalis, y se ha demostrado que ejercen una amplia gama de actividades farmacológicas in vitro, como inmunomoduladores, inhibidores de la angiogénesis, anticolinesterasa, antioxidantes, antibacterianos y en algunos casos, sus extractos han mostrado citotoxicidad. hacia las células cancerosas. Esta familia de compuestos con columna vertebral esteroidal ha llamado la atención de los farmacólogos, ya que estas lactonas esteroides llamadas conhanólidos y sus derivados se concentran principalmente en las partes aéreas de las plantas, como las hojas. También se detectaron en la pulpa de la fruta, pero en concentraciones bajas y probablemente no estén biodisponibles como tales después de la ingestión oral.Pero la baya dorada es rica en carotenoides, sesquiterpenoides, fitoesteroles entre otros que pueden ser responsables del efecto en la salud observado.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Intrusion Detection Systems
Intrusion detection systems and intrusion prevention systems are to prevent network intruders' attack and malicious compliance. Network communities have produced benchmark datasets available for researchers to improve the accuracy of intrusion detection systems. The scientific community has presented data mining and machine learning-based mechanisms to detect intrusion with high classification accuracy. 
  • 2.1K
  • 21 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Aquatic Ecology of Southern African Watersheds
Southern Africa (SA) is rich in large river basin networks, from the over 1.4 million km2 Zambezi River Basin in the upper parts and extending further to the 0.4 million km2 Limpopo and 0.9 million km2 Orange River Basin systems southwards. Given that most SA river basins hold vast mineral deposits, the mining waste generated by artisanal and mechanised mining industries has significantly affected the health of its aquatic ecosystems.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Communication Signal Delay and the Power Grid
In the electricity grid, communication delays arise at a number of stages, which include signal transmission from phasor measurement units (PMUs) to management centers, from management centers to controllers, analog-to-digital conversion, computing on overall entry adjustable, and phase synchronization of alerts through the Global Positioning System (GPS). Such delays will have an effect on controllers and device performance.
  • 2.1K
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Amazonian Bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart.)
Bacuri (Platonia insignis Mart) is a species from the Clusiaceae genus. Its fruit pulp is commonly used in South America in several food products, such as beverages, ice cream and candies. Only the pulp of the fruit is used, and the peels and seeds are considered waste from these industries.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Police Use of Force Models
Recent calls for widespread police reform include re-examination of existing training and practice surrounding the use of force (UOF, e.g., verbal and non-verbal communication, physical tactics, firearms). Visual models representing police UOF decision-making are used for both police training and public communication. However, most models have not been empirically developed or assessed in either the applied police or vision science literatures, representing significant gaps in knowledge. Based on a critical appraisal of the visual features of common police UOF models, the current entry concludes with evidence-based recommendations for effective model design that accurately reflects the complexity and dynamism of police UOF decision-making in both police training and public communication contexts. 
  • 2.1K
  • 20 Feb 2021
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