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Topic Review
General Definitions and Concepts of Sarcopenia
Sarcopenia (SP) is a syndrome characterized by age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function.
  • 580
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
First-Line Randomized Clinical Trials of ALK-Is
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation amounts to around 3–7% of all non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). The clinical features of ALK+ NSCLC are an adenocarcinoma histology, younger age, limited smoking history, and brain metastases. The activity of chemotherapy and immunotherapy is modest in ALK+ disease. Several randomized trials have proven that ALK inhibitors (ALK-Is) have greater efficacy with respect to platinum-based chemotherapy and that second/third generation ALK-Is are better than crizotinib in terms of improvements in median progression-free survival and brain metastases management.
  • 580
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Targeting MDM2 for Neuroblastoma Therapy
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive pediatric solid tumor with an overall survival rate of <50% for patients with high-risk disease. There is a highly unmet medical need for identifying and developing more effective and safer therapy for high-risk neuroblastoma. We and others have proposed that mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) represents novel molecular target for the treatment of cancer, including neuroblastoma. In the present study, we found that SP141, a unique MDM2 inhibitor, has significant in vitro activity, in vivo efficacy, and minimal host toxicity in neuroblastoma tumor models. These results provide the proof-of-principle data for targeting MDM2 to treat high-risk neuroblastoma.
  • 578
  • 05 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Tumour Proliferation and Imaging Biomarkers
Imaging biomarkers play a key role in the identification of biological particularities within tumours and therefore are an important component of treatment personalisation in radiotherapy. Imaging techniques such as PET, SPECT, MRI that employ tumour-specific biomarkers already play a critical role in patient stratification towards individualized treatment. 
  • 578
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Antidiabetic Medications and Cancer
In the last decade, cancer became the leading cause of death in the population under 65 in the European Union. Diabetes is also considered as a factor increasing risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with being overweight and obese, which also plays a role in malignancy. Among biological mechanisms linking diabetes and obesity with cancer hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, increased levels of growth factors, steroid and peptide hormones, oxidative stress and increased activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines are listed. Antidiabetic medications can modulate cancer risk through directly impacting metabolism of cancer cells as well as indirectly through impact on risk factors of malignancy. Some of them are considered beneficial (metformin and thiazolidinedions—with the exception of bladder cancer); on the other hand, excess of exogenous insulin may be potentially harmful, while other medications seem to have neutral impact on cancer risk. Inhibitors of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) are increasingly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, their association with cancer risk is unclear. 
  • 578
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
CTCs in Gastric Cancer
With over 1 million incidence cases and more than 780,000 deaths in 2018, gastric cancer (GC) was ranked as the 5th most common cancer and the 3rd leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Though several biomarkers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and cancer antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), have been identified, their diagnostic accuracies were modest. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cells derived from tumors and present in body fluids, have recently emerged as promising biomarkers, diagnostically and prognostically, of cancers, including GC. In this review, we present the landscape of CTCs from migration, to the presence in circulation, biologic properties, and morphologic heterogeneities. We evaluated clinical implications of CTCs in GC patients, including diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management, as well as their application in immunotherapy.
  • 578
  • 04 Jun 2021
Biography
Silas Palmer Beebe
Silas Palmer Beebe, M.D., PhD (April 22, 1876 – December 6, 1930) an early pioneer in the field of cancer research and the pathology of the disease. Silas Palmer Beebe, also known as S.P. Beebe was born in 1876 in St. Johns, Michigan the son of Aram Beebe, a farmer and justice of the peace and Emma Lucretia (Beebe) Beebe. His father Aram was the son of Paphiras and Lucy (Day) Beebe, of Winh
  • 578
  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
R1 Resection of LIver Metastas in Colorectal Cancer
 Achieving an R0 hepatic resection, optimally with more than 1 mm of clear margin, should always be the goal. In the era of the aggressive multimodality treatment of liver metastatic colorectal cancer, an R1 resection might be the cost of increasing the pool of patients finally eligible for resection. The majority of literature reports have highlighted the detrimental effect of R1 resections on local recurrence and overall survival. There are indeed studies that degraded the prognostic handicap as a consequence of an R1 resection in selected patients and highlighted the presence of RAS mutations, the response to chemotherapy, and, in general, factors that reflect the biology of the disease as important, if not the determinant, prognostic factors. In these patients, the aggressive disease biology seems to outperform the resection margin status as a prognostic factor, and the recorded differences between R1 and R0 resections are equalized.
  • 578
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Neurofibromatosis Type 1-Associated Gliomas
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant tumor predisposition syndrome that affects children and adults. Individuals with NF1 are at high risk for central nervous system neoplasms including gliomas. The purpose of this review is to discuss the spectrum of intracranial gliomas arising in individuals with NF1 with a focus on recent preclinical and clinical data.
  • 577
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prognostic Values for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in men, and new biomarkers are still needed.
  • 577
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Materials
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as a critical component of the tumor stroma, are strong promoters of various tumor behaviors, including tumorigenesis, growth, invasion, and/or metastasis, because they produce abundant extracellular matrices (ECMs) and mediate the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and stemness of tumor cells.
  • 577
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cancer and Immunotherapy
The era of personalized cancer therapy is here. Advances in the field of immunotherapy have paved the way for the development of individualized neoantigen-based therapies that can translate into favorable treatment outcomes and fewer side effects for patients.
  • 577
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Sirtuins in Breast and Prostate Cancer
In mammals, seven sirtuins (SIRT1–7) have been identified, which primarily function as NAD-dependent deacetylases (SIRT1–3 and SIRT5–7) and ADP-ribosyl transferases (SIRT4 and 6). Additionally, sirtuins have been reported to function as demyristoylases (SIRT1–3 and 6), lipoamidases (SIRT4), and desuccinylases/demalonylases/deglutarylases (SIRT5). The forcus herein is the information on the tumor promotion or suppression roles of SIRT1–7 in breast and prostate cancers. Precisely, it is highlighted that sirtuins regulate various proteins implicated in proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, chemoresistance, invasion, migration, and metastasis of both breast and prostate cancer.
  • 577
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Single-Cell DNA Methylation in Cancer
Cancer is a distinctly difficult disease to treat on account of the diverse cell populations/subpopulations that comprise a tumour. Such cells harbour varying genetic and epigenetic states, which contributes to their oncogenic phenotype. Morphological, transcriptomic, and genomic defects are well-explored parameters of cancer biology. Aberrant DNA methylation has been implicated in many types of cancers, influencing cell type, state, transcriptional regulation, and genomic stability to name a few. Traditionally, large populations of cells from the tissue of interest are coalesced for analysis, producing averaged methylome data.
  • 577
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Leptomeningeal Disease Treatment
Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is a devastating complication caused by seeding malignant cells to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the leptomeningeal membrane. LMD is diagnosed in 5–15% of patients with systemic malignancy. Management of LMD is challenging due to the biological and metabolic tumor microenvironment of LMD being largely unknown. Patients with LMD can present with a wide variety of signs and/or symptoms that could be multifocal and include headache, nausea, vomiting, diplopia, and weakness, among others. The median survival time for patients with LMD is measured in weeks and up to 3–6 months with aggressive management, and death usually occurs due to progressive neurologic dysfunction. In melanoma, LMD is associated with a suppressive immune microenvironment characterized by a high number of apoptotic and exhausted CD4+ T-cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and a low number of CD8+ T-cells. Proteomics analysis revealed enrichment of complement cascade, which may disrupt the blood–CSF barrier. Clinical management of melanoma LMD consists primarily of radiation therapy, BRAF/MEK inhibitors as targeted therapy, and immunotherapy with anti-PD-1, anti-CTLA-4, and anti-LAG-3 immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • 577
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Targets and Therapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancer types, including head and neck cancers (HNC). When checkpoint and partner proteins bind, these send an “off” signal to T cells, which prevents the immune system from destroying tumor cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has revolutionized the treatment of many cancer types, including head and neck cancers (HNC).
  • 577
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
STEAP1–4 and Prostate Cancer
Six-Transmembrane Epithelial Antigen of the Prostate 1–4 (STEAP1–4) compose a family of metalloproteinases involved in iron and copper homeostasis and other cellular processes. In prostate cancer, STEAP1, STEAP2, and STEAP4 are overexpressed, while STEAP3 expression is downregulated. STEAP1–4 can be used as a biomarker and therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
  • 576
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Wnt/β-Catenin Target Genes
The Wnt/β-catenin cell–cell signaling pathway is one of the most basic and highly conserved pathways for intercellular communications regulating key steps during development, differentiation, and cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC), in particular, aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is believed to be responsible for perpetuating the disease from the very early stages of cancer development. A large number of downstream target genes of β-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF), including oncogenes, were detected as regulators of CRC development.
  • 575
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
ALT Positivity in Human Cancers
Neoplastic cells typically activate one of the two Telomere Maintenance Mechanisms(TMM) to maintain their telomeres during uncontrolled proliferation. Most tumors reactivatetelomerase, a high-fidelity DNA transferase with reverse transcriptase activity. The prevalence of telomerase positive cancers is at 80–90% of all malignancies. A significant percentage of neoplasias activate the second type of TMM, called alternativelengthening of telomeres (ALT), to achieve replicative immortality and telomereelongation. ALT is commonly thought to occur in about 10–20% of all tumors. Unlike the TEL+ tumors, which rely on the enzymatic activity of a single enzyme,ALT relies on many DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, including those involved inthe homology-dependent repair (HDR) pathway.
  • 575
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Serrated Pathway in Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. It includes different subtypes that differ in their clinical and prognostic features. In the past decade, in addition to the conventional adenoma-carcinoma model, an alternative multistep mechanism of carcinogenesis, namely the “serrated pathway”, has been described. Approximately, 15 to 30% of all CRCs arise from neoplastic serrated polyps, a heterogeneous group of lesions that are histologically classified into three morphologic categories: hyperplastic polyps, sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and the traditional serrated adenomas/polyps. Serrated polyps are characterized by genetic (BRAF or KRAS mutations) and epigenetic (CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP)) alterations that cooperate to initiate and drive malignant transformation from normal colon mucosa to polyps, and then to CRC. The high heterogeneity of the serrated lesions renders their diagnostic and pathological interpretation difficult. 
  • 575
  • 10 Sep 2021
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