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Topic Review
Non-Antibiotic Antibacterial Agents
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant threat to human health worldwide, forcing scientists to explore non-traditional antibacterial agents to support rapid interventions and combat the emergence and spread of drug resistant bacteria. Many new antibiotic-free approaches are being developed while the old ones are being revised, resulting in creating unique solutions that arise at the interface of physics, nanotechnology, and microbiology. Specifically, physical factors (e.g., pressure, temperature, UV light) are increasingly used for industrial sterilization. Nanoparticles (unmodified or in combination with toxic compounds) are also applied to circumvent in vivo drug resistance mechanisms in bacteria. Recently, bacteriophage-based treatments are also gaining momentum due to their high bactericidal activity and specificity. 
  • 2.1K
  • 07 May 2021
Topic Review
Robotics and Agriculture
The world’s population is steadily increasing, necessitating an increased food supply. According to Sylvestere, agricultural production, particularly field agriculture, must increase by 70% by 2050, when the global population is predicted to exceed 9 billion people. Simultaneously, increased agricultural activity leads to the waste and exploitation of irrigation water, fertiliser, and other phytosanitary products, compromising environmental sustainability and farmers’ profits. The employment of robots in agriculture appears to be a potential option in the context of precision agriculture since it enables repetitive labour to be accomplished without losing precision throughout the working day. This sort of application is growing in popularity in robotics research, and a variety of robots are now available for purchase. 
  • 2.1K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Ethics of Animal Research
The ethics of animal research is a concept discussed in theology, ethics, philosophy, science, and more recently bioethics. The main discussions in the moral and ethical philosophical community concern themselves with questions as to whether species other than humans can be subject to being morally wronged and whether suffering and being part of a moral community are mutually exclusive. Contemporary views for the use of animals as tools for research often take a philosophical utilitarian position such as reasoning that the overall good produced from results outway the suffering produced by testing on animals. Scientists mostly accept that animals suffer on the basis that their results rely on similarities between animals and humans. Human exceptionalism and Speciesism stem from anthropocentrism and are central recurring themes within the ethics of animal research. The main concepts that appear throughout ethical discussions of animal research include: Membership in the moral community, Absolutism views, Utilitarian views, and Anthropocentrism such as Speciesism, Human exceptionalism and Personhood theories.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pretreatment of Hemp Biomass
It is widely accepted that fossil fuel resources emit greenhouse gases (GHG), which are the leading cause for the climate crisis, with the manufacturing, energy, and agriculture sectors as main contributors. The agricultural sector is composed of diversified and potential mobilizable sources of waste which can become an attractive alternative to fossil fuels for energy production, and thus sequester and use carbon. Therefore, a paradigm shift towards more sustainable energy alternatives, efficient waste management, and new technologies is necessary. One good solution is the energetic valorization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) which can also originate from agricultural wastes. The biomass consists of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which are sources of fermentable sugars that can be used for bioethanol production. However, the recovery of sugars requires the pretreatment of LCB before enzymatic hydrolysis, due to its inaccessible molecular structure. Therefore, pretreatment is required to enhance enzyme accessibility as well as bioethanol production. Raw hemp biomass consists of 35-51% cellulose (dry basis, db), 13–28% hemicellulose (db), and 12-22% lignin (db). Chemical pretreatment, more specifically alkaline pretreatment, is the most commonly used for hemp biomass.
  • 2.1K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Air Nautique
The Super Air Nautique line-up of Nautique Boats is Correct Craft's crossover-wakeboarding focused model; the boat is outfitted for wakeboarding with a tower and ballast tanks from the factory. Furthermore, some Super Air Nautiques are in V-drive format, which creates a bigger wake for the rider. The first Air Nautique was built in 1997; it was built on the existing Sport Nautique Hull and had an automatic rear ballast system (Launch Control System or "LCS"). Other notable "landmarks" included Correct Craft's patented "Flight Control Tower", which was essentially a modified fishing tower. In 2019 Nautique released the Super Air Nautique G23 Paragon, this new release is the most expensive boat Nautique has created and is aimed at being the most luxurious experience on the water. In 2013 the Super Air Nautique has moved from being primarily for wakeboarding but now also wakesurfing. This has come with the addition of wake-plates located on the stern of the boat and ventilation systems that direct the exhaust into the propeller jet stream. The new features that Nautique has added is known as the Nautique Surf System (NSS).
  • 2.1K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Uplay
Uplay is a digital distribution, digital rights management, multiplayer and communications service developed by Ubisoft to provide an experience similar to the achievements/trophies offered by various other game companies. The service is provided across various platforms. Uplay is used exclusively by first-party Ubisoft games, and although some third-party ones are sold through the Uplay store, they do not use the Uplay platform. Responses to the platform have been generally negative, with coverage comparing it negatively to its competitors and calling it the worst part of Ubisoft's games.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Human Neural Stem Cell Systems
       Building and functioning of the human brain requires the precise orchestration and execution of myriad molecular and cellular processes, across a multitude of cell types and over an extended period of time. Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) represent the heart of these processes, since they increase the pool of neural progenitors and are the founders of all the neural progeny which will constitute the adult human brain.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
Alpha-lipoic acid (LA) is a powerful endogenous and exogenous antioxidant. It is a disulfide compound soluble in both water and oil.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Judeo-nazarenism
Judeo-nazarenism is a new term in the study of early Christianity. The term is distinguished from the term "Nazarenes" used in Jewish writings, to avoid the recognition of Jesus as Messiah, which is inherent in the term "Christians". It's also necessary to distinguish the various Christian sects who were using the name "Nazarenes" over the centuries.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Grey Goo
Grey goo (also spelled gray goo) is a hypothetical end-of-the-world scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating robots consume all biomass on Earth while building more of themselves, a scenario that has been called ecophagy ("eating the environment", more literally "eating the habitation"). The original idea assumed machines were designed to have this capability, while popularizations have assumed that machines might somehow gain this capability by accident. Self-replicating machines of the macroscopic variety were originally described by mathematician John von Neumann, and are sometimes referred to as von Neumann machines or clanking replicators. The term gray goo was coined by nanotechnology pioneer Eric Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation. In 2004 he stated, "I wish I had never used the term 'gray goo'." Engines of Creation mentions "gray goo" in two paragraphs and a note, while the popularized idea of gray goo was first publicized in a mass-circulation magazine, Omni, in November 1986.
  • 2.1K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Here It Goes Again
"Here It Goes Again" is a song by OK Go and is the third released single (the fifth including radio-only singles) from the album Oh No. It was the band's only single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 until "I Won't Let You Down" entered the Hot 100 in November 2014. Featuring the band dancing on treadmills, the video became a staple on YouTube; at one time being one of their most watched videos, with over 53 million views. In addition, the single peaked at number 36 on the UK Singles Chart on October 1, 2006, hence marking their second UK Top 40 single and their third UK Top 75 single. Its B-side, "The Lovecats", a cover of The Cure's single, was previously released on the band's Do What You Want EP and the single "A Million Ways". An alternate version was nicknamed "UK Surf".
  • 2.1K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cyclic Peptides in Pipeline
Cyclic peptides are molecules that are already used as drugs in therapies approved for various pharmacological activities, for example, as antibiotics, antifungals, anticancer, and immunosuppressants. Interest in these molecules has been growing due to the improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the cyclic structure over linear peptides and by the evolution of chemical synthesis, computational, and in vitro methods.
  • 2.1K
  • 24 Mar 2025
Topic Review
Monitoring
In medicine, monitoring is the observation of a disease, condition or one or several medical parameters over time. It can be performed by continuously measuring certain parameters by using a medical monitor (for example, by continuously measuring vital signs by a bedside monitor), and/or by repeatedly performing medical tests (such as blood glucose monitoring with a glucose meter in people with diabetes mellitus). Transmitting data from a monitor to a distant monitoring station is known as telemetry or biotelemetry.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spyros Hirdaris - Hydroelasticity of Ships
As a generic definition, hydroelasticity is the branch of science concerned with the interactions of deformable bodies with the water environment in which they operate. Hydroelasticity as the naval counterpart to aeroelasticity recognizes that at fluid structure interaction level significant differences may exist between the hydrodynamic, inertia, and elastic forces experienced by a floating marine structure. In other words, the fluid pressure acting on the structure modifies its dynamic state and, in return, the motion and distortion of the structure disturb the pressure field around it.
  • 2.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Stationary Fuel Cell System
Fuel cell technologies have several applications in stationary power production, such as units for primary power generation, grid stabilization, systems adopted to generate backup power, and combined-heat-and-power configurations (CHP). The main sectors where stationary fuel cells have been employed are (a) micro-CHP, (b) large stationary applications, (c) UPS, and IPS. The fuel cell size for stationary applications is strongly related to the power needed from the load. Since this sector ranges from simple backup systems to large facilities, the stationary fuel cell market includes few kWs and less (micro-generation) to larger sizes of MWs. The design parameters for the stationary fuel cell system differ for fuel cell technology (PEM, AFC, PAFC, MCFC, and SOFC), as well as the fuel type and supply.
  • 2.1K
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Suspension (Vehicle)
Suspension is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two. Suspension systems must support both roadholding/handling and ride quality, which are at odds with each other. The tuning of suspensions involves finding the right compromise. It is important for the suspension to keep the road wheel in contact with the road surface as much as possible, because all the road or ground forces acting on the vehicle do so through the contact patches of the tires. The suspension also protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage from damage and wear. The design of front and rear suspension of a car may be different.
  • 2.1K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Games for Windows – Live
Games for Windows – Live or GFWL (trademarked as Games for Windows – LIVE) was an online gaming service used by Games for Windows–branded PC titles that enables Windows PCs to connect to Microsoft's Live service. Users, each with a unique Gamertag (the Microsoft username service for gaming that began on Xbox Live), are able to play online, keep track of their friends' status, send and receive messages, gain and keep track of Achievements and associated Gamerscore, voice chat across platforms (removed in 2010), and much more. Some games allow for cross-platform play, such as Shadowrun, putting Windows players against Xbox 360 players. The service is open to third-party developers, but they must be able to meet certain Technical Certification Requirements (TCRs), which include (but are not limited to): game ratings, total number of Gamerscore points, content, game profiles, and Live connectivity. Games for Windows – Live games must also meet standard Games for Windows (games that do not have Live support) TCRs. The same developer support infrastructure is available as with the Xbox 360. Assistance to developers is provided through the Microsoft XNA Developer Connection.
  • 2.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pendulum-based Environmental Mechanical Energy Harvesters
Energy harvesting systems based on the pendulum structures have been widely used in the low-frequency environmental energy collection applications in recent years. In this study, the research progresses of the pendulum energy harvesting structures are described in detail and summarized. The energy harvesting structures are classified according to pendulum types and different energy conversion mechanisms. The improved techniques and design schemes adopted in the relevant research are also summarized.
  • 2.1K
  • 18 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Mechanism of Diffusion Bonding
Critical aspects of innovative design in engineering disciplines like infrastructure, transportation, and medical applications require the joining of dissimilar materials. Welding and brazing, while widely used, may pose challenges when joining materials with large differences in melting temperature and can lead to mechanical property degradation. In contrast, diffusion bonding offers a lower temperature process that relies on solid-state interactions to develop bond strength. The joining of tungsten and steel, especially for fusion reactors, presents a unique challenge due to the significant disparity in melting temperatures and the propensity to form brittle intermetallics. Here, diffusion characteristics of tungsten–steel interfaces are examined and the influence of bonding parameters on mechanical properties are investigated. Additionally, CALPHAD modeling is employed to explore joining parameters, thermal stability, and diffusion kinetics. The insights from this research can be extended to join numerous dissimilar materials for specific applications such as aerospace, automobile industry, power plants, etc., enabling advanced and robust design with high efficiency.
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Optical Sensor Networks
Optical sensing that integrates communication and sensing functions is playing a more and more important role in both military and civil applications. Incorporating optical sensing and optical communication, optical sensor networks (OSNs) that undertake the task of high-speed and large-capacity applications and sensing data transmissions have become an important communication infrastructure. However, multiple failures and disasters in OSNs can cause a serious sensing provisioning problem. To ensure uninterrupted sensing data transmission, the survivability has always been an important research emphasis. This paper focuses on the survivable deployment of OSNs against multiple failures and disasters. It first reviews and evaluates the existing survivability technologies developed for or that can be applied in OSNs, such as fiber bus protection, self-healing architecture, 1 + 1 protection, etc. Then, the disaster-resilient survivability requirement of OSNs is elaborated. Moreover, a new concept of k-node (edge) sensing connectivity, which ensures the connectivity between sensing data and users is proposed. Based on k-node (edge) sensing connectivity, the disaster-resilient survivability technologies are developed. The key technologies of implementing k-node (edge) sensing connectivity are also elaborated. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) has obtained rapid development. It can be used to improve the survivability of OSNs. This paper also elaborates the potential development direction of survivability technologies of optical sensing in OSNs employing AI.
  • 2.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
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