Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Agri-Food Contexts in Mediterranean Regions
The agri-food frameworks have specific characteristics (production units with small dimensions and in great number with implications in the respective markets) that call for adjusted approaches, even more so when they are considered in Mediterranean contexts (where global warming will have relevant impacts). In fact, the Mediterranean regions and countries have particular specificities (due to their climate conditions) that distinguish them from their neighbours. This is particularly true in Europe, for example, where the southern countries present socioeconomic dynamics (associated with the respective public debt) that are different from those identified in the northern regions.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Plants Salinity/Water Deficit Responses
Global development has generated a plethora of unfavorable and adverse environmental factors for the living organisms in the ecosystem. Plants are sessile organisms, and they are crucial to sustain life on earth. Since plants are sessile, they face a great number of environmental challenges related to abiotic stresses, such as temperature fluctuation, drought, salinity, flood and metal contamination. Salinity and drought are considered major abiotic stresses that negatively affect the plants’ growth and production of useful content. However, plants have evolved various molecular mechanisms to increase their tolerance to these environmental stresses. There is a whole complex system of communication (cross-talk) through massive signaling cascades that are activated and modulated in response to salinity and drought. Secondary metabolites are believed to play significant roles in the plant’s response and resistance to salinity and drought stress. Until recently, attempts to unravel the biosynthetic pathways were limited mainly due to the inadequate plant genomics resources. However, recent advancements in generating high-throughput “omics” datasets, computational tools and functional genomics approach integration have aided in the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of many plant bioactive metabolites. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Potential of Microalgal Biostimulants for Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Plant biostimulants have long been considered an important source of plant growth stimulants in agronomy and agro-industries with both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae (microalgae). There has been extensive exploration of macroalgae biostimulants.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Animals
When presented with an animal exhibiting signs of keratitis (inflammation of the cornea), such as impaired vision, mucoid discharges, redness, swelling, and corneal oedema, most veterinarians would think of bacteria, viruses, or fungi as the potential causative agent(s). Evidence has arisen in recent years of a possible connection between the protozoan Acanthamoeba and keratitis in animals. Acanthamoeba infection is underdiagnosed, but potentially common, in animals.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Colombian Weasel
The Colombian Weasel, scientifically known as Mustela felipei, is a small carnivorous mammal endemic to the cloud forests of the Colombian Andes. This elusive species, also known as the Don Felipe's weasel, is characterized by its slender body, short legs, and distinctively marked fur, typically dark brown with a cream-colored underside. As a vital component of its ecosystem, the Colombian Weasel plays a crucial role as a predator, primarily feeding on small mammals, birds, insects, and fruits, contributing to the balance and diversity of its montane habitat.
  • 998
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Flavonoid Apigenin and Male Reproductive Health
Apigenin, a common dietary flavonoid abundantly present in a variety of fruits and vegetables, has promising anticancer properties. As an effector of apigenin in myoblasts, protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (Prmt7) is required for male germ cell development. 
  • 996
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Brain Immunoinformatics
Breakthrough advances in informatics of the last decade have thoroughly influenced the field of immunology. In particular, the immunoinformatics of the central neural system is referred to as neuroimmunoinformatics (NII). This interdisciplinary overview on NII is addressed to bioscientists and computer scientists. We delineate the dominating trajectories and field-shaping achievements and elaborate on future directions using a bridging language and terminology. Computation, varying from linear modeling to complex deep learning approaches, fuels neuroimmunology through three core directions. Firstly, by providing big-data analysis software for high-throughput methods such as next-generation sequencing and genome-wide association studies. Secondly, by designing models for the prediction of protein morphology, functions, and protein-protein interactions. Finally, NII boosts the output of quantitative pathology by enabling the automatization of tedious processes such as cell counting, tracing, and arbor analysis. Deep sequencing classifies microglia in “sensotypes” to accurately describe the versatility of immune responses to physiological and pathological challenges, as well as to experimental conditions such as xenografting and organoids. NII opts to individualize treatment strategies, personalize disease prognosis and treatment response.   
  • 994
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Minimal Tillage in China
Minimal tillage is a tillage method that does not use a plow, reduces the tillage procedure to the necessary for crop production without destroying the soil structure at the proper time, and greatly reducing soil wind and water erosion, which mainly includes subsoiling and topsoil tillage and other tillage techniques.
  • 993
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
C. Europaea Extracts
Caralluma europaea (Guss.) N.E.Br. (C. europaea), is a medicinal plant used traditionally to treat diabetes mellitus (DM) in Morocco. 
  • 992
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Immunomodulation Potential of Probiotics
The use of probiotics in livestock has been suggested to significantly improve their health, immunity, growth performance, nutritional digestibility, and intestinal microbial balance. Furthermore, it was reported that the use of probiotics in animals was helpful in equilibrating their beneficial microbial population and microbial turnover via stimulating the host immune response through specific secretions and competitive exclusion of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract.
  • 992
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Production under Bio-Nanofertilizers of Selenium and Copper
Nanofertilizers indicates nanomaterials that include the plant nutrient itself or the plant nutrient as a carrier and macro-nutrient nanofertilizers, nano-zeolite, nano-hydroxyapatite, and nano-biofertilizers. Nanofertilizers are considered promising materials that display unique properties of nanoparticles at the nano-scale.
  • 991
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Phage Therapy
The irrational use of antibiotics has led to a high emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The traditional overuse of antibiotics in the animal feed industry plays a crucial role in the emergence of these pathogens that pose both economic and health problems.
  • 989
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Devices to Identify the Stage II of Labor
Cattle farming is facing an increase in number of animals that farmers must care for, together with decreasing time for observation of the single animal. Remote monitoring systems are needed in order to optimize workload, calving assistance, first neonatal care and animal welfare. The expulsive phase is characterized by the complete dilation of birth canal, fetal sacs rupture, fetus entering the canal together with intense and coordinated uterine and abdominal contractions. Sensors for the detection of the stage II of labor can be divided into two main categories: external devices which are sutured to the vulvar skin, and intravaginal sensors.
  • 989
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Probiotics on Metabolism in Fish,Shrimp
Bacteria colonizing the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiota in fish and shellfish consists of allochthonous- and autochthonous bacteria. The GI tract is colonized by numerous bacteria, which stimulate metabolic functions, GI development, improve digestion, enhance the immune response, and protect against exogenous bacteria and diseases, the development of metabolic syndrome, underpin host metabolic plasticity, and vitamin synthesis and affect host health. The gut immune system involves three important defense mechanisms, (i) gut barriers, (ii) innate immunity, and (iii) acquired or adaptive immunity, which work together to improve disease resistance.
  • 986
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Inflammatory Skin Disease Treatment
Treatment goals of inflammatory skin diseases are mainly symptom control and improving quality of life. The treatment options for inflammatory skin diseases include corticosteroids; vitamin D3 analogues; disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate and cyclosporine; and newly developed biological-targeted drugs targeting on the IL-23/Th-17 axis, such as brodalumab and risankizumab . Both expensive biologics and systemic treatment may cause serious side effects.
  • 985
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Spinal Locomotion in Cats
Locomotion is based on the synchronization between the flexion and extension of the limbs and reflex circuits of the spinal cord.
  • 985
  • 29 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Impact Affective State Recognition in Livestock
Farm animals, numbering over 70 billion worldwide, are increasingly managed in large-scale, intensive farms. With both public awareness and scientific evidence growing that farm animals experience suffering, as well as affective states such as fear, frustration and distress, there is an urgent need to develop efficient and accurate methods for monitoring their welfare. At present, there are not scientifically validated ‘benchmarks’ for quantifying transient emotional (affective) states in farm animals, and no established measures of good welfare, only indicators of poor welfare, such as injury, pain and fear. Conventional approaches to monitoring livestock welfare are time-consuming, interrupt farming processes and involve subjective judgments. Biometric sensor data enabled by artificial intelligence is an emerging smart solution to unobtrusively monitoring livestock, but its potential for quantifying affective states and ground-breaking solutions in their application are yet to be realized. 
  • 985
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a type of brain tumor that is notorious for its aggressiveness and invasiveness, and the complete removal of GBM is still not possible, even with advanced diagnostic strategies and extensive therapeutic plans. Its dismal prognosis and short survival time after diagnosis make it a crucial public health issue.
  • 985
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Field Management on Soil and Tea Root Microbiomes
Microorganisms in soils and plants affect soil physical and chemical characteristics, affect soil nutrient availability and distribution and are crucial for soil and plant health, aiding in resilience to environmental stresses.
  • 983
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Calcium Signaling and Kidney Disease
Ca2+ plays key roles in cells and decides the cell fate. During Ca2+ signaling mediates various cell deaths, such as necrosis, apoptosis, eryptosis as well as autophagy, which contribute to a series of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), podocytopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. Importantly, there are complex Ca2+ flux networks between endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrial and lysosome, and Ca2+ signaling also links the crosstalk between various cell deaths and autophagy in kidney diseases.
  • 983
  • 29 Nov 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 70
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback