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Topic Review
Weed Seed Bank Changes and RW Cropping System
The WSB, comprised of the weed seeds in the different soil profiles as well as lying on the soil surface, is the principal source of annual weed infestation in field crops.
  • 953
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
ACSL4 Directs Intramuscular Adipogenesis
In the livestock industry, intramuscular fat content is an important indicator of the meat quality of domestic animals. The variations of the Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4) gene locus are associated with intramuscular fat content in different pig populations, but the detailed molecular function of ACSL4 in pig intramuscular adipogenesis remains obscure.
  • 953
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Pseudomonas Lipopeptides
The Pseudomonas genus is ubiquitous and comprises species which are well known phytopathogens, such as P. syringae, or opportunistic human pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa, but also host members associated with water, soil and plant surfaces. Pseudomonas spp. are well adapted to growing in the rhizosphere and are well suited for biocontrol and growth promotion. Pseudomonas lipopeptides (Ps-LPs) play crucial roles in bacterial physiology, host–microbe interactions and plant disease control.
  • 953
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
One Health, Food-Borne Zoonoses and EU Green Policies
Zoonotic agents are pathogens with an unrestricted host spectrum. In nature, their survival occurs in reservoir animal species, which generally do not present clinical symptoms and, therefore, are difficult to identify. Promiscuity between farmed animals and wildlife increases the risk of transmission of pathogens and their consequent adaptation to new host species, including human beings. Therefore, promiscuity increases the risk of emergence of new zoonoses. According to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), zoonoses represent 60% of human infectious diseases and 75% of the emerging ones; 80% of pathogens of animal origin have strong potential as bioterrorism agents. Deforestation and destruction of natural areas produce promiscuity, pushing wild species to invade new areas and to arrive in anthropic environments. In high-income countries, domesticated animals are as much a potential reservoir of high-risk zoonoses as the wildlife animals in equatorial rainforests or wet markets.
  • 953
  • 22 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Thinning Methods to Regulate Sweet Cherry Crops
In perennial fruit crops, bearing can be influenced by various factors, including environmental conditions, germplasm, rootstocks, and cultivation methods. Cherries, one of the most important and popular fruit species from the temperate climate zone, achieve high prices on the market. New agricultural technologies and environmental factors force a change in the approach to cherry cultivation. Old-type cherry orchards, with their high demand for water, nutrients, and manual work, are replaced by orchards of self-pollinating cherry cultivars grown on dwarf rootstocks. These changes make it necessary to search for ways to regulate fruiting, in particular to thin buds, flower, and fruit. In light of environmental regulations and consumer pressure, thinning methods are being sought that either do not involve the use of chemicals or that use eco-friendly chemical agents.
  • 952
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
American Black Bear
The American black bear (Ursus americanus) stands as an iconic and widely distributed bear species native to North America. Known for its adaptable nature and diverse habitats, this bear species exhibits a range of coat colors, including black, brown, cinnamon, and even blonde. With a complex social structure and omnivorous diet, the American black bear plays a vital ecological role in the diverse ecosystems it inhabits.
  • 952
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ractopamine at the Scientific and Legal Disputes Center
Ractopamine (RAC) is a synthetic phenethanolamine, β–adrenergic agonist used as a feed additive to develop leanness and increase feed conversion efficiency in different farm animals. While RAC has been authorized as a feed additive for pigs and cattle in a limited number of countries, a great majority of jurisdictions, including the European Union (EU), China, Russia, and Taiwan, have banned its use on safety grounds. RAC has been under long scientific and political discussion as a controversial antibiotic as a feed additive.
  • 950
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Field Application of ZnO and TiO2 Nanoparticles
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) have potential application in precision farming and sustainable agriculture. Studies have shown that ENPs enhance the efficiency of the delivery of agrochemicals and thus, have the potential to positively affect the environment, thereby improving the growth and health of the crops. 
  • 949
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Immunomodulation Potential of Probiotics
The use of probiotics in livestock has been suggested to significantly improve their health, immunity, growth performance, nutritional digestibility, and intestinal microbial balance. Furthermore, it was reported that the use of probiotics in animals was helpful in equilibrating their beneficial microbial population and microbial turnover via stimulating the host immune response through specific secretions and competitive exclusion of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract.
  • 949
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Devices to Identify the Stage II of Labor
Cattle farming is facing an increase in number of animals that farmers must care for, together with decreasing time for observation of the single animal. Remote monitoring systems are needed in order to optimize workload, calving assistance, first neonatal care and animal welfare. The expulsive phase is characterized by the complete dilation of birth canal, fetal sacs rupture, fetus entering the canal together with intense and coordinated uterine and abdominal contractions. Sensors for the detection of the stage II of labor can be divided into two main categories: external devices which are sutured to the vulvar skin, and intravaginal sensors.
  • 949
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Animals
When presented with an animal exhibiting signs of keratitis (inflammation of the cornea), such as impaired vision, mucoid discharges, redness, swelling, and corneal oedema, most veterinarians would think of bacteria, viruses, or fungi as the potential causative agent(s). Evidence has arisen in recent years of a possible connection between the protozoan Acanthamoeba and keratitis in animals. Acanthamoeba infection is underdiagnosed, but potentially common, in animals.
  • 948
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Colombian Weasel
The Colombian Weasel, scientifically known as Mustela felipei, is a small carnivorous mammal endemic to the cloud forests of the Colombian Andes. This elusive species, also known as the Don Felipe's weasel, is characterized by its slender body, short legs, and distinctively marked fur, typically dark brown with a cream-colored underside. As a vital component of its ecosystem, the Colombian Weasel plays a crucial role as a predator, primarily feeding on small mammals, birds, insects, and fruits, contributing to the balance and diversity of its montane habitat.
  • 948
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Impact Affective State Recognition in Livestock
Farm animals, numbering over 70 billion worldwide, are increasingly managed in large-scale, intensive farms. With both public awareness and scientific evidence growing that farm animals experience suffering, as well as affective states such as fear, frustration and distress, there is an urgent need to develop efficient and accurate methods for monitoring their welfare. At present, there are not scientifically validated ‘benchmarks’ for quantifying transient emotional (affective) states in farm animals, and no established measures of good welfare, only indicators of poor welfare, such as injury, pain and fear. Conventional approaches to monitoring livestock welfare are time-consuming, interrupt farming processes and involve subjective judgments. Biometric sensor data enabled by artificial intelligence is an emerging smart solution to unobtrusively monitoring livestock, but its potential for quantifying affective states and ground-breaking solutions in their application are yet to be realized. 
  • 945
  • 25 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Field Management on Soil and Tea Root Microbiomes
Microorganisms in soils and plants affect soil physical and chemical characteristics, affect soil nutrient availability and distribution and are crucial for soil and plant health, aiding in resilience to environmental stresses.
  • 944
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Npy&Pyy in Teleost Food Intake
Neuropeptide Y family (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide and pancreatic polypeptide family comprising neuropeptide Y (Npy), peptide YYa (Pyya), and peptide YYb (Pyyb), which was previously known as peptide Y (PY), and tetrapod pancreatic polypeptide (PP), but has not been exhaustively documented in fish. Nonetheless, Npy and Pyy to date have been the key focus of countless research studies categorizing their copious characteristics in the body, which, among other things, include the mechanism of feeding behavior, cortical neural activity, heart activity, and the regulation of emotions in teleost. In this review, we focused on the roles of Npy and Pyy in teleost food intake since feeding is essential in fish to ensure growth and perpetuation, being indispensable in the aquaculture settings where growth is prioritized.Therefore, a better understanding of the roles of these genes in food intake in teleost could help determine their feeding regime, regulation, growth, and development, which will possibly be fundamental in fish culture.
  • 942
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Probiotics on Metabolism in Fish,Shrimp
Bacteria colonizing the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiota in fish and shellfish consists of allochthonous- and autochthonous bacteria. The GI tract is colonized by numerous bacteria, which stimulate metabolic functions, GI development, improve digestion, enhance the immune response, and protect against exogenous bacteria and diseases, the development of metabolic syndrome, underpin host metabolic plasticity, and vitamin synthesis and affect host health. The gut immune system involves three important defense mechanisms, (i) gut barriers, (ii) innate immunity, and (iii) acquired or adaptive immunity, which work together to improve disease resistance.
  • 942
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Minimal Tillage in China
Minimal tillage is a tillage method that does not use a plow, reduces the tillage procedure to the necessary for crop production without destroying the soil structure at the proper time, and greatly reducing soil wind and water erosion, which mainly includes subsoiling and topsoil tillage and other tillage techniques.
  • 941
  • 13 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Calcium Signaling and Kidney Disease
Ca2+ plays key roles in cells and decides the cell fate. During Ca2+ signaling mediates various cell deaths, such as necrosis, apoptosis, eryptosis as well as autophagy, which contribute to a series of kidney diseases, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), podocytopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. Importantly, there are complex Ca2+ flux networks between endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrial and lysosome, and Ca2+ signaling also links the crosstalk between various cell deaths and autophagy in kidney diseases.
  • 941
  • 29 Nov 2021
Topic Review
RHO GTPase-GDI Interactions
The RHO family GTPases, most prominently RAC1, CDC42, and RHOA, share two common functional characteristics, membrane anchorage and an on/off switch cycle.
  • 941
  • 01 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms in Peach Post-Harvest Ripening
Peach post-harvest ripening is a complex developmental process controlled by a plethora of genetic and epigenetic factors. It leads to protein, lipid and nucleic acid degradation, all resulting in cell death.
  • 939
  • 26 May 2022
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