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Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis of Dairy Cows
With the rapid growth of computational power and data transfer capabilities, machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) are also making inroads into animal husbandry and veterinarian research. In particular, Infrared thermography (IRT) is being increasingly used for health monitoring and the diagnosis of dairy cows, especially in studies related to heat stress, which causes severe losses, helping us analyze its effects on nutrition, milk production, reproduction, etc. There is plenty of evidence for the potential benefits of using IRT for monitoring udder health status in dairy cows and for the early detection of mastitis. Its role in detecting hoof lesions and lameness has also been reported. The growth of the population and the increase of quality standards has set a requirement for the production of more and better quality food. The capabilities and potential benefits of IRT make systems for the automatic collection and processing of thermographic information and decision-making particularly important.
  • 502
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Groundwater Pollution by Nitrates
Groundwater pollution by nitrates from agricultural sources is a common environmental issue. Surpluses from nitrogen fertilization are leached and they reach groundwater.
  • 501
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Insects as Novel Ruminant Feed
In the last decade, there has been a growing interest in using edible insects as animal feed due to their high nutritive value and environmental advantages over the conventional livestock feeds. Insects have been used in the diets of some animals (poultry, fish, and swine) however, their evaluation in ruminants is still limited. The current in vitro study evaluated the usage of four different kinds of edible insects to partially substitute soybean meal as an example to the conventional high-quality expensive protein sources in ruminants’ diets. This study showed that the evaluated insects had high protein and fat contents. Substitution of 25% of soybean meal with the tested insects in a ruminant diet had no adverse effect on rumen fermentation profile or nutrient digestibility. Moreover, the inclusion of some species in the diet led to reduction of the methane production up to 16-18% which is an additional environmental benefit. The findings of this study are encouraging for further work in this promising area to improve the sustainability of livestock industry.  
  • 501
  • 27 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms of Senescence in Plants
Senescence is a major developmental transition in plants that requires a massive reprogramming of gene expression and includes various layers of regulations. Senescence is either an age-dependent or a stress-induced process, and is under the control of complex regulatory networks that interact with each other. It has been shown that besides genetic reprogramming, which is an important aspect of plant senescence, transcription factors and higher-level mechanisms, such as epigenetic and small RNA-mediated regulators, are also key factors of senescence-related genes. Epigenetic mechanisms are an important layer of this multilevel regulatory system that change the activity of transcription factors (TFs) and play an important role in modulating the expression of senescence-related gene. They include chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, histone modification, and the RNA-mediated control of transcription factors and genes. 
  • 501
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Spirulina spp.
Spirulina platensis (SP), a blue-green filamentous photosynthetic alga, is widely recognized as a valuable protein source, containing approximately 55–70% protein, 25% carbohydrates, essential amino acids, and 18% fatty acids. It is also rich in various vitamins and minerals. Notably, spirulina is known for its high content of thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, vitamin B12, vitamin C, gamma-linolenic acid, phycocyanins, tocopherols, chlorophyll, beta-carotenes, and carotenoids.
  • 501
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Spectacled Bear
The Spectacled Bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is a distinctive and elusive species native to the Andean region of South America. Renowned for the distinctive facial markings resembling spectacles, this bear is the only surviving bear species in South America and is well-adapted to the diverse habitats of its range, including montane forests, cloud forests, and páramo grasslands. Despite being the smallest bear species in South America, the Spectacled Bear holds significant cultural and ecological importance as a top predator and seed disperser in its high-altitude habitats.
  • 500
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Exotic and Emergent Citrus Viruses
Authors focus on exotic and emerging dangerous citrus viruses that have still not been reported in the countries of the Mediterranean area, that are not yet regulated or that are restricted to certain small areas. They also discuss the contribution that old and new technologies may offer for valuable surveys aimed at promoting the adoption and sharing of better control measures and for the production of pathogen-tested citrus trees and rootstocks.
  • 499
  • 17 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Environmental Contaminants-Related Fertility Threat in Male Fishes
Public concern regarding environmental contaminants (ECs)-related reproductive disorders has increased due to increasing global rates of infertility. All kinds of ECs are on rise rapidly in developing and industrializing low- and middle-income countries. The aquatic environments throughout the world are repositories for enormous amounts of ECs. As the biology of the reproductive system is highly conserved in vertebrates, wildlife or laboratory studies on fish provide significant information to establish a detailed risk assessment, and to identify novel or more sensitive endpoints for ECs-related reproductive disorders. The adverse effects of ECs on endocrine regulation of reproduction in male fishes have been extensively studied and reviewed; however, our knowledge on the effects and mechanisms of action of ECs on determinants of male fertility is limited.
  • 499
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Microelement Composition of Reindeer Meat and Adaptation
The unique nutrition of the Arctic Indigenous Peoples is associated with their increased endurance, health, and adaptability to the harsh climate. Reindeer meat, blood, and liver are the most critical elements of this traditional nutrition enriched with minerals. Reindeer consumption is a crucial factor of successful adaptation to the cold stress, as well as a component of national culture, food, and economic security and sovereignty, affecting the well-being and health of the Indigenous population in the Arctic.
  • 499
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Protective Effects of Thymol on Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a gastrointestinal disease that involves chronic mucosal or submucosal lesions that affect tissue integrity. Although IBD is not life-threatening, it sometimes causes severe complications, such as colon cancer. The exact etiology of IBD remains unclear, but several risk factors, such as pathogen infection, stress, diet, age, and genetics, have been involved in the occurrence and aggravation of IBD. Immune system malfunction with the over-production of inflammatory cytokines and associated oxidative stress are the hallmarks of IBD. Dietary intervention and medical treatment suppressing abnormal inflammation and oxidative stress are recommended as potential therapies. Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol that is mostly found in thyme, exhibits multiple biological functions as a potential adjuvant for IBD.
  • 499
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Strawberry Fungal Leaf Scorch Disease Identification
Plant health is the basis of agricultural development. Plant diseases are a major factor for crop losses in agriculture. Plant diseases are difficult to diagnose correctly, and the manual disease diagnosis process is time consuming. For this reason, it is highly desirable to automatically identify the diseases in strawberry plants to prevent loss of crop quality. Deep learning (DL) has recently gained popularity in image classification and identification due to its high accuracy and fast learning. In this research, deep learning models were used to identify the leaf scorch disease in strawberry plants. Four convolutional neural networks (SqueezeNet, EfficientNet-B3, VGG-16 and AlexNet) CNN models were trained and tested for the classification of healthy and leaf scorch disease infected plants. The performance accuracy of EfficientNet-B3 and VGG-16 was higher for the initial and severe stage of leaf scorch disease identification as compared to AlexNet and SqueezeNet. It was also observed that the severe disease (leaf scorch) stage was correctly classified more often than the initial stage of the disease. All the trained CNN models were integrated with a machine vision system for real-time image acquisition under two different lighting situations (natural and controlled) and identification of leaf scorch disease in strawberry plants. The field experiment results with controlled lightening arrangements, showed that the model EfficientNet-B3 achieved the highest classification accuracy, with 0.80 and 0.86 for initial and severe disease stages, respectively, in real-time. AlexNet achieved slightly lower validation accuracy (0.72, 0.79) in comparison with VGGNet and EfficientNet-B3. Experimental results stated that trained CNN models could be used in conjunction with variable rate agrochemical spraying systems, which will help farmers to reduce agrochemical use, crop input costs and environmental contamination.
  • 498
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Heat Stress Affect Intestinal Mucosa
Metabolic adaptations and gut dysfunction lead to oxidative stress, translocation of lumen contents, and release of proinflammatory mediators, activating a systemic inflammatory response.
  • 498
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Identification of Tomato Leaf Diseases
Early detection and control of crop disease is essential for farmers, stakeholders, and precision agriculture researchers to reduce the production losses. Early and accurate tomato disease detection using easily available leaf photos is essential for farmers and stakeholders as it help reduce yield loss due to possible disease epidemics.
  • 497
  • 13 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Role of ICTs
Applying agricultural ICTs solved many obstacles related to the production process, such as maintaining precision farm management (25.6%), product marketing (23.6%), and access production inputs (16.1%).
  • 496
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Engineering Climate-Change-Resilient Crops
Environmental adversities, particularly drought and nutrient limitation, are among the major causes of crop losses worldwide. Due to the rapid increase of the world’s population, there is an urgent need to combine knowledge of plant science with innovative applications in agriculture to protect plant growth and thus enhance crop yield. In recent decades, engineering strategies have been successfully developed with the aim to improve growth and stress tolerance in plants. Most strategies applied so far have relied on transgenic approaches and/or chemical treatments.
  • 496
  • 28 Jul 2021
Topic Review
RNA Interference for ACP Control
In recent years, biotechnological advances have offered safe and environmentally friendly alternatives for crop production. Technologies such as RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing have emerged as innovative tools for agricultural pest management. Here, we provide an overview of RNAi as a promising approach for ACP control and discuss the associated challenges.
  • 496
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Feline Polycystic Kidney Disease
Feline polycystic kidney disease is a disease with high prevalence in some feline breeds such as the Persian breed. This disease is characterized by chronic renal failure, appears in animals between three and ten years of age and leads to severe and irreversible kidney failure. 
  • 496
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Current Animal Production Systems from Napier Grass
Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) supports a significant proportion of animal production in subtropical and tropical regions, but its quality is low and when offered alone, results in low ruminant production. Shifting the management of Napier grass towards a higher-quality feed increased milk yield and liveweight gain for small, mature cattle without supplementation. 
  • 496
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Trichosporonosis
Trichosporonosis is an emerging concern in preterm neonates treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and indwelling catheters, and in children with hematologic malignant disease receiving prophylaxis or treatment with echinocandins given their lack of efficacy against this yeast. 
  • 495
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Bengal Fox
The Bengal Fox (Vulpes bengalensis) emerges as a fascinating and resilient member of the carnivore collection, thriving across the Indian subcontinent. This small canid, known for its distinctive appearance and adaptability, navigates diverse landscapes from grasslands to urban environments.
  • 494
  • 28 Feb 2024
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